2010年高中化学教学论文 高中化学选择题的方法和技巧 新人教版（methods and techniques of selecting chemistry questions for senior high school chemistry teaching papers in 2010）

2010年高中化学教学论文高中化学选择题的方法和技巧新人教版（METHODSANDTECHNIQUESOFSELECTINGCHEMISTRYQUESTIONSFORSENIORHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYTEACHINGPAPERSIN2010）SOLUTIONMETHODSANDSKILLSOFCHEMISTRYSELECTIVEQUESTIONSINCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONTHECHOICEQUESTIONBELONGSTOTHEOBJECTIVEQUESTIONINTHECOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATION,THECHOICEQUESTIONISONEOFTHEMAINBASICQUESTIONS,BUTALSOONEOFTHEIMPORTANTQUESTIONSITMAINLYFOCUSESONTHEEASYANDMEDIUMDIFFICULTY,ANDFOCUSESONTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHE“DOUBLEBASE“GOODORBADCHOICEQUESTIONSDIRECTLYDETERMINETHETOTALSCORETHEGENERALCONDITIONSANDPROBLEMSOFANOPTIONOFTENTHROUGHTHETRANSFORMATIONPROCESSINGANDIMAGINATIVEPROPOSITIONTHOUGHT,WITHITSMULTIPLELAYERSOFCLOTHUNDERTHEFORMOFTRAP,THEEXAMINEEPROPOSITIONSTRATEGYA“DOUBLEBASE“,ITCANCORRECTTHESTUDENTSMASTERTHEKNOWLEDGEISNOTACCURATE,DOESNOTFULLYCONSIDERTHEISSUEANDOTHERPROBLEMSATTHESAMETIME,ITALSOPUTSFORWARDHIGHERREQUIREMENTSFORSTUDENTSABILITYOFSOLVINGPROBLEMSSTUDENTSAREREQUIREDTOHAVESOLID“DOUBLEBASICS“ANDCERTAINSKILLSINRECENTYEARS,SELECTIVEQUESTIONSALSOHIGHLIGHTTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHINKINGABILITYINCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONTHEMULTIPLECHOICETESTWITHTHEMAINFUNCTIONOFMAKINGTHETESTHASGREATKNOWLEDGERANGE,INWHICHASMALLAMOUNTOF“BASICQUESTIONS“TOINCREASETHECANDIDATESSCOREBASERETAINCERTAINTYPESOF“COMMONPROBLEM“TOTALCONTROLDIFFICULTYEXAMINETHEKNOWLEDGEOFLARGERCAPACITY,WIDELYDIVERGENT,THEHEATOFTHETESTAREANALYSISANDCORRELATIONTHECONCEPTOFAMOUNTOFSUBSTANCEASTHECENTEROFTHEATOMICSTRUCTUREANDTHEPERIODICTABLE,ANDTHEPERIODICLAWOFCHEMICALBONDANDCRYSTALSTRUCTURE,CHEMICALREACTIONANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM,ELECTROCHEMISTRY,ELECTROLYTESOLUTIONPH,HYDROLYSISOFSALTS,CALCULATIONIONSANDIONEQUATIONTHETRUEORFALSE,REDOXREACTION,SIMPLECALCULATION,BASICOPERATIONOFCHEMISTRYEXPERIMENTWEEXAMINETHEABILITYOFCERTAINHIGHERLEVELSEXAMINETHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHINKINGINAWORD,THESEPROBLEMSPLAYACERTAINROLEINLAYINGASOLIDFOUNDATIONFORSTUDENTS,DEVELOPINGINTELLIGENCEANDCULTIVATINGABILITYCHEMICALCHOICEWITHOUTAUNIVERSALSOLUTION,BUTNOMATTERWHATKINDOFSOLUTIONTOCAREFULLYEXAMINESTHETOPIC,ANALYSISPROBLEMS,SOLVINGTHESETHREEASPECTSTHEMAINMETHODSTOIMPROVETHESELECTIONSCORERATEMOREPRACTICE,THINKINGANDPRACTICESHOULDNOTJUSTBESATISFIEDWITHTHEANSWERSTOSOMEREPRESENTATIVEPROBLEMS,AFTERTHECOMPLETIONOFFURTHEREXAMINATION,UNDERSTANDINGTHEPRINCIPLECONCEPTINVOLVEDTHETRAININGTAKETIMEFORTRAINING,ANDCOMPAREDWITHSLIGHTLYHIGHERTHANTHELEVELOFYOURCLASSMATESTHESCOREOURUSUALCHOICETOSTRENGTHENTHETRAININGOFTEACHERSISFINEFORSELECTION,BUTALSOGIVEUSTIMETOTRAINING,PAIDMOREATTENTIONTOPUTTHEIRERRORSTHETITLERECORDORTAGS,WITHITSRELATEDPRINCIPLEANDKNOWLEDGE,INORDERTOELIMINATEBLINDSPOTSOFKNOWLEDGEFASTANDCLEVERCHOICEOFQUESTIONSISONEOFTHEMEANSTOCULTIVATESTUDENTSINNOVATIVETHINKING,ANDALSOTHEKEYTOSUCCESSINCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONTHESOLUTIONISTHEESSENCEOFGOODQUESTIONS,PAYCLOSEATTENTIONTOTHESPECIALCONDITIONSBECAUSEOFTHEPROBLEM,ACCORDINGTOANALYSIS,REASONING,PROBLEMSOLVING,SEEKINGTHEBESTWAYTOESTIMATE,CANQUICKLYANDACCURATELYGETTHEANSWERTHISISMAINLYBASEDONTHEANALYSISOFSOMEREPRESENTATIVECHOICE,ERRORPRONE,THEBESTIDEASTOSUMMARIZESOMEPROBLEMSOLVINGFIRST,CHOOSETHE“TRAP“AVOIDANCESTRATEGY1UNDERSTANDINGTHEBASICCONCEPTSCORRECTLYANDAVOIDINGTRAPS“SOMETOPICSAREOFTENSETAROUNDTHECHEMICALCONCEPTTRAP,IFTHECONCEPTISNOTCLEAR,UNDERSTANDINGISNOTCLEAR,ITCANNOTESCAPEAROBBERY“THEREFORE,WEMUSTEAT,MUSTTHOROUGHLYUNDERSTANDEVERYCONCEPTIN1CASESOFHEATINGPOTASSIUMCHLORATEOXYGEN,INTHEMANGANESEMANGANESEDIOXIDETHEPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATECANDO,THECATALYSTISABCD2CATALYSTCATALYSTTHECHEMICALREACTIONRATEOFOTHERSUBSTANCESCANCHANGEINTHEFLOWERREACTION,BUTTHEMASSANDCHEMICALPROPERTIESOFTHECATALYSTDONOTCHANGEINTHEREACTIONPROCESSEXAMPLE2THEFOLLOWINGSUBSTANCESARENONELECTROLYTESANDAREAC12BNH3CNACLDCH3COOHELECTROLYTEACOMPOUNDTHATCONDUCTSELECTRICITYINANAQUEOUSSOLUTIONORINMOLTENSTATENONELECTROLYTEACOMPOUNDTHATDOESNOTCONDUCTELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITYINAQUEOUSORMOLTENSTATEEXAMPLE3NAREPRESENTSTHEVALUEOFTHEAVOGADEROCONSTANT,ANDTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTISCORRECTUNDERTHEASTANDARD,THEMIXTUREOFMETHANEANDPROPANEMIXEDWITH224LINANYPROPORTIONHASAMOLECULARNUMBEROFNABUNDERSTANDARDCONDITIONS,THEMOLECULARNUMBEROFTHEGASPRODUCTIS8NA/224AFTERTHECOMPLETECOMBUSTIONOF1LOCTANEUNDERTHECSTANDARD,THENUMBEROFMOLECULESCONTAINEDIN1LSOISNA/224UNDERTHEDSTANDARD,THEMOLECULARNUMBEROFOXYGENCONSUMEDINFULLOXYGENCOMBUSTIONIS02NAWHEN896LISMIXEDWITHHYDROGENANDCARBONMONOXIDEATANYRATIOTRAPOFAVOGADEROSCONSTANTPROPOSITIONCONDITIONCONDITIONIFGIVENTHENONSTANDARDCONDITIONS,SUCHASATMOSPHERICTEMPERATUREANDATMOSPHERICPRESSURE25,101X10PA,THEKNOWNGASVOLUMECANNOTBEDIRECTLYCALCULATEDBY224LMOLMATERIALSTATEITISKNOWNTHATINTHESTANDARDCONDITION,THENONGASEOUSSUBSTANCEISGIVENANDCANNOTBEDIRECTLYCALCULATEDBY224LMOLPARTICLENUMBERNOTEHDOESNOTCONTAINNEUTRONSHE,NEANDSOONAREMONATOMICMOLECULESNANDOAREDIATOMICMOLECULESOANDPAREPOLYATOMICMOLECULESTRAPFOURCALCULATIONOFELECTRONTRANSFERGAINANDLOSSINOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONELECTROLYTESOLUTIONNOTEWEAKELECTROLYTEISPARTIALIONIZATIONANDHYDROLYSISOFSALTSEXAMPLE4NONRADIOACTIVEISOTOPEISCALLEDSTABLEISOTOPEINRECENT20YEARS,STABLEISOTOPEANALYSISHASBEENWIDELYUSEDINPLANTPHYSIOLOGY,ECOLOGYANDENVIRONMENTALSCIENCERESEARCHFOREXAMPLE,2H,13C,15N,18OAND34SARECOMMONLYUSEDASENVIRONMENTALANALYSISINDICATORSINTERRESTRIALECOSYSTEMSTUDIESWHATISCORRECTINTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTISTHATTHENEUTRONNUMBERINTHEA34SNUCLEUSIS16B1H216OISMORELIKELYTOEVAPORATETHAN1H218OUNDERTHESAMECONDITIONSTHEDIFFERENCEINPROTONNUMBERBETWEENC13CAND15NNUCLEIIS2THEACIDITYOFD2HISSTRONGERTHANTHATOF1HTHECHARACTERISTICSOFISOTOPESARE1THEPROTONNUMBERISTHESAMEANDTHENEUTRONNUMBERISDIFFERENTINNATURE,THECHEMICALPROPERTIESARESIMILAR,THEPHYSICALPROPERTIESARESIMILAR,ANDSOMEDIFFERGREATLY3INTHEPRESENCEOFANATURALELEMENT,WHETHERFREEORCOMBINED,THEATOMICNUMBERNOTMASSOFTHEISOTOPEISGENERALLYUNCHANGEDEXERCISES1NAREPRESENTSTHEVALUEOFTHEAVOGADEROCONSTANT,ANDTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTISCORRECTA24GMAGNESIUMREACTSWITHSUFFICIENTHYDROCHLORICACID,ANDTHENUMBEROFTRANSFERREDELECTRONSIS2NAWHENB1MOLSULFURATOMSREACTADEQUATELYWITHSUFFICIENTCOPPERPOWDER,THENUMBEROFELECTRONSLOSTBYCOPPERIS2NAC3MOLNOISFULLYFUNCTIONALWITHWATER,ANDTHENUMBEROFELECTRONSTRANSFERREDIS3NADATROOMTEMPERATUREANDATMOSPHERICPRESSURE,THEACTIVEMETALISREPLACEDBY1MOLHFROMHYDROCHLORICACID,THENUMBEROFELECTRONSTRANSFERREDIS2NAWHEN2NH3ISOXIDIZEDTOHNO3,THEFOLLOWINGREACTIONOCCURSINTHEABSORPTIONTOWER3NO2H2O2HN03NOH0INORDERTOSPEEDUPTHEREACTIONRATE,THEFOLLOWINGMEASURESAREFEASIBLEADECREASESTHETEMPERATURE,BINCREASESTHETEMPERATUREC,NODISSEPARATEDINTIME,INCREASINGTHEPRESSUREINTHEABSORPTIONTOWER3UNDERNORMALTEMPERATURE,ADDINGTHEFOLLOWINGSOLIDSUBSTANCEINSATURATEDLIMEWATERANDRECOVERINGTOTHENORMALTEMPERATURE,THEPHOFTHESOLUTIONWILLNOTCHANGEANAOHBCAOH2CCAODNAHC03TWOFLEXIBLEUSEOFCHEMICALPROPERTIESOFSUBSTANCESTOAVOIDTRAPS“NOTONLYTHEPROPERTIESOFTHEMATERIALTOREMEMBER,BUTTHEKEYISTOUSE,TOAVOIDA“TRAP“PROPOSITIONSET,MAINTAININGTHESTATUSQUOEXAMPLE5PUT6MOLCOPPERPOWDERINTODILUTESOLUTIONCONTAINING8MOLNITRICACIDAND2MOLSULFURICACID,ANDTHEAMOUNTOFGASRELEASEDUNDERSTANDARDCONDITIONISA2MOLB3MOLC4MOLD5MOLEXERCISES4ACCORDINGTOTHESTRUCTURERELATIONSHIPBETWEENREACTANTSANDPRODUCTS,ORGANICREACTIONSCANBEROUGHLYDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESSUBSTITUTIONREACTION,ELIMINATIONREACTIONANDADDITIONREACTIONAC6H5CH2CLNACNC6H5CH2CNNACLBC6H5LIC02C6H5COOLICCH3CH2CHOHCNCH3CH2CHCNOHDCH3COOHC2H5OHCH3COOC2H5H20THREEACCURATELYGRASPTHELIMITEDCONDITIONSTOAVOIDTRAPS“EXAMPLE6INTHESUBSTANCECOMPOSEDOF5GROUPSOFCH3,OH,CHO,C6H5,COOH22,THEORGANICCOMPOUNDSTHATREACTWITHNAOHHAVEA4SPECIES,B5SPECIES,C6SPECIES,D7SPECIES5TOPRACTICESOMEORGANICMATTERCANMAKEWATERFADE,CANBEHYDROLYZEDUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONSTOGENERATETWOKINDSOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS,BUTALSOADDTHEREACTIONOFPOLYMERCOMPOUNDS,THEORGANICMATTERMUSTCONTAINTHEFOLLOWINGGROUPSINCH3,THEOH,THECL,CHO,C2H3,COOH,567COOCH3A3BCANDDII645FOUROVERCOMETHENEGATIVEEFFECTOFTHINKINGSETANDAVOIDTHETRAP“PEOPLEOFTENUSEDTHEFIXEDMODEOFTHINKINGTOSOLVETHEPROBLEM,THEPROPOSITIONACCORDINGTOTHEWEAKNESSOFTHESTUDENTS,OFTENREMOVEDINTHEPROPOSITIONORWEAKENTHEINFORMATIONSETTINGTRAPS“THENUMBEROFOXYGENATOMSINCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDOF7100G98ISABOUTA602X1023B4X602X1023C411X602X1023D4PRACTICE6,1THE5VALUEOFNITROGENINNH3N03ISSIGNIFICANTTHE4FES2L1O22FE2O38S02REACTIONIN2IRONANDA2PRICETOTALSULFUROXIDATIONINOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTION,THEELECTRONNUMBEROFREDUCTANTISEQUALTOTHATOFOXIDANTWHATISWRONGINTHESE3STATEMENTSISA,B,C,D,II7PHFOR5SULFURICACIDDILUTED500TIMESDILUTEDSOLUTIONCSO42CHABOUTA1LB12C110D101FIVECORRECTUSEOFGRAMMARKNOWLEDGETOAVOIDTRAPS“CHEMISTRYISNOTASGRAMMATICALASCHINESE,BUTSOMETIMESCORRECTGRAMMARISUSEDTOAVOID“TRAP“ANDANSWERQUESTIONSACCURATELYCASE8CANPROVETHATCOLLOIDALPARTICLESARELARGERTHANELECTROLYTEPARTICLESINSOLUTIONABBROWNCTYNDALLPHENOMENONDELECTRODIALYSISELECTROPHORESISEXAMPLESANSWER1,C2,B3,AD4,B5,B6,B7,C8,CEXERCISEANSWERS1,BD2,BD3,BC4,BC5,C6,D7,CTWO,SEIZETHEUNIQUECONDITIONSOFTHEPROBLEM,BECAUSEOFTHEPROBLEMACCORDINGTOANALYSIS,REASONING,PROBLEMSOLVING,SEEKINGTHEBESTWAYTOESTIMATE1GRASPTHESPECIALCASE,NEGATETHEANSWER,GRASPTHESUBSTANCE,ANDMAKESURETOANSWERITEXAMPLE9THEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTISCORRECTAIONSCONTAININGMETALELEMENTSARENOTNECESSARILYCATIONSBINTHEOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTION,NONMETALELEMENTSMUSTBEOXIDANTSWHENANELEMENTOFCCHANGESFROMACHEMICALSTATETOAFREESTATE,THEELEMENTMUSTBEREDUCEDDMETALCATIONSAREREDUCEDANDMETALELEMENTSARENOTNECESSARILYOBTAINEDEXAMPLE10THEFOLLOWINGIONEQUATIONSAREWRITTENCORRECTLYAFECL2SOLUTIONINTOC12FE2C12FE32C1BCLARIFIEDLIMEWATERMIXEDWITHASMALLAMOUNTOFSODIUMBICARBONATESOLUTIONCA2CACO3H2OOHHCO3CFESSOLIDRELEASEDDILUTENITRICACIDSOLUTIONFES2HFE3H2SADDINGEXCESSAMMONIAINTHESOLUTIONOFDALCL3AL2H2OALO234OHTWOGRASPTHECHARACTERISTICSOFDATA,AVOIDCONFUSIONANSWER1,THECONFUSIONOFMULTIPLEDATATHEPROPOSITIONDELIBERATELYSETSSOMESUPERFLUOUSDATAINSOMECHOICEQUESTIONSTODISTURBTHENORMALTHINKINGOFSTUDENTSONLYACAREFULANALYSIS,QUWEICUNZHEN,ELIMINATEINTERFERENCEDATA,ACCURATESELECTIONOFTHENECESSARYDATA,INORDERTOQUICKLYANSWERCASE11,AKOHSOLIDEXPOSEDINTHEAIR,ISKNOWNTOCONTAIN762OFWATERAND238OFK2CO3,AND1GISADDEDTOTHE460ML365HYDROCHLORICACIDDENSITYIS1G/CM3,THEEXCESSACIDISNEUTRALIZEDBY7KOHSOLUTIONTONEUTRALFINALLY,THEHEATISEVAPORATEDANDTHEQUALITYOFTHEOBTAINEDSOLIDISA,107GB,343GC,40GD,45G2,THECONFUSIONOFLESSDATAINCASE12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