外文翻译--单片机历史.doc

附录一英文文献MonolithicintegratedcircuithistoryThemonolithicintegratedcircuitwasborninthelate-1970s,hasexperiencedSCM,MCU,theSOCthreebigstages.1.SCMnamelymonolithicmicrocomputer(SingleChipMicrocomputer)thestage,mainlyseeksthebestmonolithicshapeembeddedsystemsbestarchitecture.“theinnovationpattern”obtainssuccessfully,hasestablishedSCMandthegeneral-purposecalculatorcompletelydifferentdevelopmentpath.Infoundsontheembeddedsystemindependentdevelopmentpath,IntelCorporationhaslastingachievements.2.MCUnamelymicrocontroller(MicroControllerUnit)thestage,themaintechnologicaldevelopmentdirectionis:Expandsunceasinglywhensatisfiestheembeddedapplication,theobjectsystemrequestseachkindofperipheralcircuitandtheinterfacecircuit,underlineitsobjectintellectualizationcontrol.Itinvolvesthedomainisrelatedwiththeobjectsystem,therefore,developstheMCUheavyresponsibilitytofallinevitablyonelectrical,theelectronictechnologyfactory.Lookingfromthisangle,IntelfadesouttheMCUdevelopmentalsotohaveitsobjectivefactorgradually.IsdevelopingtheMCUaspect,themostfamousfactoryfamilybelongingscountPhilipsCorporation.PhilipsCorporationbyitinembeddedapplicationaspecthugesuperiority,MCS-51frommonolithicmicrocomputerrapidlyexpandtomicrocontroller.Therefore,whenwereviewtheembeddedsystemdevelopmentpath,donotforgetIntelandthePhilipshistoricalmerit.3.Monolithicintegratedcircuitistheembeddedsystemsroadofindependentdevelopment,totheMCUstagedevelopmentsimportantattribute,seeksapplicationsystemsonchipmaximizedsolution；Therefore,thespecial-purposemonolithicintegratedcircuitsdevelopmenthasformedtheSOCtendencynaturally.Alongwiththemicroelectronictechnology,theICdesign,theEDAtoolsdevelopment,canhavethebigdevelopmentbasedontheSOCmonolithicintegratedcircuitapplicationsystemdesign.Therefore,tothemonolithicintegratedcircuittheunderstandingmayfromthemonolithicmicrocomputer,themonolithicmicrocontrollerextendtothemonolithicapplicationsystem.MonolithicintegratedcircuitsapplicationdomainAtpresentthemonolithicintegratedcircuitseepseachdomainwhichlivestous,whichdomainwasnearlyverydifficulttofindnottohavemonolithicintegratedcircuitstrail.Missilesnavigationequipment,ontheairplaneeachkindofmeasuringappliancescontrol,computersnetworkcommunicationandthedatatransmission,theindustrialautomationprocesssreal-timecontrolandthedataprocessing,thewidespreaduseseachkindofintelligentICcard,thecivilluxurycarssafetysystem,thevideocorder,thecamera,thecompletelyautomaticwasherscontrol,aswellasprogramcontroltoy,electronicpetandsoon,thesecannotleavethemonolithicintegratedcircuit.Saynothingofautomaticcontroldomainrobot,intelligentmeasuringappliance,medicalinstrument.Therefore,monolithicintegratedcircuitsstudy,thedevelopmentandtheapplicationwillaccomplishonebatchofcomputerapplicationandtheintellectualizedcontrolscientist,engineer.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitwidelyappliesintheinstrumentsandmeters,thedomesticelectricappliances,themedicalequipment,domainsandsoonaerospace,specialpurposeequipmentsintellectualizedmanagementandprocesscontrol,approximatelyseparablefollowingseveralcategories:1.Monolithicintegratedcircuithasthevolumeonsmartinstrumentmeasuringappliancesapplicationthetobesmall,thepowerlossislow,thecontrolfunctionisstrong,theexpansionisflexible,meritsandsoonmicrominiaturizationandeasytooperate,widelyapplyintheinstrumentsandmeters,theuniondifferenttypessensor,mayrealizesuchasphysicalquantityandsoonvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,currentcapacity,speed,thickness,angle,length,degreeofhardness,element,pressuresurveys.Usesthemonolithicintegratedcircuitcontroltocausetheinstrumentsandmetersdigitization,theintellectualization,themicrominiaturization,andthefunctioncomparesusestheelectronorthedigitalcircuitismoreformidable.Forexampleprecisemeasurementequipment(dynamometer,oscilloscope,eachkindofanalyzer).2.Mayconstitutevariouscontrolsystem,thedataacquisitionsysteminindustrialcontrolsapplicationwiththemonolithicintegratedcircuit.Forexamplefactoryassemblylineintellectualizedmanagement,elevatorintellectualizationcontrol,eachkindofalarmsystem,withcomputernetworkingconstitutiontwo-stagecontrolsystemandsoon.3.Maysaylikethisindomesticelectricappliancesapplication,presentsdomesticelectricappliancesbasicallyhaveusedthemonolithicintegratedcircuitcontrol,praises,thewasher,theelectricrefrigerator,theairconditioner,thecolortelevision,otheracousticvideofrequencyequipmentfromtheelectricityfood,toarriveattheelectronicweightingequipmentagain,allkindsofgate,omnipresent.4.Modernofmonolithicintegratedcircuithasthecorrespondenceconnectiongenerallyinthecomputernetworkandcorrespondencedomainsapplicationthe,maycarryonthedatacommunicationveryconvenientlywiththecomputer,forprovidedtheextremelygoodphysicalconditionsapplicationbetweenthecomputernetworkandcommunicationfacilitys,presentscommunicationfacilityhasbasicallyrealizedthemonolithicintegratedcircuitintelligentcontrol,fromthehandset,thetelephone,thesmallprogramcontrolledswitch,thebuildingautomaticcorrespondenceringingsystem,thetrainwirelesscommunication,arrivedatthemobilephonewhichagainintheroutineworkfoundateverywhere,thecolonymobilecommunication,radiointercomandsoon.5.Monolithicintegratedcircuitsmonolithicintegratedcircuitsisalsoquitewidespreadinmedicalequipmentdomainapplicationtheinmedicalequipmentuse,forexamplemedicallife-supportmachine,eachkindofanalyzer,guardianshipmeter,ultrasounddiagnosisequipmentandhospitalbedringingsystemandsoon.6.Certainspecial-purposemonolithicintegratedcircuitdesignusesineachkindoflarge-scaleelectricappliancesmodulationusingtherealizingthespecificfunction,thuscarriesonthemodularapplicationineachkindofelectriccircuit,butdoesnotrequesttousethepersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegrationmonolithicintegratedcircuit,lookedthatresemblesthesimplefunction,microshrinksinthepureelectronicchip(isdifferentwithmagnetictapeunitsprinciple),needscomplexbeingsimilarincomputersprinciple.Forexample:Musicsignalsavesbythedigitalforminthememory(issimilartoROM),readsoutbythemicrocontroller,transforms(issimilarforthesimulationmusicelectricalsignaltosoundcard).inthelarge-scaleelectriccircuit,thiskindofmodularapplicationreducedthevolumeenormously,simplifiedtheelectriccircuit,reducedthedamage,theerrorrate,alsofacilitatesinthereplacement.inaddition,themonolithicintegratedcircuitintheindustryandcommerce,thefinance,thescientificresearch,theeducation,domainsandsoonnationaldefenseaerospacehastheverywidespreaduse.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitfoundedthemodernelectronsystemtime1.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitandembeddedsystemtheembeddedsystemstemsfromcomputersembeddedapplication,theearlyembeddedsystemforthegeneral-purposecalculatorafterthere-equippinginsertstotheobjectsystemsineachkindofelectronicsystem,likeshipsautopilot,turbineobservationsystemandsoon.Theembeddedsystemfirstisacomputersystem,nextitisinsertedtotheobjectsystem,realizesintheobjectsystemobjectfunctionsandsoonrequestdataacquisition,processing,conditiondemonstration,outputcontrol,becauseinsertsintheobjectsystem,embeddedsystemscomputerdoesnothavecomputersabsoluteformandthefunction.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitiscompletelydeferstotheembeddedsystemrequestdesign,thereforethemonolithicintegratedcircuitisthemosttypicalembeddedsystem.Theearlymonolithicintegratedcircuitisonlyaccordingtotheembeddedappliedtechnologyrequestdesigncomputersinglechipintegration,thereforefamousmonolithicintegratedcircuit.Afterward,themonolithicintegratedcircuittosatisfyembeddedstrengthensitscontrolfunctionandtheperipheryinterfacefunctionunceasinglyusingtherequest,particularlyprominentcontrolfunction,thereforeinternationallyrectifiednamesthemonolithicintegratedcircuitforthemicrocontroller(MCU,MicrocontrollerUnit).the2.Monolithicintegratedcircuitconstitutesthemodernelectronsystemwillbecomemainstreamelectronsystemthemonolithicintegratedcircuitwillbethecomponentlevelcomputersystem,itmayinserttoanyobjectsystem,realizestheintellectualizedcontrol.Slightlytominiaturemachinery,likewristwatch,hearingaid.Theintegrateddevicelevelslowend,lowerstoseveralYuan,severalYuan,causesthemonolithicintegratedcircuittopopularizesufficientlytomanycivilelectricalappliances,theelectronictoy.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitconstitutesthemodernelectronsystempenetratedintovariouseachhousehold,ischangingourlife,likeinfamilysound,television,washer,microwaveoven,telephone,burglaryprotectionsystem,airconditionerandsoon.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitinnovatedtheoriginalelectronicsystem,afterlikethemicrowaveovenusesthemonolithicintegratedcircuitcontrol,butcarriesontheclockestablishment,theprocedurememory,thepowercontrolconveniently；Aftertheairconditionerusesthemonolithicintegratedcircuit,notonlytheremotecontrolparameterestablishmentisconvenient,therunningstatustransformsautomatically,butmayalsorealizethefrequencyconversioncontrol.AfteratpresentmanydomesticelectricapplianceslikeVCD,DVDonlythenthemonolithicintegratedcircuitappears,onlythenpossiblyrealizesitsfunction.3.Theembeddedsystemhasledentireelectronicindustrythepresentelectronprimarydeviceindustrybesidesthemicroprocessor,theembeddedsystemcomponent,mostlyisrevolvesthemodernelectronsystemsassemblytheprimarydeviceindustry,forexamplesatisfiesthepressedkeywhichtheman-machineinteractionuses,LED/LCDdemonstratedthattheactuation,theLED/LCDdisplayunit,thepronunciationintegrateddeviceandsoon,satisfiesthedataacquisitionchannelrequestthedigitalsensor,ADC,thedataacquisitionmodule,thesignalrecuperationmoduleandsoon,satisfiestheservotoactuatethecontrolDAC,thesolidrelay,tostep-by-stepelectricalmachinerycontroller,thefrequencyconversioncontrolunitandsoon,satisfiesthecorrespondencerequesteachkindofmainlinedriver,thelevelswitchandsoon.worldelectronprimarydeviceundertheembeddedsystemleads,alongsatisfiestheembeddedapplicationfullythemodernelectronsystemrequestdevelopment.Thiscausestheoriginalclassicalelectronsystemsworldtobegettingmoreandmoresmall.Intheelectronicsystemseachkindofjobholdersshouldchangethemodernelectronsystemsbroadroadassoonaspossible.ThemonolithicintegratedcircuitwillaccomplishthenewgenerationelectronoutstandingpersonIfthe50s,theradioworldhasaccomplishedseveralgenerationofoutstandingpeople,thenthenowmonolithicintegratedcircuitworldwillaccomplishthe