高中化学复习（senior high school chemistry review）

高中化学复习（SENIORHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYREVIEW）ACOMMONNAMEINORGANICPARTSODA,SODA,NATURALALKALI,ALKALINESODANA2CO3NAHCO3NA2S2O3SODAGYPSUMGYPSUMPLASTERCASO42H2O2CASO4CAF2H2OFLUORITEBARITEBASO4NONTOXICAMMONIUMCARBONATELIMESTONE,MARBLECACO3NH4HCO3CAONACLSALTLIMESLAKEDLIME,SLAKEDLIMECAOH2NA2SO47H2OMIRABILITELAXATIVECAUSTICSODA,CAUSTICSODA,CAUSTICSODANAOHMELANTERITEFASO47H2ODRYICECO2ALUMKALSO4212H2OBLEACHINGPOWDERCACLO2,CACL2MIXTURESALTSMGSO4CUSO47H2O,BROCHANTITECHALCANTHITE5H2OHYDROGENPEROXIDEGOSLARITEH2O2ZNSO47H2OSIO2SILICA,QUARTZCORUNDUMAL2O3WATERGLASS,SODIUMSILICATE,IRONOXIDE,IRONOREMINERALRUBBERNA2SIO3FE2O3FE3O4MAGNETITEPYRITE,PYRITEFES2VERDIGRIS,MALACHITECU2OH2CO3SIDERITEFECO3CU2OCABORDEAUXCUPRITEOH2ANDCUSO4CAOHLSSSAND2MAINCOMPONENTSNA2SIO3,SGLASSCASIO3,SIO2SUPERPHOSPHATETHEMAINCOMPONENTCAH2PO42ANDCASO4THEMAINCOMPONENTOFTRIPLESUPERPHOSPHATECAH2PO42NATURALGAS,BIOGAS,PITGASTHEMAINCOMPONENTCH4WATERGASCOANDH2AMMONIUMFERROUSSULFATEBLUEGREENFENH42SO42DISSOLVEDINWATERWASPALEGREENPHOTOCHEMICALSMOGATOXICGASAQUANO2PRODUCEDINTHELIGHTOFTHETHICKHNO3THICKHCLACCORDINGTOTHEVOLUMERATIOOF13BLENDTHERMITESALFE2O3OROTHEROXIDESUREACONH22ORGANICPARTCHLOROFORMCHCL3CALCIUMCARBIDECAC2,CALCIUMCARBIDEGASC2H2ACETYLENETNTTHREENITROTOLUENETHATISAGOODHCFCREFRIGERANT,TOXIC,BUTTHEDESTRUCTIONOFTHEO3LAYERALCOHOLANDETHANOLC2H5OHPYROLYSISGASCOMPONENTSPETROLEUMCRACKINGALKENES,ALKANES,ALKYNES,H2S,CO2,COETCCOMPOSITIONOFCOKEOVENGASCOALCARBONIZATIONH2,CH4,ETHYLENE,COANDSOONACETICACIDGLACIALACETICACIDANDVINEGARCH3COOHGLYCEROL,GLYCEROLC3H8O3PHENOLFORMALDEHYDEPHENOLFORMALDEHYDEHCHOFAUREMARIN3540FORMICACIDAQUEOUSSOLUTIONOFFORMALDEHYDE,FORMICACIDHCOOHGLUCOSEC6H12O6FRUCTOSEC6H12O6SUCROSEC12H22O11MALTOSEC12H22O11STARCHC6H10O5NSTEARICACIDC17H35COOHC17H33COOHC15H31COOHOLEICACIDPALMITICACIDHOOCCOOHOXALICACIDOXALICACIDCANMAKETHEBLUEINKFADE,STRONGLYACIDIC,THERMALDECOMPOSITIONINTOCO2ANDWATER,THEKMNO4ACIDICSOLUTIONTWO,COLORIRONIRONPOWDERISBLACKABLOCKOFSOLIDIRONISSILVERYWHITEFE2LIGHTGREENFE3O4BLACKCRYSTALFEOH2WHITEPRECIPITATEFE3YELLOWFEOH3REDDISHBROWNPRECIPITATEFESCN3REDBLOODSOLUTIONFEFEOBLACKPOWDERNH42SO42BLUEGREENFE2O3REDBROWNPOWDERCOPPERSIMPLESUBSTANCEISPURPLEREDCU2BLUECUOBLACKCU2OREDCUSO4ANHYDROUSWHITECUSO45H2OBLUECU2OH2CO3GREENCUOH2BLUECUNH34SO4DARKBLUESOLUTIONFESBLACKSOLIDBASO4,BACO3,AG2CO3,CACO3,AGCL,MGOH2,ISAWHITEPRECIPITATETRIBROMOPHENOLALOH3WHITEFLOCCULENTH4SIO4SILICICACIDWHITECOLLOIDALPRECIPITATECL2,YELLOWGREENF2,CHLORINEGAS,LIGHTYELLOWGREENBR2REDBROWNLIQUIDI2,HF,HCL,PURPLEBLACKSOLIDHBR,HIISACOLORLESSGASINTHEAIRWEREFORMEDINTHEFOGCCL4COLORLESSLIQUIDWITHADENSITYGREATERTHANWATERANDIMMISCIBLEWITHWATERNA2O2PALEYELLOWSOLIDAG3PO4YELLOWPRECIPITATESYELLOWSOLIDAGBRPALEYELLOWPRECIPITATEAGIO3LIGHTBLUEYELLOWPRECIPITATEGASSO2COLORLESSGAS,IRRITATINGODOR,POISONOUSSO3COLORLESSSOLIDBOILINGPOINT448DEGREESMAGENTASOLUTIONREDHYDROFLUORICACIDHFETCHINGGLASSN2O4,NOCOLORLESSGASNO2REDDISHBROWNGASNH3COLORLESS,IRRITATINGODORGASKMNO4MNO4PURPLEPURPLETHREE,PHENOMENON1,THEREACTIONBETWEENALUMINUMANDHYDROCHLORICACIDISEXOTHERMIC,ANDTHEREACTIONOFBAOH2WITHNH4CLISENDOTHERMIC2,NAANDH2OWITHPHENOLPHTHALEINREACTION,MELTING,FLOATINGONTHESURFACE,ROTATION,THEGASISRELEASEDMELTING,FLOATING,SWIMMING,HISS,RED3,FLAMEREACTIONNAYELLOW,KPURPLETHROUGHTHEBLUECOBALTGLASSCUGREEN,CA,BRICKRED,NAYELLOW,KPURPLE4,CUFILAMENTSBURNINCL2TOPRODUCEBROWNSMOKE5ANDH2BURNINCL2,APALEFLAME6,NACOMBUSTIONINCL2,PRODUCEALOTOFWHITESMOKE7,PBURNINGINCL2,PRODUCEALOTOFWHITESMOKE8,SO2INTOTHEMAGENTASOLUTIONFIRSTFADE,ANDTHENRESTORETHEORIGINALCOLORAFTERHEATING9,NH3ANDHCLMEET,PRODUCEALOTOFWHITESMOKE10,ALUMINUMFOILINOXYGENBURNING,PRODUCEDAZZLINGWHITELIGHT11,THEMAGNESIUMBARBURNSINTHEAIR,PRODUCESDAZZLINGWHITELIGHT,BURNSINTHECO2,PRODUCESTHEWHITEPOWDERMGO,PRODUCESTHEBLACKSMOKE12,IRONWIREBURNINGINCL2,PRODUCEBROWNSMOKE13,HFCORROSIONGLASS4HFSIO2SIF42H2O14,FEOH2ISOXIDIZEDINAIRCHANGEFROMWHITETOGREYANDGREENTOREDBROWN15ATROOMTEMPERATUREFEANDALAREPASSIVATEDINCONCENTRATEDH2SO4ANDCONCENTRATEDHNO316,XIANGSHENGHASPHENOLSOLUTIONINTHETESTTUBEDROPSINTOTHEFECL3SOLUTION,THESOLUTIONASSUMESTHEPURPLE,THEPHENOLMEETSTHEAIRTOBEPINK17,THEPROTEININCASEOFCONCENTRATEDHNO3YELLOW,BURNEDWHENTHEREAREBURNTFEATHERSSMELL18BURNINTHEAIRSWEAKLIGHTBLUEFLAMEH2LIGHTBLUEFLAMEH2SLIGHTBLUEFLAMECOBLUEFLAMECH4BRIGHTANDBLUEFLAME,SBURNSINO2BRIGHTBLUEPURPLEFLAME19CHARACTERISTICRESPONSEPHENOMENON20LIGHTYELLOWSOLIDSORNA2O2ORAGBR21,MAGENTASOLUTIONFADINGGASSO2AFTERHEATINGANDRESTORERED,CL2AFTERHEATINGDOESNOTRESTORERED22,COLOREDSOLUTIONFE2LIGHTGREEN,FE3YELLOW,CU2BLUE,MNO4PURPLECOLOREDSOLIDSREDCU,CU2O,FE2O3,REDDISHBROWN,FEOH,3BLUECUOH2BLACKCUO,FEO,FES,CUS,AG2S,PBSYELLOWAGI,AG3PO4,WHITEFE0H2,CACO3,BASO4,AGCL,BASO3COLOREDGASCL2HUANGLVSHAIANDNO2REDBROWNFOUR,REGULARRULESUSEDINEXAMS1,SOLUBILITYLAWSEESOLUBILITYTABLE2,COMMONLYUSEDACIDANDALKALIINDICATORCOLORRANGETHECOLORRANGEOFINDICATORPHMETHYLORANGE31RED3144ORANGE44YELLOW100803,ONINERTELECTRODE,THEORDEROFDISCHARGEOFVARIOUSIONSCATHODEELECTRONICCAPACITYAU3,AGHG2,CU2,PB2,FA2,ZN2,H,AL3MG2,NA,CA2,KANODEELECTRONLOSSABILITYS2,I,BRCL,OHOXYGENRADICALCAUTIONIFTHEMETALISUSEDASANANODE,THEANODEITSELFWILLUNDERGOOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONSPT,AU,EXCEPTFORELECTROLYSIS4DOUBLEHYDROLYSISIONEQUATIONWRITING1WRITETHEHYDROLYSISIONONTHELEFTANDWRITETHEHYDROLYSATEONTHERIGHT2TRIMTRIMTHECHARGEONTHELEFTANDTRIMTHEOTHERATOMSONTHERIGHT3HANDOAREROUGHANDADDWATEROVERTHEREEXAMPLEWHENNA2CO3ISMIXEDWITHAALCL3SOLUTION3CO322AL33H2O2ALOH3CO235WRITETHEEQUATIONFORTHETOTALELECTROLYSISREACTION1ANALYSISWHATISTHEREACTANTANDTHEPRODUCT2PEIPINGEXAMPLEKCL2KCL2H2OELECTROLYTICSOLUTIONH2CL22KOHTRIM2KCL2H2OH2CL22KOH6,ACHEMICALREACTIONMETHODINTWOELECTRODEREACTION1TOWRITE25ELECTRONSREACTION2CONSIDERTHEREACTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTACIDICORALKALINE3THENUMBERANDTHEATOMICCHARGEISEQUALTOTHENUMBEROFTWOSIDESEXAMPLETHEREACTIONINTHEBATTERYISPBPBO22H2SO42PBSO42H2O,WRITETHEELECTRODEREACTIONASTHEPRIMARYBATTERYDISCHARGEWRITE25RESPONSESPB2EPBSO4,PBO2,2E,PBSO4ANALYSISINACIDICENVIRONMENT,FILLUPOTHERATOMSSHOULDBENEGATIVEPBSO422EPBSO4POSITIVEPBO24HSO422EPBSO42H2ONOTEWHENCHARGING,ITISELECTROLYSIS,ANDTHEELECTRODEREACTIONISTHEREVERSEOFTHEABOVEELECTRODEREACTIONFORCATHODEPBSO4,2EPBSO42ANODEPBSO42H2O,2EPBO24HSO427,INTHEIDENTICALSOLUTIONCALCULATIONPROBLEMSCOMMONTOTHEATOMICIDENTITY,IDENTITY,IDENTITY,IONCHARGE,POWERELECTRONICIDENTITYIDENTITY,THEMETHODSUSEDAREMASSCONSERVATION,DIFFERENCEMETHOD,NORMALIZATIONMETHOD,LIMITMETHODANDMETHODNONOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONSATOMICCONSERVATION,CHARGEBALANCE,MASSBALANCE,REDOXREACTIONSMUCHMOREELECTRONICCONSERVATION8,THESAMEIONSTRUCTUREOFTHEELECTRONLAYER,THEMORETHENUMBEROFNUCLEARCHARGE,THESMALLERTHERADIUSOFIONS9MELTINGPOINTOFCRYSTALATOMICCRYSTALIONICCRYSTALMOLECULARCRYSTALTHEATOMICCRYSTALLEARNEDINSECONDARYSCHOOLISSI,SIC,SIO2ANDDIAMONDTHEMELTINGPOINTOFANATOMICCRYSTALISBASEDONTHEATOMICRADIUSDIAMONDSICSIBECAUSEOFATOMICRADIUSSI,C,O10,MOLECULARCRYSTALMELTINGANDBOILINGPOINTCOMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTUREOFSIMILARSUBSTANCES,THEGREATERTHEMOLECULARWEIGHT,MELTING,BOILINGPOINTHIGHER11,COLLOIDCHARGEDGENERALLYSPEAKING,METALHYDROXIDE,METALOXIDECOLLOIDALPARTICLESWITHPOSITIVE,NONMETALLICOXIDES,METALSULFIDECOLLOIDALPARTICLESWITHNEGATIVEELECTRICITY12OXIDATIONMNO4,CL2,BR2,FE3,I2,S44,SEXAMPLEI2,SO2H2OH2SO42HI13,THESOLUTIONCONTAININGFE3ISGENERALLYACIDIC14HYDROGENBONDINGSUBSTANCESH2O,NH3,HF,CH3CH2OH15,AMMONIAETHANOLSOLUTIONDENSITYISLESSTHAN1,THEGREATERTHECONCENTRATION,THESMALLERTHEDENSITY,SULFURICACIDDENSITYISGREATERTHAN1,THEGREATERTHECONCENTRATION,THEGREATERTHEDENSITY,THEDENSITYOF98CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDIS184G/CM316,WHETHERTHEIONCOEXISTENCE1WHETHERTHEREISPRECIPITATION,GASRELEASE2WHETHERTHEREISAWEAKELECTROLYTEGENERATION3WHETHERTHEREDOXREACTIONOCCURRED4WHETHERTHEFORMATIONOFCOMPLEXIONFESCN2,FESCN3,AGNH3CUNH3425WHETHERTHEDOUBLEHYDROLYSIS17,THEEARTHSCRUSTTHEMOSTCONTENTOFMETALELEMENTSISALCONTENTOFTHEMOSTNONMETALLICELEMENTSISO,HCLO4PERCHLORICACIDISTHESTRONGESTACID18,THELOWESTMELTINGPOINTMETALISHG389CTHEHIGHESTMELTINGPOINTISWW3410CTHELEASTDENSECOMMONISKTHEHIGHESTDENSITYCOMMONISPT19,WHENTHEPHVALUEOFTHERAINISLESSTHAN56,ITBECOMESACIDRAIN20,ORGANICACIDOROXALICACIDACIDBENZOICACIDETHYLCARBONATEPHENOLHCO321,PAYATTENTIONTOORGANICIDENTIFICATION,USEWATERANDWATEROFTHETWOSUBSTANCESIDENTIFICATIONETHYLACETATEINSOLUBLEINWATER,FLOATINGANDBROMOBENZENEINSOLUBLEINWATER,PRECIPITATIONANDACETALDEHYDEWATERSOLUBLE,WATERCANBE22SUBSTITUTIONREACTIONSINCLUDEHALOGENATION,NITRATION,SULFONATION,HYDROLYSISOFHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBONS,HYDROLYSISOFESTERS,ESTERIFICATION,ANDSOON23,THESIMPLESTOFTHESAMEORGANICMATTER,NOMATTERWHATPROPORTIONOFMIXING,ASLONGASTHETOTALMASSOFTHEMIXTUREMUSTBE,THETOTALCOMBUSTIONOFCO2,H2OANDTHEAMOUNTOFO2ISUNCHANGEDIDENTICALTOTHECO2,H2O,ANDO2CONSUMEDBYASINGLECOMPONENTINTHATMASS24,THEBROMINEFADEDSUBSTANCEASFOLLOWS,BUTFADEDDIFFERENTREASONSALKENESANDALKYNESADDITIONOFUNSATURATEDHYDROCARBONS,PHENOLFADE,REPLACEFADEETHANOL,ALDEHYDE,FORMICACID,OXALICACID,GLUCOSEOXIDATIONFADE,ORGANICSOLVENTCCL4,CHLOROFORM,BROMOBENZENE,CS2DENSITYGREATERTHANWATER,HYDROCARBONS,BENZENE,BENZENE,ESTERSLOWDENSITYYUSHUITHEEXTRACTIONANDFADE25,SILVERMIRRORREACTIONCANOCCURAREFORMALDEHYDE,FORMICACID,FORMATE,FORMYLAMMONIUMHCNH2O,GLUCOSE,FRUCTOSE,MALTOSE,CANOCCURINTHESILVERMIRRORREACTIONALSORESPONSIVETOCUOH2THEFORMULAFORCOMPUTINGISGENERALLYCHO2AGNOTEWHENTHEAMOUNTOFSILVERAMMONIASOLUTION,FORMALDEHYDEOXIDATIONSPECIALHCHOH2CO34AGTHEREACTIONTYPEHCHO4AGNH32OHNH42CO34AG6NH32H2ODOWNARROW26THEMETHODOFCOLLOIDPRECIPITATION1ADDINGELECTROLYTE2ADDINGTHEOPPOSITECOLLOID3HEATINGCOMMONCOLLOIDLIQUIDSOLFEOH3,AGI,MILK,SOYBEANMILK,PORRIDGE,ETCAEROSOLSFOG,CLOUDS,SMOKE,ETCSOLIDSOLCOLOREDGLASS,SMOKECRYSTAL,ETC27,POLLUTIONOFATMOSPHERICGASESSO2,CO,NO2,NO,INWHICHSO2ANDNO2FORMEDACIDRAIN28,ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONAIRPOLLUTION,WATERPOLLUTION,SOILPOLLUTION,FOODPOLLUTION,SOLIDWASTEPOLLUTION,NOISEPOLLUTIONINDUSTRIALTHREEWASTESWASTERESIDUE,WASTEWATER,WASTEGAS29,ATROOMTEMPERATURE20CTHESOLUBILITYISMORETHAN10GRAMSSOLUBLEMORETHAN1GRAMSSOLUBLELESSTHAN1GRAMSSLIGHTLYSOLUBLELESSTHAN001GRAMSINSOLUBLE30,THEBODYWATERCONTENTOFABOUT2/3OFTHEBODYMASSTHETOTALAMOUNTOFFRESHWATERONTHEGROUNDISLESSTHAN1OFTHETOTALAMOUNTOFWATERTHETHREEMAJORFOSSILFUELSINTHEWORLDTODAYARECOAL,OIL,ANDNATURALGASPETROLEUMCONTAINSMAINLYELEMENTSOFCANDH31,PIGIRONCONTAININGCIN243STEELCONTAININGCQUANTITYIN0032SALTNACLCONTAINSMGCL2ANDCACL2,BECAUSETHEMGCL2WATER,SOSALTDELIQUESCENTHNO3ALSOFORMEDTHICKFOGINTHEAIRTHESOLIDNAOHABSORBSWATEREASILYINTHEAIRANDFORMSASOLUTION32,GASSOLUBILITYATACERTAINPRESSUREANDTEMPERATURE,THE1VOLUMEOFWATERREACHEDSATURATIONSTATEWHENTHEVOLUMEOFGASFIVECHARACTERISTICREACTIONSININORGANICREACTIONS1REACTWITHALKALITOPRODUCEGAS12AMMONIUMSALT2REACTWITHACIDSTOPRODUCEGAS123NA2S2O3REACTIONWITHACIDPRECIPITATIONANDBOTHPRODUCEGASS2O322HSSO2H2O4REACTWITHWATERTOPRODUCEGAS1SIMPLESUBSTANCE2COMPOUND5STRONGDOUBLEHYDROLYSIS6CANNOTONLYREACTWITHACID,BUTALSOREACTWITHALKALI1AL2ELEMENTALCOMPOUNDSAL2O3,ALOH3,WEAKACIDWEAKBASESALT,ACIDSALT,AMINOACID7REACTWITHNA2O282FECL3H2S2FECL2S2HCL9ELECTROLYSIS10THERMITREACTIONALMETALOXIDEMETALAL2O311AL3ALOH3ALO212RESPONSES2H2SSO23S2H2O4NH36NO4N26H2O13EXCHANGEREACTION1METALTOMETAL2METALTONONMETAL3NONMETALTONONMETAL4NONMETALTOMETAL14,SOMESPECIALREACTIONTYPESTHECOMPOUNDCOMPOUNDSSUCHASELEMENTALCOMPOUNDSCL2H2OO2、H2SNH3O2、CH4O2、CL2考察化合物化合物化合物单质没有、NH3H2SSO2、NA2O2H2O、NAHH2OCO2、过氧化钠、COH2O化合物单质化合物PCL3CL2、NA2SO3O2、FECL3铁、FECL2CL2、COO2、NA2OO214。三角转化15。受热分解产生2种或3种气体的反应（1）铵盐（2）硝酸盐16。特征网络（1）（2）A一个为弱酸的铵盐（NH4）2CO3或碳酸氢铵（NH4）；2S或NH4HS；（NH4）2SO3或NH4HSO3（3）无机框图中常用到催化剂的反应17。关于反应形式的联想1。热分解反应典型的特征是一种物质加热（1变2或1变3）。含有电解熔融的AL2O3来制备金属铝、电解熔融的NACL来制备金属钠。2。两种物质的加热反应六、常见的重要氧化剂、还原剂氧化剂还原剂活泼非金属单质X2、O2、的活泼金属单质NA、毫克、铝、锌、铁某些非金属单质C、H2的、高价金属离子FE3、SN4不活泼金属离子CU2、AG其它AG（NH3）2、新制CU（OH）2低价金属离子FE2、SN2非金属的阴离子及其化合物S2、H2S、我、嗨、NH3、CL、HCL、BR、HBR含氧化合物NO2、N2O5、MNO2、过氧化钠、H2O2、HCLO、浓硫酸硝酸、CA（CLO）、NACLO2、KCLO3、高锰酸钾、王水低价含氧化合物公司、SO2、H2SO3、NA2SO3、NA2S2O3、NANO2、草酸、含町的有机物醛、甲酸、甲酸盐、甲酸某酯、葡萄糖、麦芽糖等既可作氧化剂又可作还原剂的有、的、SO32HSO3、H2SO3、SO2、NO2、FE2等，及含町的有机物七、反应条件对氧化还原反应的影响。1。浓度可能导致反应能否进行或产物不同8HNO3（稀）3CU2NO2CU（NO3）24H2O4HNO3（浓）铜2NO2CU（NO3）22H2OS6HNO3（浓）H2SO46NO22H2O3S4HNO3（稀）3SO24NO2H2O2。温度可能导致反应能否进行或产物不同氯气2NAOHNACLNACLOH2O6NAOH3CL25NACL氯酸钠3H2O3。溶液酸碱性。2S2SO326H3S3H2O5CLCLO36H3CL23H2OS2、SO32、CL、CLO3在酸性条件下均反应而在碱性条件下共存。FE2与NO3共存，但当酸化后即可反应。3FE2NO34H3FE3没有2H2O一般含氧酸盐作氧化剂时，在酸性条件下，氧化性比在中性及碱性环境中强故酸性KMNO4溶液氧化性较强。4。条件不同，生成物则不同1、2P3CL2点燃2PCL3（CL2不足）；2P点燃25CL2PCL5（CL2充足）2、2H2S3O2点燃2H2O2SO2（O2充足）；2H2SO2点燃2H2O2S（O2不充足）3、4NAO2缓慢氧化2NA2O2NAO2点燃过氧化钠4、CA（OH）2适量CO2CO2CACO3H2O；CA（OH）22CO2（过量）CA（HCO3）25、C点燃CO2O2（O2充足）；2C点燃2COO2（O2不充足）6,8HNO3RARE3CU2NOHAVE2CUNO324H2O4HNO3STRONGCU2NO2HAVECUNO322H2O7,ALCL33NAOHALOH33NACLALCL34NAOHEXCESSNAALO22H2O8,NAALO24HCLEXCESSNACL2H2OALCL3NAALO2HCLH2ONACLALOH39,FE6HNO3HOTANDCONCENTRATEDFENO333NO2HAVE3H2OFEHNO3COLD,THICK,PASSIVATION10,FE6HNO3HOTANDCONCENTRATEDFEFENO333NO2HAVE3H2OFE4HNO3HOTANDCONCENTRATEDFEFENO322NO2EXCESS2H2O11,FE4HNO3DILUTEFEFENO33NOHAVE2H2O3FE8HNO3DILUTEFEEXCESS3FENO332NOHAVE4H2O12,C2H5OHCH2CH2H2OC2H5OHHOC2H5C2H5OC2H5H2O13,CL2FE,HCL3CL2LIGHTHCH14,C2H5CLNAOHH2O,C2H5OHNACLC2H5CLNAOH,CH2CH2ALCOHOLNACLH2O15,6FEBR23CL2LACKOF4FEBR32FECL32FEBR23CL2EXCESS2BR22FECL3EIGHTIONCOEXISTENCEWHETHERIONSCANCOEXISTINALARGENUMBEROFSOLUTIONSINVOLVESTHECOMPREHENSIVEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEPROPERTIESOFIONSANDTHEACIDITYANDBASICITYOFSOLUTIONSANYSOLUTIONTHATCAUSESASIGNIFICANTCHANGEINTHECONCENTRATIONOFIONSINTHESOLUTIONCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEQUANTITIESSUCHASTHEFORMATIONOFINSOLUBLE,DIFFICULTTOIONIZE,GASEOUSSUBSTANCES,ORCANBECONVERTEDINTOOTHERKINDSOFIONSINCLUDINGOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONGENERALLYCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS1WEAKBASECATIONSEXISTONLYINACIDICSOLUTIONSSUCHASFE3,AL3,ZN2,CU2,NH4,AGANDSOON,WHICHCANNOTCOEXISTWITHOHINLARGEQUANTITIES2WEAKACIDANIONSAREFOUNDONLYINALKALINESOLUTIONSSUCHASCH3COO,F,CO32,SO32,S2,PO43,ALO2,ANDHCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERS3INTHEWEAKACIDANIONSTRONGACIDORSTRONGALKALINESOLUTIONWERENOTLARGETHEYCOEXISTINACIDHWILLPRODUCEWEAKACIDMOLECULESINCASEOFALKALIOHGENERATESALTANDWATERSUCHASHSO3,HCO3,HS,H2PO4,HPO42ETC4,IFTHEANIONANDCATIONCANBECOMBINEDWITHEACHOTHERTOPRODUCEINSOLUBLEORSLIGHTLYSOLUBLESALTS,THEYCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERSSUCHASBA2,CA2ANDCO32,SO32,PO43,SO42,ETC,AGANDCL,BR,I,ETC,CA2ANDF,C2O42ANDSOON5IFTHEDOUBLEHYDROLYSISREACTIONOFANIONANDCATIONCANNOTCOEXISTINALARGEAMOUNTSUCHASAL3ANDHCO3,CO32,HS,S2,ALO2,CLO,SIO32ANDSOONFE3ANDHCO3,CO32,ALO2,CLO,SIO32,C6H5O,ETC,NH4ANDALO2,SIO32,CLO,CO32ANDSOON6,IFTHEANIONANDCATIONCANBEOXIDIZED,AREDUCTIONREACTIONCANNOTCOEXISTINLARGENUMBERSSUCHASFE3ANDI,S2MNO4HANDI,BR,CL,S2,SO32,FE2,ETCNO3HANDTHEABOVEANIONSS2,SO32,H7CANNOTCOEXISTINLARGEAMOUNTSBECAUSEOFCOMPLEXATIONOROTHERREACTIONSSUCHASFE3ANDF,CN,SCN,ETCH2PO4ANDPO43WILLGENERATEHPO42,SOTHETWODONOTCOEXISTNINE,THECOMMONERRORANDCAUSEANALYSISOFIONEQUATION1BASICRULESOFIONEQUATIONWRITINGWRITE,DISMANTLE,DELETE,CHECK,WRITEINFOURSTEPS1ANDFACTIONREACTIONSHOULDACCORDWITHTHEOBJECTIVEFACT,NOTCONJECTUREANDREACTIONPRODUCTS2CORRECTTHEUSEOFCHEMICALANDIONICSYMBOLSISCORRECTANDREASONABLE3THEACTUALNUMBER“,“UP“AND“DOWN“INLINEWITHTHEACTUALSYMBOL4TWOCONSERVATIONTHENUMBEROFATOMSANDTHENUMBEROFCHARGESONBOTHSIDESMUSTBECONSERVEDINOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONS,THETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSOBTAINEDBYTHEOXIDANTINTHEIONICEQUATIONISEQUALTOTHETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSLOSTBYTHEREDUCINGAGENT5MINGTYPEDISTINGUISHBETWEENTYPES,PAYATTENTIONTOASMALLAMOUNT,EXCESSIVE,ETC6CHECKTHEFINEINCONJUNCTIONWITHWRITINGIONEQUATIONPRONETOERRORS,CAREFULINSPECTIONFOREXAMPLE1CONTRARYTOTHEOBJECTIVEFACTSOFTHEREACTIONSUCHASFE2O3ANDHYDROGENIODATEFE2O36H2,FE33H2OCAUSETOIGNORETHEOXIDATIONREACTIONBETWEENFE3ANDI2VIOLATINGTHECONSERVATIONOFMASSORTHELAWOFCONSERVATIONOFCHARGEANDTHEBALANCEOFELECTRONICGAINANDLOSSSUCHASFECL2SOLUTIONTHROUGHCL2FE2CL2FE32CLERRORDUETOELECTRONICGAINSANDLOSSESARENOTEQUAL,THEIONCHARGEISNOTCONSERVED3CONFUSIONOFCHEMICALFORMULAMOLECULARFORMULAANDIONICWRITINGFORMSUCHASNAOHSOLUTIONINTOHIOHHIH2OIERRORDUETOHIMISTAKENFORWEAKACID4REACTIONCONDITIONSORENVIRONMENTARENOTDIVIDEDSUCHASSODIUMHYPOCHLORITEWITHCONCENTRATEDHCLCLOHCLOHCL2FAULTYPREPAREDALKALIACID5IGNOREASUBSTANCEOFANIONSANDCATIONSINPROPORTIONSUCHASH2SO4BAOHSOLUTIONINTO2SOLUTIONBA2OHHSO42BASO4H2ORIGHTBA22OH2HSO42BASO42H2O6“DOWN“THEIMPROPERUSEOFSYMBOLSSUCHASAL33H2OAL3OH3HNOTESALTHYDROLYSISISGENERALLYREVERSIBLE,ALOH3LESS,SOITCANNOTPLAYDOWN“2IONSTODETERMINE,YOUMUSTPAYATTENTIONTOTHEADDITIONALCONDITIONSGIVENINTHEPROBLEMTHEACIDICSOLUTIONH,ALKALINESOLUTIONOH,ANDTHESOLUTIONCANEMITFLAMMABLEGASINTHEWATERBYADDINGALUMINUMPOWDERAFTERTHEIONIZATIONOFHOROH110AMOL/LA7ORA7SOLUTIONTHENONFERROUSIONSMNO4,FE3,FE2,CU2,FESCN2THEMNO4NO3HASSTRONGOXIDATIONINACIDICCONDITIONSTHES2O32OCCURREDINTHEACIDICCONDITIONSOFREDOXREACTIONS2O322HSSO2H2OTHEPROBLEMSREQUIRE“SOMEQUANTITYCOEXIST“OR“MAYBEALOTOFCOEXISTENCE“NOTACOEXISTENCE“OR“MUSTNOTBEALOTOFC