(doc)-外文文献翻译--模具设计与制造-其他专业

模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面（1）总量供不应求，国内模具自配率只有70左右。其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50左右。（2）企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理。我国模具生产厂中多数是自产自配的工模具车间（分厂），自产自配比例高达60左右，而国外模具超过70属商品模具。专业模具厂大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的组织形式，而国外大多是“小而专”、“小而精”。国内大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的模具占总量比例不足30,而国外在50以上。2004年，模具进出口之比为371，进出口相抵后的净进口额达132亿美元，为世界模具净进口量最大的国家。（3）模具产品水平大大低于国际水平，生产周期却高于国际水平产品水平低主要表现在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、寿命及结构等方面。（4）开发能力较差，经济效益欠佳，我国模具企业技术人员比例低，水平较低，且不重视产品开发，在市场中经常处于被动地位。我国每个模具职工平均年创造产值约合1万美元，国外模具工业发达国家大多是1520万美元，有的高达2530万美元，与之相对的是我国相当一部分模具企业还沿用过去作坊式管理，真正实现现代化企业管理的企业较少。造成上述差距的原因很多，除了历史上模具作为产品长期未得到应有的重视，以及多数国有企业机制不能适应市场经济之外，还有下列几个原因（1）国家对模具工业的政策支持力度还不够，虽然国家已经明确颁布了模具行业的产业政策，但配套政策少，执行力度弱。目前享受模具产品增值税的企业全国只有185家，大多数企业仍旧税负过重。模具企业进行技术改造引进设备要缴纳相当数量的税金，影响技术进步，而且民营企业贷款十分困难。（2）人才严重不足，科研开发及技术攻关投入太少，模具行业是技术、资金、劳动密集的产业，随着时代的进步和技术的发展，掌握并且熟练运用新技术的人才异常短缺，高级模具钳工及企业管理人才也非常紧张。由于模具企业效益欠佳及对科研开发和技术攻关重视不够，科研单位和大专院校的眼睛盯着创收，导致模具行业在科研开发和技术攻关方面投入太少，致使模具技术发展步伐不大，进展不快。（3）工艺装备水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年来我国机床行业进步较快，已能提供比较成套的高精度加工设备，但与国外装备相比，仍有较大差距。虽然国内许多企业已引进许多国外先进设备，但总体的装备水平比国外许多企业低很多。由于体制和资金等方面的原因，引进设备不配套，设备与附件不配套现象十分普遍，设备利用率低的问题长期得不到较妥善的解决。（4）专业化、标准化、商品化程度低，协作能力差，由于长期以来受“大而全”“小而全”影响，模具专业化水平低，专业分工不细致，商品化程度低。目前国内每年生产的模具，商品模具只占40左右，其余为自产自用。模具企业之间协作不畅，难以完成较大规模的模具成套任务。模具标准化水平低，模具标准件使用覆盖率低也对模具质量、成本有较大影响，特别是对模具制造周期有很大影响。（5）模具材料及模具相关技术落后，模具材料性能、质量和品种问题往往会影响模具质量、寿命及成本，国产模具钢与国外进口钢材相比有较大差距。塑料、板材、设备性能差，也直接影响模具水平的提高。目前，我国经济仍处于高速发展阶段，国际上经济全球化发展趋势日趋明显，这为我国模具工业高速发展提供了良好的条件和机遇。一方面，国内模具市场将继续高速发展，另一方面，模具制造也逐渐向我国转移以及跨国集团到我国进行模具采购趋向也十分明显。因此，放眼未来，国际、国内的模具市场总体发展趋势前景看好，预计中国模具将在良好的市场环境下得到高速发展，我国不但会成为模具大国，而且一定逐步向模具制造强国的行列迈进。“十一五”期间，中国模具工业水平不仅在量和质的方面有很大提高，而且行业结构、产品水平、开发创新能力、企业的体制与机制以及技术进步的方面也会取得较大发展。模具技术集合了机械、电子、化学、光学、材料、计算机、精密监测和信息网络等诸多学科，是一个综合性多学科的系统工程。模具技术的发展趋势主要是模具产品向着更大型、更精密、更复杂及更经济的方向发展，模具产品的技术含量不断提高，模具制造周期不断缩短，模具生产朝着信息化、无图化、精细化、自动化的方向发展，模具企业向着技术集成化、设备精良化、产批品牌化、管理信息化、经营国际化的方向发展。模具行业在“十一五”期间需要解决的重点关键技术应是模具信息化、数字化技术和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技术方面的突破，随着国民经济总量和工业产品技术的不断发展，各行各业对模具的需求量越来越大，技术要求也越来越高。虽然模具种类繁多，但其发展重点应该是既能满足大量需要，又有较高技术含量，特别是目前国内尚不能自给，需大量进口的模具和能代表发展方向的大型、精密、复杂、长寿命模具。模具标准件的种类、数量、水平、生产集中度等对整个模具行业的发展有重大影响。因此，一些重要的模具标准件也必须重点发展，而且其发展速度应快于模具的发展速度，这样才能不断提高我国模具标准化水平，从而提高模具质量，缩短模具生产周期，降低成本。由于我国的模具产品在国际市场上占有较大的价格优势，因此对于出口前景好的模具产品也应作为重点来发展。根据上述需要量大、技术含量高、代表发展方向、口前景好的原则选择重点发展产品，而且所选产品必须目前已有一定技术基础，属于有条件、有可能发展起来的产品。THEMOLDDESIGNINGANDMANUFACTURINGTHEMOLDISTHEMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYIMPORTANTCRAFTFOUNDATION,INOURCOUNTRY,THEMOLDMANUFACTUREBELONGSTOTHESPECIALPURPOSEEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYCHINAALTHOUGHVERYALREADYSTARTSTOMAKETHEMOLDANDTHEUSEMOLD,BUTLONGTERMHASNOTFORMEDTHEINDUSTRYSTRAIGHTSTABS0CENTURIES80SLATERPERIODS,THECHINESEMOLDINDUSTRYONLYTHENDRIVESINTOTHEDEVELOPMENTSPEEDWAYRECENTYEARS,NOTONLYTHESTATEOWNEDMOLDENTERPRISEHADTHEVERYBIGDEVELOPMENT,THETHREEINVESTMENTSENTERPRISE,THEVILLAGESANDTOWNSINDIVIDUALTHEMOLDENTERPRISESDEVELOPMENTALSORAPIDQUIETLYALTHOUGHTHECHINESEMOLDINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTRAPID,BUTCOMPARESWITHTHEDEMAND,OBVIOUSLYFALLSSHORTOFDEMAND,ITSMAINGAPCONCENTRATESPRECISELYTO,LARGESCALE,ISCOMPLEX,THELONGLIFEMOLDDOMAINASARESULTOFINASPECTANDSOONMOLDPRECISION,LIFE,MANUFACTURECYCLEANDPRODUCTIVITY,CHINAANDTHEINTERNATIONALAVERAGEHORIZONTALANDTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYSTILLHADABIGGERDISPARITY,THEREFORE,NEEDEDMASSIVELYTOIMPORTTHEMOLDEVERYYEARTHECHINESEMOLDINDUSTRYMUSTCONTINUETOSHARPENTHEPRODUCTIVITY,FROMNOWONWILLHAVEEMPHATICALLYTOTHEPROFESSIONINTERNALSTRUCTUREADJUSTMENTANDTHESTATEOFARTENHANCEMENTTHESTRUCTUREADJUSTMENTASPECT,MAINLYISTHEENTERPRISESTRUCTURETOTHESPECIALIZEDADJUSTMENT,THEPRODUCTSTRUCTURETOCENTERTHEUPSCALEMOLDDEVELOPMENT,TOTHEIMPORTANDEXPORTSTRUCTUREIMPROVEMENT,CENTERTHEUPSCALEAUTOMOBILECOVERMOLDFORMINGANALYSISANDTHESTRUCTUREIMPROVEMENT,THEMULTIPURPOSECOMPOUNDMOLDANDTHECOMPOUNDPROCESSINGANDTHELASERTECHNOLOGYINTHEMOLDDESIGNMANUFACTUREAPPLICATION,THEHIGHSPEEDCUTTING,THESUPERFINISHINGANDPOLISHEDTHETECHNOLOGY,THEINFORMATIONDIRECTIONDEVELOPSTHERECENTYEARS,THEMOLDPROFESSIONSTRUCTUREADJUSTMENTANDTHEORGANIZATIONALREFORMSTEPENLARGES,MAINLYDISPLAYEDIN,LARGESCALE,PRECISE,WASCOMPLEX,THELONGLIFE,CENTERTHEUPSCALEMOLDANDTHEMOLDSTANDARDLETTERDEVELOPMENTSPEEDISHIGHERTHANTHECOMMONMOLDPRODUCTTHEPLASTICMOLDANDTHECOMPRESSIONCASTINGMOLDPROPORTIONINCREASESSPECIALIZEDMOLDFACTORYQUANTITYANDITSPRODUCTIVITYINCREASE“THETHREEINVESTMENTS“ANDTHEPRIVATEENTERPRISEDEVELOPSRAPIDLYTHEJOINTSTOCKSYSTEMTRANSFORMATIONSTEPSPEEDSUPANDSOONDISTRIBUTESFROMTHEAREALOOKED,TAKEZHEJIANGDELTAANDYANGTZERIVERDELTAASCENTRALSOUTHEAST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