柔性制造——中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

FLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGASANINTRODUCTIONTOTHESUBSEQUENTDISCUSSIONSOFPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANDADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGIESITISUSEFULTOPRESENTADEFINITIONOFTHETERMMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMAMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMCANBEDEFINEDASASERIESOFVALUEADDINGMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESCONVERTINGTHERAWMATERIALSINTOMOREUSEFULFORMSANDEVENTUALLYFINISHEDPRODUCTSINTHEMODERNMANUFACTURINGSETTING,FLEXIBILITYISANIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICITMEANSTHATAMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMISVERSATILEANDADAPTABLE,WHILEALSOCAPABLEOFHANDLINGRELATIVELYHIGHPRODUCTIONRUNSAFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMISVERSATILEINTHATITCANPRODUCEAVARIETYOFPARTSITISADAPTABLEBECAUSEITCANBEQUICKLYMODIFIEDTOPRODUCEACOMPLETELYDIFFERENTLINEOFPARTSAFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMISANINDIVIDUALMACHINEORGROUPOFMACHINESSERVEDBYANAUTOMATEDMATERIALSHANDLINGSYSTEMTHATISCOMPUTERCONTROLLEDANDHASATOOLHANDLINGCAPABILITYBECAUSEOFITSTOOLHANDLINGCAPABILITYANDCOMPUTERCONTROL,SUCHASYSTEMCANBECONTINUALLYRECONFIGUREDTOMANUFACTUREAWIDEVARIETYOFPARTSTHISISWHYITISCALLEDAFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMAFMSTYPICALLYENCOMPASSESPROCESSEQUIPMENTEG,MACHINETOOLS,ASSEMBLYSTATIONS,ANDROBOTSMATERIALHANDLINGEQUIPMENTEG,ROBOTS,CONVEYORS,ANDAGVSAUTOMATEDGUIDEDVEHICLESACOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMACOMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEMFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGREPRESENTSAMAJORSTEPTOWARDTHEGOALOFFULLYINTEGRATEDMANUFACTURINGITINVOLVESINTEGRATIONOFAUTOMATEDPRODUCTIONPROCESSESINFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURIN,THEAUTOMATEDMANUFACTURINGMACHINEANDTHEAUTOMATEDMATERIALSHANDLINGSYSTEMSHAREINSTANTANEOUSCOMMUNICATIONVIAACOMPUTERNETWORKTHISISINTEGRATIONONASMALLSCALEFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGTAKESAMAJORSTEPTOWARDTHEGOALOFFULLYINTEGRATEDMANUFACTURINGBYINTEGRATINGSEVERALAUTOMATEDMANUFACTURINGCONCEPTSCOMPUTERNUMERICALCONTROLCNCOFINDIVIDUALMACHINETOOLSDISTRIBUTEDNUMERICALCONTROLDNCOFMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSAUTOMATEDMATERIALSHANDLINGSYSTEMSGROUPTECHNOLOGYFAMILIESOFPARTSWHENTHESEAUTOMATEDPROCESSES,MACHINES,ANDCONCEPTSAREBROUGHTTOGETHERINONEINTEGRATEDSYSTEM,ANFMSISTHERESULTHUMANSANDCOMPUTERSPLAYMAJORROLESINANFMSTHEAMOUNTOFHUMANLABORISMUCHLESSTHANWITHAMANUALLYOPERATEDMANUFACTURINGSYSTEM,OFCOURSEHOWEVER,HUMANSSTILLPLAYAVITALROLEINTHEOPERATIONOFANFMSHUMANTASKSINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGEQUIPMENTTROUBLESHOOTING,MAINTENANCE,ANDREPAIRTOOLCHANGINGANDSETUPLOADINGANDUNLOADINGTHESYSTEMDATAINPUTCHANGINGOFPARTSPROGRAMSDEVELOPMENTOFPROGRAMSFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMEQUIPMENT,LIKEALLMANUFACTURINGEQUIPMENT,MUSTBEMONITOREDFORBUGS,MALFUNCTIONS,ANDBREAKDOWNSWHENAPROBLEMISDISCOVERED,AHUMANTROUBLESHOOTERMUSTIDENTIFYITSSOURCEANDPRESCRIBECORRECTIVEMEASURESHUMANSALSOUNDERTAKETHEPRESCRIBEDMEASURESTOREPAIRTHEMALFUNCTIONINGEQUIPMENTEVENWHENALLSYSTEMSAREPROPERLYFUNCTIONING,PERIODICMAINTENANCEISNECESSARYHUMANOPERATORSALSOSETUPMACHINES,CHANGETOOLS,ANDRECONFIGURESYSTEMSASNECESSARYTHETOOLHANDLINGCAPABILITYOFANFMSDECREASES,BUTDOESNOTELIMINATEINVOLVEMENTINTOOLCHANGINGANDSETUPTHESAMEISTRUEOFLOADINGANDUNLOADINGTHEFMSONCERAWMATERIALHASBEENLOADEDONTOTHEAUTOMATEDMATERIALSHANDLINGSYSTEM,ITISMOVEDTHROUGHTHESYSTEMINTHEPRESCRIBEDMANNERHOWEVER,THEORIGINALLOADINGONTOTHEMATERIALSHANDLINGSYSTEMISSTILLUSUALLYDONEBYHUMANOPERATORS,ASISTHEUNLOADINGOFFINISHEDPRODUCTSHUMANSAREALSONEEDEDFORINTERACTIONWITHTHECOMPUTERHUMANSDEVELOPPARTPROGRAMSTHATCONTROLTHEFMSVIACOMPUTERSTHEYALSOCHANGETHEPROGRAMSASNECESSARYWHENRECONFIGURINGTHEFMSTOPRODUCEANOTHERTYPEOFPARTORPARTSHUMANSPLAYLESSLABORINTENSIVEROLESINANFMS,BUTTHEROLESARESTILLCRITICALCONTROLATALLLEVELSINANFMSISPROVIDEDBYCOMPUTERSINDIVIDUALMACHINETOOLSWITHINANFMSARECONTROLLEDBYCNCTHEOVERALLSYSTEMISCONTROLLEDBYDNCTHEAUTOMATEDMATERIALSHANDLINGSYSTEMISCOMPUTERCONTROLLED,ASAREOTHERFUNCTIONSINCLUDINGDATACOLLECTION,SYSTEMMONITORING,TOOLCONTROL,ANDTRAFFICCONTROLHUMAN/COMPUTERINTERACTIONISTHEKEYTOTHEFLEXIBILITYOFANFMS1HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGWASBORNINTHEMID1960SWHENTHEBRITISHFIRMMOLINS,LTDDEVELOPEDITSSYSTEM24SYSTEM24WASAREALFMSHOWEVER,ITWASDOOMEDFROMTHEOUTSETBECAUSEAUTOMATION,INTEGRATION,ANDCOMPUTERCONTROLTECHNOLOGYHADNOTYETBEENDEVELOPEDTOTHEPOINTWHERETHEYCOULDPROPERLYSUPPORTTHESYSTEMTHEFIRSTFMSWASADEVELOPMENTTHATWASAHEADOFITSTIMEASSUCH,ITWASEVENTUALLYDISCARDEDASUNWORKABLEFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGREMAINEDANACADEMICCONCEPTTHROUGHTHEREMAINDEROFTHE1960SAND1970SHOWEVER,WITHTHEEMERGENCEOFSOPHISTICATEDCOMPUTERCONTROLTECHNOLOGYINTHELATE1970SANDEARLY1980S,FLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGBECAMEAVIABLECONCEPTTHEFIRSTMAJORUSERSOFFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGINTHEUNITEDSTATESWEREMANUFACTURERSOFAUTOMOBILES,TRUCKS,ANDTRACTORS2RATIONALEFORFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGINMANUFACTURINGTHEREHAVEALWAYSBEENTRADEOFFSBETWEENPRODUCTIONRATESANDFLEXIBILITYATONEENDOFTHESPECTRUMARETRANSFERLINESCAPABLEOFHIGHPRODUCTIONRATES,BUTLOWFLEXIBILITYATTHEOTHERENDOFTHESPECTRUMAREINDEPENDENTCNCMACHINESTHATOFFERMAXIMUMFLEXIBILITY,BUTARECAPABLEONLYOFLOWPRODUCTIONRATESFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGFALLSINTHEMIDDLEOFCONTINUUMTHEREHASALWAYSBEENANEEDINMANUFACTURINGFORASYSTEMTHATCOULDPRODUCEHIGHERVOLUMEANDPRODUCTIONRUNSTHANCOULDINDEPENDENTMACHINES,WHILESTILLMAINTAININGFLEXIBILITYTRANSFERLINESARECAPABLEOFPRODUCINGLARGEVOLUMESOFPARTSATHIGHPRODUCTIONRATESTHELINETAKESAGREATDEALOFSETUP,BUTCANTU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