外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 数字式转速测量仪

外文翻译DIGITALMETERFORMEASURINGROTATIONALSPEEDABSTRACTADIGITALMETERFORMEASURINGTHEROTATIONALSPEEDISINTRODUCEDINTHISPAPERITISCONTROLLEDBYANMCS51SERIESSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTER8032ITCONTAINSTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURESRATIONALDESIGN,HIGHACCURACY,WIDEMEASURABILITYRANGEANDPOWERFULFUNCTIONANDDEPENDABILITYMOREOVER,ITISVERYNIMBLEANDCONVENIENTTOUSETHEWORKPRINCIPLEISPRESENTEDINDETAILINTHEPAPERANDTHEBLOCKDIAGRAMANDPROGRAMFLOWCHARTAREGIVENASWELLKEYWORKSDIGITALMEASURINGAPPARATUSROTATIONSPEEDSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTHEROTORSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFINDUSTRYISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTPARAMETERSMECHANICALTACHOMETERMEASURINGSPEED,THEROTORCONTACTWITHTHEMEASUREDOBJECTMUSTBETOGETTHESYNCHRONOUSSPEED,THROUGHTHEINTERNALGEARSHIFTINSTRUCTIONAFTERTHEPOINTERSPEEDWITHTHESIZEOFTHEHEADERUSEOFMECHANICALTACHOMETERMEASUREDOBJECTCANINTERFEREWITHMOVEMENT,ESPECIALLYWHENMEASUREDROTORMASSISVERYSMALL,SPEEDTABLESONTHEROTORPRESSUREISNOTASMALLADDITIONALLOAD,WHICHAFFECTSTHEMEASUREMENTACCURACYTHISPAPERDESCRIBESA8032SINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERASTHECORETOTHENONCONTACTDIGITALTACHOMETER1SPEEDMEASURINGPRINCIPLETHEGUNSPEEDSENSITIVEDEVICESWITHINFRAREDSENSORS,LAUNCHEDBYTHESPECIALIZEDINFRAREDDETECTIONDEVICES,WHILERECEIVINGREFLECTEDBACKFROMTHEMEASUREDOBJECTINFRARED,PHOTOELECTRICCONVERSIONINTOELECTRICALPULSESTHROUGHTHESIGNAL,DOESNOTAFFECTTHEROTATIONOFTHEOBJECTTUBESANDPIPESAREFIXEDINTHEDETECTIONOFACCEPTABLESHELF,THROUGHTHELENSFOCUS,SEMITRANSPARENTFILMNOTONLYTOTHEREFLECTEDINFRAREDLIGHTFIREDROTATINGOBJECTS,THEYCANROTATETHEOBJECTBYTHEREFLECTEDINFRAREDLIGHTTHROUGHTHETRANSLUCENTMEMBRANEBACKFIREDFORMANAGEMENTALONGTHECIRCUMFERENCEOFAROTATINGBODYEVENPASTESOMEREFLECTIONPAPER,ITDIRECTEDREFLECTIONINFRAREDTORECEIVETHEREFLECTEDACCEPTANCEOFTHEINFRAREDCONTROLPHOTOVOLTAICCONVERSIONSHOWNINFIGUREINTHEOPTICALTRIODE3DU5CADDINGANAPPROPRIATEBIAS,WHEN3DU5CBYINFRAREDIRRADIATION,ATTHECONDUCTIONSTATE,APOINTFORTHELOWLEVEL,3DG6END,BPOINTISHIGHWHENNOINFRAREDRADIATION,THEPHOTOELECTRICTRANSISTORCLOSEDAHIGHPOINTPRESENTATION,SO3DG6LOWCOLLECTORPOINTB,BPOINTOFTHEPULSESIGNALTHROUGHTHEINVERTER1,2PLASTIC,ANDTHENTHEDOOR3RP,FREQUENCYANDSPEEDWILLBEPROPORTIONALTOTHESIZEOFTHECORRESPONDINGCHANGESTHESPEEDPULSESIGNALSPEEDPULSESIGNALINTOTHE8032MICROCONTROLLERTIMER/COUNTER,THROUGHTHEMICROCONTROLLERTOCALCULATESPEEDSOFTWAREPROCESSINGFIGURE1SCHEMATICPHOTOELECTRICCONVERSIONWHENTHEMACHINEUSEDINTHEMEASUREMENTSPEEDM/TMETHODANDTIMINGMETHODWEREUSEDM/TM/TMETHODISTHEDETECTIONTIMETC,THETIMEACCORDINGTOSPEEDPULSEM1ANDM2TOCALCULATETHESPEEDPULSEIFAFIXEDPERIODTC,THETOTALTIMETAKENANDPULSEROTATIONPULSEFPFCSPULSEONM1ANDM2,TIMINGPULSEFREQUENCYF,ROTOROUTPUTPULSESPERREVOLUTIONFORTHEP,THESPEEDN60FM1/PM2R/MINSUCHASTHESPEEDMEASUREDOVER1SPULSESFORTHEM1,ROTOROUTPUTPULSENUMBERPERREVOLUTION,THATGREATNUMBEROFP,THESPEEDN60M1/PR/MIN2HARDWARESPEEDMEASUREMENTINSTRUMENTFIGURE2CONSTITUTETHEGROUNDSOFSPEED8032MCUMEASURINGCIRCUIT8032ISMCS51SERIESSINGLECHIP,COMPAREDWITHTHECOMMON8031CHIP,AFEATUREMORETHAN8032STRONGT2TIMER/COUNTERSAND128BYTESOFINTERNALRAM,WHICHT2COUNTERWITH16BITAUTORELOADANDCAPTURE,CANFORTIMER/COUNTERWITH,BUTALSOUSEDASABAUDRATEGENERATORTHESYSTEMUSEDFORTIMET2,WHICHTAKEINTOACCOUNTREGULARPULSE,REGULARPULSESIGNALDIRECTLYFROMTHE8032CHIPADDRESSLATCHSIGNALALECLIENTLEADS,ANDTHROUGHTHE74LS74DUALDFLIPFLOPFREQUENCY,WASTWOPOINTSWHENUSING6MHZCRYSTALOSCILLATOR,THETIMEPULSEFREQUENCYFCIS05MHZT0ACCRUALSPEEDPULSECOUNTERFP,T1TIMEPULSECOUNTERFORTAKINGINTOACCOUNTFC,TRIGGERDFF1,DFF2AND1,2,3,4COMPONENTCOUNTANDGATECONTROLCIRCUIT,CANALSOSTARTANDSTOPCOUNTERST0ANDT1P0PORTTOALLOWCONTROLTHROUGHTHEENDOF8DWITHLATCH74LS377EXTENDSAN8BITOUTPUT,ASAFIVESEGMENTLEDDIGITALDISPLAYOFTHEDATALINESELECTIONCODEP30,P31ACCESSSWITCHESS1ANDS4,S1FORTHEVERYFEWPSETSELECTORSWITCH,S4INPUTPULSEFORTHEVERYFEWKEYSP32ANDP33ARECONNECTEDS2ANDS3SWITCH,S2SWITCHMETHODFORTHESPEEDSELECTIONKEYSELECTTHEUSEOFM/TMETHODSPEED,ORVELOCITYMEASUREMENTWITHTIMES3FORTHESPEEDFREQUENCYSELECTSWITCH,TOSELECTTHEMEASURINGSPEEDORFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTSWHENUSINGREGULARMETHODTOMEASURETHESPEED,THESYSTEMCANBEEASILYMEASUREDBYMEASURINGTHEFREQUENCY3SOFTWAREDESIGNANDANTIINTERFERENCEMEASURESSYSTEMPROGRAMMINGINCLUDESTHEMAINPROGRAM,INTERRUPTPROCEDURES,CODECONVERSIONROUTINES,DISPLAYROUTINES,ETCTHEHARDWARESTRUCTUREOFTWOMEASUREMENTMETHODSAREIDENTICAL,BUTDIFFERENTSOFTWAREPROCESS,TOSETTHESPEEDTHROUGHTHEP32PORTAPPROACHTHEFOLLOWINGTWOMEASUREMENTMETHODSWEREDISCUSSEDWORKSM/TMETHOD,FIRSTOFALLBYTHEENDOF8032THEP11OUTPUTSTARTPULSESIGNAL,THESTARTPULSECLEAREDDFF1ANDDFF2TWOTRIGGERS,SOTHATQ1ENDEDOUTPUTLOW,BLOCKINGTHEDOOR2,3,4,Q1SIDEOPENTHEDOORFORTHEHIGHONE,ANDTRIGGERDFF2THEQ2ENDEDOUTPUTISHIGH,READYFORTHESTARTOFWORKWHENTHESPEEDPULSESIGNALFPRECEIVESTHERISINGEDGE,THEFLIPFLOPDFF1TURN,Q1ISLOW,BLOCKINGTHEDOOR1,Q1ISHIGH,OPENTHEDOOR2,3,4,SOTHATSTARTTIMET2,M1,M2ANDSTARTEDCOUNTINGINTHEINTERRUPTPROGRAM,THEP128032ENDEDOUTPUTPULSESIGNALTOSTOP,SETBITTRIGGERDFF2,Q2LOWSIDEOUTPUTS,BLOCKINGTHEDOOR2,3,4,T0,T1ANDSTOPCOUNTINGINTERRUPTTHEPROGRAMWHILEREADINGSPEEDSIGNALPULSESANDTIMINGSIGNALPULSESM1M2,INTHEMAINPROGRAM,INACCORDANCEWITHM1,M2,PANDFCALCULATEDSPEEDN60FM1/PM2,ANDCONVERTEDTOBCDCODESENTTOTHEDIGITALLOOKUPTABLEDISPLAY,COMPLETEADATACOLLECTIONANDDISPLAYINTHEREGULARMETHOD,DUETOTHETIMINGSIGNALGENERATED1S,WHILETHEMAXIMUMTIMETHESYSTEM131MS,ITISTHELAWINTIMETOTAKE10CONSECUTIVE100MSTIMEMETHOD,WHENTHETIMETO100MS,THETIMERT2OVERFLOWINTERRUPTTOTHE8032APPLICATIONINTERRUPTINTHEINTERRUPTPROCESSOFTHECUMULATIVENUMBEROFTIMES,IFTHECUMULATIVENUMBEROFTIMESUNTILTHEYBREAK10,NOTTOMAKEANYOPERATIONONTHERETURN,T2TOTHENEXT100MSTHETIME,T0TOCOUNTSPEEDPULSE,WHENTHEINTERRUPTWHENTHENUMBERREACHED10ININTERRUPTTHEPROGRAM,SETBITP12,STOPCOUNTING,ANDREADINGTHECOUNTVALUET0M1,CORRESPONDINGINTHEMAINPROGRAMTOCALCULATETHESPEEDOFOPERATION,ANDCONVERTEDTOBCDCODE,SENDLEDDISPLAYTIMEHEREWITH16BITCOUNTERWITHAUTOLOADINGFEATUREOFTHET2COUNTER,WHENT2OVERFLOWINTERRUPTTHESAMETIME,THECOUNTERCOUNTSAUTOMATICALLYRELOADTHEINITIALVALUE,CONTINUETOREGULARLYSOITSTIMEISCONTINUOUS,WITHOUTINTERRUPTIONANDRESPONSEPROCEDURESFORDEALINGWITHTHEIMPACTOFDISRUPTIONIFNOTOVERLOADEDBYFEATURESSUCHASTIMERST0ORT1,THENWHENTHETIMEROVERFLOW,ITSHOULDBEINRESPONSETOFAILURE,RESETTHETIMERINTERRUPTPROGRAM,THEINITIALVALUETIMERTIMINGISINTERMITTENT,THEIMPACTOFTIMINGACCURACY,THEREBYAFFECTINGMEASUREMENTPRECISIONVISIBLEBY8032INTHET2COUNTERTIMERISAFEATUREOFTHESYSTEM,ITCANSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEMEASUREMENTPRECISIONTHEGUNSRANGEIN049R/MINACCURACYUPTO01R/MIN,AT5099999R/MINRANGEOFACCURACYUPTO1R/MINTHEGUNCANMEASURETHENUMBEROFDIFFERENTPOLEPULSEGENERATORPULSEOCCURS,SUCHASINFRAREDDETECTORSABOVE,WHENCHANGINGTHEROTATINGBODYATTACHEDTOTHEAMOUNTOFREFLECTIONPAPER,ISSUEDBYTHEROTORPERREVOLUTIONPULSENUMBERPISALSOCHANGEDACCORDINGLY,ATTHISPOINT,IFSTILLINACCORDANCEWITHTHEPROCEDURESINTHEORIGINALPVALUECALCULATION,CALCULATIONERRORWILLBETHEREFORE,THESYSTEMPROVIDESVERYFEWOFTHEFEATURESSETTHESCENEP30ITAKEVERYFEWSETSELECTORSWITCH,WHENP30ISHIGHTIMETHATNEEDTOSETTHEPOLE,THENTHESYSTEMWAITINGFORINPUTINTOTHEMOUTHBYTHEP31PULSESIGNAL,EACHPULSEMAKESTHESYSTEMVERYFEWREGISTERVALUEPLUS1,ANDDISPLAYEDINTHELEDDIGITALTUBEVELOCITYMEASUREMENTATTHETIME,ANDWHENNOTTON60M1/PTHEOPERATORSDIRECTLYTOTHESPEEDOF1SPULSESM1TRANSFORMEDINTOBCDCODESHOWSTHATTHEVALUEOBTAINEDISOBVIOUSLYTHEINPUTPULSEFREQUENCYTHEREFORE,THESYSTEMSETUPSPEEDFREQUENCYOPTIONSP33PORTACCESSSPEEDFREQUENCYSELECTSWITCHS3,WHENP33ISHIGHTIMETHATTESTFREQUENCYMEANWHILE,THESYSTEMSOFTWAREHASSETANUMBEROFLOGICALFAULTDIAGNOSISFUNCTIONS,SUCHASSPEEDSABOVE99999R/MIN,THESYSTEMWILLDISPLAYPPPPP,THATGOBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISGUNISMEASURED,ANDASIFTHEM/TVELOCITYMEASUREMENT,THESELECTTHEMEASUREMENTFREQUENCY,ITSHOWSEEEEE,PROMPTSTHEUSERERRORANDSOONASTHEGUNISGENERALLYINTHEINDUSTRIALFIELDINTHEWORKINGENVIRONMENTOFSOURCESOFINTERFERENCE,SOINTHEDESIGN,USINGANTIJAMMINGMEASURES,SUCHASPOWERSUPPLYFILTERING,DECOUPLING,PAYATTENTIONTOTHETRENDOFGROUND,THENTHELOCATIONSANDOTHERHARDWAREINTERFERENCEAPPROACHTOCPU,RAMSELFTEST,SOFTWAREREDUNDANCY,SOFTWARE,SOFTWARESUCHASANTIJAMMINGTECHNOLOGYTRAPFIGURE2CIRCUITDIGITALSPEEDMETER中文翻译数字式转速测量仪摘要介绍了一种以MCS51系列单片机8032为控制主体的数字式转速测量仪。该测量仪具有设计合理、精度高、测速范围宽、功能强、可靠性好、使用灵活方便等特点。文中详细介绍了该仪表的工作原理，给出了它的硬件原理图和软件流程图。关键词数字式测量仪器；转速；单片机转动体的速度是工业测控系统中的重要参数之一。机械式转速表在测量转速时，必须将转轴接触被测物体，以获得同步转速，通过内部齿轮变速后用表头指针指示转速大小。使用机械式转速表会干扰被测物体的运动，特别是当被测转动体质量很小时，测速表对转动体施加的压力就是一个不小的附加负载，这影响测量的准确性。本文介绍一种以8032单片微机为核心的测速仪。1转速测量仪原理本测速仪的测速敏感器件采用红外线传感器，由专门的探测装置发射红外线，同时接受从被测物体反射回来的红外线，通过光电转换变为电脉冲信号，不影响物体的转动。发射管和接受管都固定在探测架上，通过透镜聚焦，半透明膜既能使反射的红外光线射向转动物体，又能使由转动物体反射回来的红外线通过半透明膜射向接受管。在转动体上沿圆周均匀贴上若干反射纸，它能定向反射红外线，使接受管接受到反射回来的红外线。光电转换原理见图1。在光电三极管3DU5C上加一适当偏压，当3DU5C受红外线照射时，处于导通状态，A点为低压电平，3DG6截止，B点为高电平；当没有红外线照射时，光电三极管截止，A点呈现高电平，使3DG6集电极B点为低电平，B点的脉冲信号经过反相器1、2的整形，再经门3反相，便得到频率与转速大小相应成比例变化的转速脉冲信号。转速脉冲信号送入8032单片机的定时/计数器，经过单片机的软件处理计算出转速。图1光电转换原理图本机在测量转速时采用了M/T法和定时法两种方法。M/T法是在检测时间TC内，根据转速脉冲M1和计时脉冲M2来计算转速。如在固定周期TC内，计取转动脉冲FP和计时脉冲FC的脉冲个数分别为M1和M2，计时脉冲的频率为F，转动体每转输出的脉冲数为P，则转速N60FM1/PM2R/MIN。定时法是在给定的时间间隔1S内，对转速脉冲进行计数。如在1S内测得的转速脉冲数为M1，转动体每转输出的脉冲个数，即极数为P，则转速N60M1/PR/MIN。2转速测量仪的硬件结构图2为由8032单片机构成的转速测量仪电路图。8032属于MCS51系列单片机，与常用的8031芯片相比，8032多了一个功能较强的T2定时/计数器和128字节内部RAM，其中T2计数器具有16位自动重载和捕获能力，既可作定时/计数用，又可作为波特率发生器用。本系统T2用于定时，即计取定时脉冲信号，定时脉冲信号直接从8032芯片的地址锁存信号端ALE引出，并经过74LS74双D触发器两分频后获得。当晶振采用6MHZ时，定时脉冲的频率FC为05MHZ。T0计数器计取转速脉冲FP，T1计数器用于计取定时脉冲FC，触发器DFF1，DFF2和与门1,2,3,4组成计数控制电路，能使T0和T1计数器同时启停。系统采用动态显示方式。P0口通过带允许控制端的8D锁存器74LS377扩展了一个8位输出口，作为5位LED数码管显示的段选码数据线。P13P175根口线作为五位LED显示的位选线。P30、P31接S1和S4开关，S1为极数P设定选择开关，S4为极数输入脉冲键。P32和P33分别接S2和S3开关，S2开关为测速方法选择键，选择用M/T法测速，还是用定时法测速。S3为转速/频率选择开关，用来选择测转速还是测频率。当用定时法测转速时，系统可以很方便地测出所测频率。3软件设计及抗干扰措施系统的程序设计主要包括主程序、中断程序、代码转换子程序、显示子程序等。两种测速方法硬件结构完全相同，只是软件流程不同，通过P32口来设定测速方法。下面分别论述两种测速方法的工作原理。M/T法中，首先由8032的P11端输出启动脉冲信号，该启动脉冲清零DFF1和DFF2两个触发器，使Q1端输出低电平，封锁门2、3、4，Q1端为高电平打开门1，而触发器DFF2的Q2端输出为高电平，为启动工作做好准备。当接受到转速脉冲信号FP的上升沿时，触发器DFF1翻转，Q1为低电平，封锁门1，Q1为高电平，打开门2、3、4，从而使T2开始定时，M1，M2同时开始计数。当T2定时到100MS时，向8032申请中断。在中断程序中，8032的P12端输出停止脉冲信号，置位触发器DFF2，Q2端输出低电平，封锁门2、3、4，T0、T1同时停止计数。同时在中断程序中读出转速信号脉冲数M1和定时信号脉冲数M2，在主程序中根据M1、M2，P和F算出转速N60FM1/PM2，并转换为BCD码，查表送至数码管显示，完成一次数据的采集和显示。在定时法中，由于要产生1S的定时信号，而本系统中定时最大值为131MS，故在定时法中，采取连续定时10次100MS的方法，当到了100MS定时时，定时器T2溢出向8032申请中断。在中断程序中对中断次数进行累计，如果累计中断次数未到10次，则不作任何运算就返回，T2继续下一次的100MS的定时，T0继续计数转速脉冲，当中断次数达到10次时，在中断程序中，置位P12，停止计数，并且读出T0的计数值M1，在主程序中进行相应运算算出转速，并转换为BCD码，送LED显示。这里定时计数器采用了具有16位自动重装载功能的T2计数器，当T2溢出产生中断的同时，计数器自动重载计数初值，继续定时。因此它的定时是连续的，不受响应中断和处理中断程序的影响。而如果采用没有重载功能的定时器如T0或T1，则当定时器溢出时，须在响应中断后，在中断程序中重置定时器初值。定时器的定时是断续的，影响定时精度，继而影响测速精度。可见采用8032中的T2计数器定时是本系统一个特点，它能显著提高测速精度。本测速仪在049R/MIN范围内，精度可达01R/MIN,在5099999R/MIN范围内