2016年广播电视大学《水工钢筋混凝土结构学》考试复习题及答案资料小抄【打印版】

电大水工钢筋混凝土结构复习思考题一、选择题选择题答案长期荷载作用下，钢筋混凝土梁的挠度会随时间而增长，其主要原因是（）。（A）受拉钢筋产生塑性变形（B）受拉混凝土产生塑性变形（C）受压混凝土产生塑性变形（D）受压混凝土产生徐变D大偏心受压构件设计时，若已知AS，计算出B，则表明（）。（A）AS过多（B）AS过少（C）AS过多（D）AS过少B单筋矩形超筋梁正截面破坏承载力与纵向受力钢筋面积AS的关系是（）。（A）纵向受力钢筋面积AS愈大，承载力愈大（B）纵向受力钢筋面积AS愈大，承载力愈小（C）纵向受力钢筋面积AS的大小与承载力无关。超筋梁正截面破坏承载力为一定值C单筋矩形截面受弯构件，提高承载力最有效措施是（）。（A）提高钢筋的级别（B）提高混凝土的强度等级（C）加大截面宽度（D）加大截面高度D当HW/B40时，对一般梁，构件截面尺寸应符合V025FCBH0/D是为了（）。（A）防止发生斜压破坏（B）防止发生剪压破坏（C）避免构件在使用阶段过早地出现斜裂缝（D）避免构件在使用阶段斜裂缝开展过大A对构件施加预应力主要目的是（）。（A）提高承载力（B）避免裂缝或减少裂缝（使用阶段），发挥高强材料作用（C）对构件进行检验（D）提高截面刚度B对所有钢筋混凝土构件都应进行（）。（A）抗裂度验算（B）裂缝宽度验算（C）变形验算（C）承载能力计算C对于对称配筋的钢筋混凝土受压柱，大小偏心受压构件的判别条件是（）。AB时为小偏心受压构件（B）E003H0时为大偏心受压构件（C）B时为大偏心受压（D）E003H0同时满足B时为大偏心受压构件D对于非对称配筋的钢筋混凝土受压柱截面复核时，大小偏心受压构件的判断条件是（）（A）E0B时，为大偏心受压构件（C）B时，为大偏心受压构件（D）E003H0时，为大偏心受压构件C对于非对称配筋的钢筋混凝土受压柱截面设计时，大小偏心受压构件的判别条件是（）。（A）B时为小偏心受压构件（B）E003H0时为大偏心受压构件（C）B时为大偏心受压（D）E003H0；B时为大偏心受压构件B防止梁发生斜压破坏最有效的措施是（）（A）增加箍筋；（B）增加弯起筋；（C）增加腹筋；（D）增加截面尺寸D非对称配筋的钢筋混凝土大偏心受压构件设计时，若已知AS，计算出B，则表明（）。（A）AS过多（B）AS过少（C）AS过多（D）AS过少B钢筋混凝土大偏心受压构件的破坏特征是（）。（A）远离轴向力一侧的钢筋受拉屈服，随后另一侧钢筋受压屈服，混凝土被压碎（B）远离轴向力一侧的钢筋应力达不到屈服，而另一侧钢筋受压屈服，混凝土被压碎（C）靠近轴向力一侧的钢筋和混凝土应力不高，而另一侧受拉钢筋受拉屈服A钢筋混凝土梁的受拉区边缘混凝土达到下述哪一种情况时，开始出现裂缝（）（A）达到混凝土实际的轴心抗拉强度（B）达到混凝土轴心抗拉强度标准值（C）达到混凝土轴心抗拉强度设计值（D）达到混凝土受拉极限拉应变值D钢筋混凝土梁受拉区边缘开始出现裂缝是因为受拉边缘（）。（A）受拉混凝土的应力达到混凝土的实际抗压强度（B）受拉混凝土达到混凝土的抗拉标准强度D（C）受拉混凝土达到混凝土的设计强度（D）受拉混凝土的应变超过受拉极限拉应变钢筋混凝土偏心受压构件，其大小偏心受压的根本区别是（）（A）截面破坏时，受拉钢筋是否屈服（B）截面破坏时，受压钢筋是否屈服（C）偏心距的大小（D）受压一侧混凝土是否达到极限压应变值A钢筋混凝土受压短柱在持续不变的轴心压力N的作用下，经过一段时间后，量测钢筋和混凝土应力情况，会发现与加载时相比（）。（A）钢筋的应力增加，混凝土的应力减少（B）钢筋的应力减少，混凝土的应力增加（C）钢筋和混凝土的应力均未变化A钢筋混凝土轴心受压柱的试验表明，混凝土在长期持续荷载作用下的徐变，将使截面发生应力重分布。所谓应力重分布即（）。（A）混凝土的应力逐渐减小，钢筋应力逐渐增大，因此普通箍筋柱应尽量采用高强度的受力钢筋，以增大柱的承载力（B）徐变使混凝土应力减小，因为钢筋与混凝土共同变形，所以钢筋的应力也减小。因此在柱中不宜采用高强度钢筋（C）徐变使混凝土应力减小，钢筋应力增加（D）由于徐变是应力不变，应变随时间的增长而增长。所以混凝土和钢筋的应力均不变C工程结构的可靠指标与失效概率PF之间的关系为（）（A）愈大，PF愈大（B）与PF呈反比关系（C）与PF呈正比关系（D）与PF呈一一对应关系，愈大，PF愈小D荷载效应S，结构抗力R作为两个独立的基本随机变量，其功能函数Z（R，S）RS（）。（A）Z0结构安全（B）Z0结构安全（C）Z剪压破坏斜压破坏（B）剪压破坏斜拉破坏斜压破坏（C）斜压破坏剪压破坏斜拉破坏（D）剪压破坏斜压破坏斜拉破坏C双筋矩形截面设计时，AS、AS均未知，令B，这是为了（）。（A）保证构件破坏时受拉钢筋达到屈服（B）保证构件破坏时受压钢筋达到屈服（C）充分利用混凝土受压而使钢筋总用量最小（D）不发生超筋破坏C双筋矩形截面正截面受弯承载力计算，受压钢筋设计强度规定不得超过400N/MM，因为（）。（A）受压混凝土强度不够（B）结构延性（C）混凝土受压边缘此时已达到混凝土的极限压应变（D）受拉混凝土边缘已达到极限拉应变C提高受弯构件正截面受弯能力最有效的方法是（）。（A）提高混凝土强度等级（B）增加保护层厚度（C）增加截面高度（D）增加截面宽度C同一强度等级的混凝土，各强度指标之间的关系是（）。（A）FCFCUFT；（B）FCUFCFT；（C）FCUFTFC；（D）FTFCUFC；B为了减少钢筋混凝土构件的裂缝宽度，可采用的措施是（）。（A）减小构件截面尺寸（B）以等面积得粗钢筋代替细钢筋（C）以等截面得细钢筋代替粗钢筋（D）以等截面的级钢筋代替柱级钢筋C为了提高普通钢筋混凝土构件的抗裂能力，可采用（）。（A）加大构件截面尺寸的办法（B）增加钢筋用量的方法（C）提高混凝土强度等级的方法（D）采用高强度钢筋的办法A无腹筋梁斜截面受剪破坏形态主要有三种，这三种破坏的性质（）。（A）都属于脆性破坏A（B）都属于塑性破坏（C）剪压破坏属于塑性破坏，斜拉和斜压破坏属于脆性破坏（D）剪压和斜压破坏属于塑性破坏，斜拉破坏属于脆性破坏无明显流幅钢筋的强度设计值的确定是按（）。（A）材料强度标准值材料分项系数（B）材料强度标准值/材料分项系数（C）085材料强度标准值/材料分项系数（D）材料强度标准值/（085材料分项系数）C要提高钢筋混凝土受弯构件的抗弯刚度，合理而有效的措施是（）。（A）提高混凝土强度等级（B）增大构件截面的高度（C）增大配筋量（D）采用高强度钢筋B有两个混凝土强度等级，钢筋品种，钢筋面积均相同，截面尺寸大小不同的轴心受拉构件，当它们开裂时（）。（A）截面尺寸大的构件，钢筋应力S小（B）截面尺寸小的构件，钢筋应力S大（C）两个构件的S均相同C有两个截面尺寸，混凝土强度等级，钢筋级别均相同，配筋率不同的轴心受拉构件，在它们即将裂开时（）。（A）大的构件，钢筋应力S小（B）小的构件，S大（C）两个构件的S均相同C有四个截面形状和尺寸大小均相同的钢筋混凝土构件，分别为轴心受拉，偏心受拉，受弯和偏心受压构件。受拉区混凝土截面抵抗矩的塑性系数分别为轴拉，偏拉，M和偏压，其大小顺序应该是（）。（A）轴拉偏拉M偏压（B）M轴拉偏压偏拉（C）偏拉偏压M轴拉（D）偏压M偏拉轴拉D有一受压构件（不对称配筋），计算得AS462MM2，则（）。（A）AS按462MM2配置（B）AS按受拉钢筋最小配筋率配置（C）AS按受压钢筋最小配筋率配置（D）AS可以不配置C预应力混凝土与普通混凝土相比，提高了（）。（A）正截面承载能力（B）抗裂性能（C）延性（D）耐久性B在T形截面梁的正截面承载力计算中，当，则F0FCDH5B1M该截面属于（）（A）双筋截面（B）第一类T形截面（C）第二类T形截面（D）第一、第二类T形截面的分界C在T形截面梁的正截面承载力计算中，当，则该截面属于（）F0FCDH5B1（A）第一类T形截面B（B）第二类T形截面（C）第一、第二类T形截面的分界（D）双筋截面在T形截面梁的正截面承载力计算中，假定在受压区翼缘计算宽度范围内，压应力（）FB（A）均匀分布（B）按抛物线型分布（C）按三角形分布（D）部分均匀分布、部分非均匀分布A在大偏心受拉构件的截面设计中，如果计算出的AS025FCBH0/D，可采取的解决办法有（）。（A）箍筋加密或加粗（B）增大构件截面尺寸（C）加大纵筋配筋率（D）提高混凝土强度等级B在进行受弯构件斜截面受剪承载力计算时，计算截面的设计剪力VVC/D时，应采取的措施是（）。（A）按计算公式配置箍筋（B）按计算公式配置箍筋和弯筋（C）说明混凝土足够抗剪，不需要配置箍筋（D）按构造配置箍筋满足最小配箍率、最小直径和最大间距的要求D在进行受弯构件斜截面受力承载计算时，若所配箍筋不能满足抗剪要求（VVCSD）时采取哪种解决办法最经济（）。（A）将纵向钢筋弯起为斜筋或加焊斜筋A（B）将箍筋加密或加粗（C）增大构件截面尺寸（D）提高混凝土强度等级在梁的斜截面受剪承载力计算时，必须对梁的截面尺寸加以限制（不能过小），其目的是为了防止发生（）（A）斜拉破坏（B）剪压破坏（C）斜压破坏（D）斜截面弯曲破坏C在梁的斜截面受剪承载力计算时，必须对梁的截面尺寸加以限制（不能过小），其目的是为了防止发生（）（A）斜压破坏（B）剪压破坏（C）斜拉破坏（D）斜截面弯曲破坏A在其他条件不变的情况下，钢筋混凝土适筋梁出现裂缝时的弯矩MCX与破坏时的极限弯矩MU的比值，随着配筋率的增大而（）。（A）MCX/MU增大（B）MCX/MU减小（C）MCX/MU不变B在小偏心受拉构件设计中，计算出的钢筋用量为（）。（A）ASAS（B）AS，选直径64D选箍筋6200（二）已知222，E同前270AS01由求S146035128BHFANE20CSYD171SM804AM702计算ASAHE65402520230191FNYD选配2根直径14钢筋21438MAS302103102846251MFNFYDSBCS已知一矩形截面简支梁（二类环境条件），截面尺寸BH250550MM。承受均布荷载，跨中截面承受弯矩设计值M195KNM，支座边缘承受剪力设计值V120KN；混凝土为C20，受力钢筋采用级钢筋，箍筋采用级钢筋；结构系数D12。试求计算纵向受力钢筋（受拉纵筋按二排布置），选配筋；按仅配箍筋的梁计算箍筋数量，选配筋（绘制配筋图）当受压区已配置3根直径22的受压钢筋，此时应如何配置受拉钢筋。162解答MHB502查得，A7MAH48075查得材料强度设计值；。2/10NFC2/310NFY5B3960SBMYV承受弯矩设计值，KM95KN10结构系数21D（一）计算纵向受力钢筋1按单筋计算4068250192620BHFCDS，所以按双筋计算。3S2令，B查得，计算MA45SA22602445803180995MAHFBMAYSCDS选配2根直径16受压钢筋240MAS3因实配计算值所以此时B，将作已知代入公式求SSAS3120480251513922620BHFAMCYDS87SHO03874801862A4计算AS选配5根直径22受拉钢筋2190MAS（二）计算箍筋1验算截面尺寸，HM4800492158BHMNFC30250NVD14，所以截面尺寸满足抗剪要求0BHFC2验算是否按计算配箍筋NVNFDC以应由计算确定箍筋用量3箍筋计算47604802155725130HFBVSAYVCDSV查得，取MAXS2296MASV采用双肢箍筋，N2，SVSVNAA2472NSSV一根直径8的钢筋面积为503MM2所以选箍筋为8200201903148057MFBHYSCSNVNVHFSABHFDCSYVSC140147384802103514825017250（三）已知AS1140MM2求AS1390480251453922620BHFAMCYDS0311SMAMHX904527254800，60134319AFMAYDS选配220322217684068MAS请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄BASKETBALLCANMAKEATRUECLAIMTOBEINGTHEONLYMAJORSPORTTHATISANAMERICANINVENTIONFROMHIGHSCHOOLTOTHEPROFESSIONALLEVEL,BASKETBALLATTRACTSALARGEFOLLOWINGFORLIVEGAMESASWELLASTELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFEVENTSLIKETHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAAANNUALTOURNAMENTANDTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAANDWOMENSNATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONWNBAPLAYOFFSANDITHASALSOMADEAMERICANHEROESOUTOFITSPLAYERANDCOACHLEGENDSLIKEMICHAELJORDAN,LARRYBIRD,EARVIN“MAGIC“JOHNSON,SHERYLSWOOPES,ANDOTHERGREATPLAYERSATTHEHEARTOFTHEGAMEISTHEPLAYINGSPACEANDTHEEQUIPMENTTHESPACEISARECTANGULAR,INDOORCOURTTHEPRINCIPALPIECESOFEQUIPMENTARETHETWOELEVATEDBASKETS,ONEATEACHENDINTHELONGDIRECTIONOFTHECOURT,ANDTHEBASKETBALLITSELFTHEBALLISSPHERICALINSHAPEANDISINFLATEDBASKETBALLSRANGEINSIZEFROM28530IN7276CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDINWEIGHTFROM1822OZ510624GFORPLAYERSBELOWTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ASMALLERBALLISUSED,BUTTHEBALLINMENSGAMESMEASURES29530IN7576CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDAWOMENSBALLIS28529IN7274CMINCIRCUMFERENCETHECOVERINGOFTHEBALLISLEATHER,RUBBER,COMPOSITION,ORSYNTHETIC,ALTHOUGHLEATHERCOVERSONLYAREDICTATEDBYRULESFORCOLLEGEPLAY,UNLESSTHETEAMSAGREEOTHERWISEORANGEISTHEREGULATIONCOLORATALLLEVELSOFPLAY,THEHOMETEAMPROVIDESTHEBALLINFLATIONOFTHEBALLISBASEDONTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBALLSBOUNCEINSIDETHECOVERINGORCASING,ARUBBERBLADDERHOLDSAIRTHEBALLMUSTBEINFLATEDTOAPRESSURESUFFICIENTTOMAKEITREBOUNDTOAHEIGHTMEASUREDTOTHETOPOFTHEBALLOF4954IN1214MWHENITISDROPPEDONASOLIDWOODENFLOORFROMASTARTINGHEIGHTOF6FT180MMEASUREDFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBALLTHEFACTORYMUSTTESTTHEBALLS,ANDTHEAIRPRESSURETHATMAKESTHEBALLLEGALINKEEPINGWITHTHEBOUNCETESTISSTAMPEDONTHEBALLDURINGTHEINTENSITYOFHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGETOURNEYSANDTHEPROFESSIONALPLAYOFFS,THISINFLATEDSPHERECOMMANDSCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONBASKETBALLISONEOFFEWSPORTSWITHAKNOWNDATEOFBIRTHONDECEMBER1,1891,INSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,JAMESNAISMITHHUNGTWOHALFBUSHELPEACHBASKETSATTHEOPPOSITEENDSOFAGYMNASIUMANDOUTLINED13RULESBASEDONFIVEPRINCIPLESTOHISSTUDENTSATTHEINTERNATIONALTRAININGSCHOOLOFTHEYOUNGMENSCHRISTIANASSOCIATIONYMCA,WHICHLATERBECAMESPRINGFIELDCOLLEGENAISMITH18611939WASAPHYSICALEDUCATIONTEACHERWHOWASSEEKINGATEAMSPORTWITHLIMITEDPHYSICALCONTACTBUTALOTOFRUNNING,JUMPING,SHOOTING,ANDTHEHANDEYECOORDINATIONREQUIREDINHANDLINGABALLTHEPEACHBASKETSHEHUNGASGOALSGAVETHESPORTTHENAMEOFBASKETBALLHISSTUDENTSWEREEXCITEDABOUTTHEGAME,ANDCHRISTMASVACATIONGAVETHEMTHECHANCETOTELLTHEIRFRIENDSANDPEOPLEATTHEIRLOCALYMCASABOUTTHEGAMETHEASSOCIATIONLEADERSWROTETONAISMITHASKINGFORCOPIESOFTHERULES,ANDTHEYWEREPUBLISHEDINTHETRIANGLE,THESCHOOLNEWSPAPER,ONJANUARY15,1892NAISMITHSFIVEBASICPRINCIPLESCENTERONTHEBALL,WHICHWASDESCRIBEDAS“LARGE,LIGHT,ANDHANDLEDWITHTHEHANDS“PLAYERSCOULDNOTMOVETHEBALLBYRUNNINGALONE,ANDNONEOFTHEPLAYERSWASRESTRICTEDAGAINSTHANDLINGTHEBALLTHEPLAYINGAREAWASALSOOPENTOALLPLAYERS,BUTTHEREWASTOBENOPHYSICALCONTACTBETWEENPLAYERSTHEBALLWASTHEOBJECTIVETOSCORE,THEBALLHADTOBESHOTTHROUGHAHORIZONTAL,ELEVATEDGOALTHETEAMWITHTHEMOSTPOINTSATTHEENDOFANALLOTTEDTIMEPERIODWINSEARLYINTHEHISTORYOFBASKETBALL,THELOCALYMCASPROVIDEDTHEGYMNASIUMS,ANDMEMBERSHIPINTHEORGANIZATIONGREWRAPIDLYTHESIZEOFTHELOCALGYMDICTATEDTHENUMBEROFPLAYERSSMALLERGYMSUSEDFIVEPLAYERSONASIDE,ANDTHELARGERGYMSALLOWEDSEVENTONINETHETEAMSIZEBECAMEGENERALLYESTABLISHEDASFIVEIN1895,AND,IN1897,THISWASMADEFORMALINTHERULESTHEYMCALOSTINTERESTINSUPPORTINGTHEGAMEBECAUSE1020BASKETBALLPLAYERSMONOPOLIZEDAGYMNASIUMPREVIOUSLYUSEDBYMANYMOREINAVARIETYOFACTIVITIESYMCAMEMBERSHIPDROPPED,ANDBASKETBALLENTHUSIASTSPLAYEDINLOCALHALLSTHISLEDTOTHEBUILDINGOFBASKETBALLGYMNASIUMSATSCHOOLSANDCOLLEGESANDALSOTOTHEFORMATIONOFPROFESSIONALLEAGUESALTHOUGHBASKETBALLWASBORNINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FIVEOFNAISMITHSORIGINALPLAYERSWERECANADIANS,ANDTHEGAMESPREADTOCANADAIMMEDIATELYITWASPLAYEDINFRANCEBY1893ENGLANDIN1894AUSTRALIA,CHINA,ANDINDIABETWEEN1895AND1900ANDJAPANIN1900FROM1891THROUGH1893,ASOCCERBALLWASUSEDTOPLAYBASKETBALLTHEFIRSTBASKETBALLWASMANUFACTUREDIN1894ITWAS32IN81CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ORABOUT4IN10CMLARGERTHANASOCCERBALLTHEDEDICATEDBASKETBALLWASMADEOFLACEDLEATHERANDWEIGHEDLESSTHAN20OZ567GTHEFIRSTMOLDEDBALLTHATELIMINATEDTHENEEDFORLACESWASINTRODUCEDIN1948ITSCONSTRUCTIONANDSIZEOF30IN76CMWERERULEDOFFICIALIN1949THERULESETTERSCAMEFROMSEVERALGROUPSEARLYINTHE1900SCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESESTABLISHEDTHEIRRULESCOMMITTEESIN1905,THEYMCAANDTHEAMATEURATHLETICUNIONAAUCREATEDASETOFRULESJOINTLY,STATEMILITIAGROUPSABIDEDBYASHAREDSETOFRULES,ANDTHEREWERETWOPROFESSIONALSETSOFRULESAJOINTRULESCOMMITTEEFORCOLLEGES,THEAAU,ANDTHEYMCAWASCREATEDIN1915,AND,UNDERTHENAMETHENATIONALBASKETBALLCOMMITTEENBCMADERULESFORAMATEURPLAYUNTIL1979INTHATYEAR,THENATIONALFEDERATIONOFSTATEHIGHSCHOOLASSOCIATIONSBEGANGOVERNINGTHESPORTATTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ANDTHENCAARULESCOMMITTEEASSUMEDRULEMAKINGRESPONSIBILITIESFORJUNIORCOLLEGES,COLLEGES,ANDTHEARMEDFORCES,WITHASIMILARCOMMITTEEHOLDINGJURISDICTIONOVERWOMENSBASKETBALLUNTILWORLDWARII,BASKETBALLBECAMEINCREASINGLYPOPULARINTHEUNITEDSTATESESPECIALLYATTHEHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGELEVELSAFTERWORLDWARII,ITSPOPULARITYGREWAROUNDTHEWORLDINTHE1980S,INTERESTINTHEGAMETRULYEXPLODEDBECAUSEOFTELEVISIONEXPOSUREBROADCASTOFTHENCAACHAMPIONSHIPGAMESBEGANIN1963,AND,BYTHE1980S,CABLETELEVISIONWASCARRYINGREGULARSEASONCOLLEGEGAMESANDEVENHIGHSCHOOLCHAMPIONSHIPSINSOMESTATESPLAYERSLIKEBILLRUSSELL,WILTCHAMBERLAIN,ANDLEWALCINDORKAREEMABDULJABBARBECAMENATIONALLYFAMOUSATTHECOLLEGELEVELANDCARRIEDTHEIRFANSALONGINTHEIRPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLCAREERSTHEWOMENSGAMECHANGEDRADICALLYIN1971WHENSEPARATERULESFORWOMENWEREMODIFIEDTOMORECLOSELYRESEMBLETHEMENSGAMETELEVISIONINTERESTFOLLOWEDTHEWOMENASWELLWITHBROADCASTOFNCAACHAMPIONSHIPTOURNEYSBEGINNINGINTHEEARLY1980SANDTHEFORMATIONOFTHEWNBAIN1997INTERNATIONALLY,ITALYHASPROBABLYBECOMETHELEADINGBASKETBALLNATIONOUTSIDEOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,WITHNATIONAL,CORPORATE,ANDPROFESSIONALTEAMSTHEOLYMPICSBOOSTSBASKETBALLINTERNATIONALLYANDHASALSOSPURREDTHEWOMENSGAMEBYRECOGNIZINGITASANOLYMPICEVENTIN1976AGAIN,TELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFTHEOLYMPICSHASBEENEXCEPTIONALLYIMPORTANTINDRAWINGATTENTIONTOINTERNATIONALTEAMSTHEFIRSTPROFESSIONALMENSBASKETBALLLEAGUEINTHEUNITEDSTATESWASTHENATIONALBASKETBALLLEAGUENBL,WHICHDEBUTEDIN1898PLAYERSWEREPAIDONAPERGAMEBASIS,ANDTHISLEAGUEANDOTHERSWEREHURTBYTHEPOORQUALITYOFGAMESANDTHEEVERCHANGINGPLAYERSONATEAMAFTERTHEGREATDEPRESSION,ANEWNBLWASORGANIZEDIN1937,ANDTHEBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONOFAMERICAWASORGANIZEDIN1946THETWOLEAGUESCAMETOAGREETHATPLAYERSHADTOBEASSIGNEDTOTEAMSONACONTRACTBASISANDTHATHIGHSTANDARDSHADTOGOVERNTHEGAMEUNDERTHESEPREMISES,THETWOJOINEDTOFORMTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAIN1949ARIVALAMERICANBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONABAWASINAUGURATEDIN1967ANDCHALLENGEDTHENBAFORCOLLEGETALENTANDMARKETSHAREFORALMOSTTENYEARSIN1976,THISLEAGUEDISBANDED,BUTFOUROFITSTEAMSREMAINEDASNBATEAMSUNIFICATIONCAMEJUSTINTIMEFORMAJORTELEVISIONSUPPORTSEVERALWOMENSPROFESSIONALLEAGUESWEREATTEMPTEDANDFAILED,INCLUDINGTHEWOMENSPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLLEAGUEWBLANDTHEWOMENSWORLDBASKETBALLASSOCIATION,BEFORETHEWNBADEBUTEDIN1997WITHTHESUPPORTOFTHENBAJAMESNAISMITH,ORIGINALLYFROMALMONTE,ONTARIO,INVENTEDBASKETBALLATTHEINTERNATIONALYMCATRAININGSCHOOLINSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,IN1891THEGAMEWASFIRSTPLAYEDWITHPEACHBASKETSHENCETHENAMEANDASOCCERBALLANDWASINTENDEDTOPROVIDEINDOOREXERCISEFORFOOTBALLPLAYERSASARESULT,ITWASORIGINALLYAROUGHSPORTALTHOUGHTENOFNAISMITHSORIGINALTHIRTEENRULESREMAIN,THEGAMESOONCHANGEDCONSIDERABLY,ANDTHEFOUNDERHADLITTLETODOWITHITSEVOLUTIONTHEFIRSTINTERCOLLEGIATEGAMEWASPLAYEDINMINNESOTAIN1895,WITHNINEPLAYERSTOASIDEANDAFINALSCOREOFNINETOTHREEAYEARLATER,THEFIRSTFIVEMANTEAMSPLAYEDATTHEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGOBASKETSWERENOWCONSTRUCTEDOFTWINENETSBUTITWASNOTUNTIL1906THATTHEBOTTOMOFTHENETSWEREOPENIN1897,THEDRIBBLEWASFIRSTUSED,FIELDGOALSBECAMETWOPOINTS,FOULSHOTSONEPOINT,ANDTHEFIRSTPROFESSIONALGAMEWASPLAYEDAYEARLATER,THEFIRSTPROFESSIONALLEAGUEWASSTARTED,INTHEEAST,WHILEIN1900,THEFIRSTINTERCOLLEGIATELEAGUEBEGANIN1910,INORDERTOLIMITROUGHPLAY,ITWASAGREEDTHATFOURFOULSWOULDDISQUALIFYPLAYERS,ANDGLASSBACKBOARDSWEREUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMENONETHELESS,MANYRULESSTILLDIFFERED,DEPENDINGUPONWHERETHEGAMESWEREPLAYEDANDWHETHERPROFESSIONALS,COLLEGIANS,ORYMCAPLAYERSWEREINVOLVEDCOLLEGEBASKETBALLWASPLAYEDFROMTEXASTOWISCONSINANDTHROUGHOUTTHEEASTTHROUGHTHE1920S,BUTMOSTTEAMSPLAYEDONLYINTHEIROWNREGIONS,WHICHPREVENTEDANATIONALGAMEORAUDIENCEFROMDEVELOPINGPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLWASPLAYEDALMOSTEXCLUSIVELYINTHEEASTBEFORETHE1920S,EXCEPTWHENATEAMWOULD“BARNSTORM“INTOTHEMIDWESTTOPLAYLOCALTEAMS,OFTENAFTERALEAGUEHADFOLDEDBEFORETHE1930SVERYFEWGAMES,EITHERPROFESSIONALORAMATEUR,WEREPLAYEDINFACILITIESSUITABLEFORBASKETBALLORWITHAPERFECTLYROUNDBALLSOMEWEREPLAYEDINARENASWITHCHICKENWIRESEPARATINGTHEPLAYERSFROMFANS,THUSTHEWORD“CAGERS,“OTHERSWITHPOSTSINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEFLOORANDOFTENWITHBALCONIESOVERHANGINGTHECORNERS,LIMITINGTHEAREASFROMWHICHSHOTSCOULDBETAKENUNTILTHELATE1930S,ALLPLAYERSUSEDTHETWOHANDSETSHOT,ANDSCORESREMAINEDLOWBASKETBALLINTHE1920SAND1930SBECAMEBOTHMOREORGANIZEDANDMOREPOPULAR,ALTHOUGHITSTILLLAGGEDFARBEHINDBOTHBASEBALLANDCOLLEGEFOOTBALLINTHEPROS,FIVEURBAN,ETHNICTEAMSEXCELLEDANDPLAYEDWITHALMOSTNOCOLLEGEGRADUATESTHEYWERETHENEWYORKORIGINALCELTICSTHECLEVELANDROSENBLUMS,OWNEDBYMAXROSENBLUMEDDIEGOTTLIEBSPHILADELPHIASPHASSOUTHPHILADELPHIAHEBREWASSOCIATIONANDTWOGREATBLACKTEAMS,THENEWYORKRENAISSANCEFIVEANDABESAPERSTEINSHARLEMGLOBETROTTERS,WHICHWASACTUALLYFROMCHICAGOWHILETHESETEAMSHADSOMENOTABLEPLAYERS,NOSUPERSTARS,SUCHASBABERUTH,JACKDEMPSEY,ORREDGRANGE,EMERGEDTOCAPTURETHEPUBLICSATTENTIONASTHEYDIDINOTHERSPORTSOFTHEPERIODTHESAMEWASTRUEINCOLLEGEBASKETBALLUPUNTILTHELATE1930S,WITHCOACHESDOMINATINGTHEGAMEANDITSDEVELOPMENTWALTER“DOC“MEANWELLATWISCONSIN,FORREST“PHOG“ALLENATKANSAS,WARD“PIGGY“LAMBERTATPURDUE,ANDHENRY“DOC“CARLSONATPITTSBURGHALLMADESIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEGAMESDEVELOPMENTZONEDEFENSES,THEWEAVE,THEPASSINGGAME,ANDTHEFASTBREAKINTHEDECADEPRECEDINGWORLDWARII,FIVEEVENTSCHANGEDCOLLEGEBASKETBALLANDALLOWEDITTOBECOMEAMAJORSPECTATORSPORTIN1929,THERULESCOMMITTEEREVERSEDADECISIONTHATWOULDHAVEOUTLAWEDDRIBBLINGANDSLOWEDTHEGAMECONSIDERABLYFIVEYEARSLATER,PROMOTEREDWARD“NED“IRISHSTAGEDTHEFIRSTINTERSECTIONALTWINBILLINMADISONSQUAREGARDENINNEWYORKCITYANDATTRACTEDMORETHAN16,000FANSHEDEMONSTRATEDTHEAPPEALOFMAJORCOLLEGEBALLANDMADENEWYORKITSCENTERINDECEMBER1936,HANKLUISETTIOFSTANFORDREVEALEDTHEVIRTUESOFTHEONEHANDEDSHOTTOANAMAZEDGARDENAUDIENCEANDBECAMETHEFIRSTMAJORCOLLEGIATESTARSOONTHEREAFTER,LUISETTISCOREDANINCREDIBLEFIFTYPOINTSAGAINSTDUQUESNE,THUSENDINGTHEEASTSDEVOTIONTOTHESETSHOTANDENCOURAGINGAMOREOPENGAMEINCONSECUTIVEYEARSTHECENTERJUMPWASELIMINATEDAFTERFREETHROWSANDTHENAFTERFIELDGOALS,THUSSPEEDINGUPTHEGAMEANDALLOWINGFORMORESCORINGIN1938,IRISHCREATEDTHENATIONALINVITATIONTOURNAMENTNITINTHEGARDENTODETERMINEANATIONALCHAMPIONALTHOUGHPOSTSEASONTOURNAMENTSHADOCCURREDBEFORE,THENITWASTHEFIRSTWITHMAJORCOLLEGESFROMDIFFERENTREGIONSANDPROVEDTOBEAGREATFINANCIALSUCCESSTHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAACREATEDITSOWNPOSTSEASONTOURNAMENTIN1939BUTDIDNOTRIVALTHENITINPRESTIGEFORSOMETIMETHE1940SSAWSIGNIFICANTCHANGESFORCOLLEGEBASKETBALLPLAYERSBEGANUSINGTHEJUMPSHOTAFTERKENNYSAILORSOFWYOMINGWOWEDTHEEASTWITHITIN1943THEBEHINDTHEBACKDRIBBLEANDPASSALSOAPPEARED,ASDIDEXCEPTIONALBIGMENBOBKURLANDATOKLAHOMAAMWASALMOSTSEVENFEETTALLANDGEORGEMIKANATDEPAULWASSIXFEETTENINCHESWHILEKURLANDHADPERHAPSTHEBETTERCOLLEGECAREERANDPLAYEDINTWOOLYMPICS,HECHOSENOTTOPLAYPROFESSIONALBALL,WHEREASMIKANBECAMETHEFIRSTDOMINANTSTARINTHEPROSTHEIRDEFENSIVEPLAYINSPIREDTHERULEAGAINSTGOALTENDINGBLOCKINGASHOTONITSDOWNWARDFLIGHTADOLPHRUPP,WHOPLAYEDUNDERPHOGALLEN,ALSOCOACHEDTHEFIRSTOFHISMANYTALENTEDTEAMSATKENTUCKYINTHATDECADEHOWEVER,IN1951,RUPPANDSIXOTHERCOACHESSUFFEREDTHROUGHAPOINTSHAVINGSCANDALTHATINVOLVEDTHIRTYTWOPLAYERSATSEVENCOLLEGESANDSERIOUSLYINJUREDCOLLEGEBASKETBALL,PARTICULARLYINNEWYORK,WHEREFOUROFTHESEVENSCHOOLSWERELOCATEDWHILETHEGAMESURVIVED,THENCAAMOVEDITSTOURNAMENTAWAYFROMMADISONSQUAREGARDENTODIFFERENTCITIESEACHYEARANDTHENITSPRESTIGEBEGANTODECLINEPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLREMAINEDADISORGANIZEDANDSTODGYSPORTUPUNTILTHELATE1940S,WITHBARNSTORMINGSTILLCENTRALTOTHEGAMEANDMOSTPLAYERSSTILLUSINGTHESETSHOTIN1946,HOWEVER,HOCKEYOWNERS,LEDBYMAURICEPODOLOFF,CREATEDTHEBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONOFAMERICABAAINTHEEASTTOFILLTHEIRARENAS,BUTFEWFANSCAME,EVENAFTERJOEFULKSOFPHILADELPHIAINTRODUCEDTHEJUMPSHOTTHEBAASRIVAL,THENATIONALBASKETBALLLEAGUE,HADEXISTEDSINCETHE1930S,HADBETTERPLAYERS,LIKEMIKANOFTHEMINNEAPOLISLAKERS,BOBDAVIESOFTHEROCHESTERROYALS,ANDDOLPHSHAYESOFTHESYRACUSENATIONALS,BUTOPERATEDINMUCHWORSEFACILITIESANDDIDNOTDOMUCHBETTERATATTRACTINGAUDIENCESIN1948,PODOLOFFLUREDTHELAKERS,ROYALS,ANDTWOOTHERTEAMSTOTHEBAAANDPROPOSEDAMERGEROFTHETWOLEAGUESFORTHE19491950SEASONTHERESULTWASTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBA,WITHPODOLOFFITSFIRSTCOMMISSIONERTHESEVENTEENTEAMLEAGUESTRUGGLEDATFIRSTBUTSOONREDUCEDITSSIZEANDGAINEDSTABILITY,INLARGEPARTBECAUSEOFMIKANSA