车床电气控制系统毕业论文

摘要车床是机械加工中使用最广泛的机床，它可以用于切削各种工件的外圆、内孔、端面及螺纹等。现代生产机械多采用机械、电气、液压、气动相结合的控制技术。电气控制技术起联接中枢作用，应用最为广泛。用普通机床加工出来的产品普遍存在质量差、品种少、档次低、成本高、供货期长，从而在国际、国内市场上缺乏竞争力，直接影响一个企业的产品、市场、效益，影响企业的生存和发展，所以必须大力提高机床的数控化率。本设计主要任务是将CA6140型普通车床改造为数控车床。关键词车床、数控，PLC，机床改造，电气控制系统。目录A1A2A3A5A6A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A8A1A9A3A10A0A4A11A12A13A0A4A11A12A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A9A7A2A10A0A4A11A12A13A23A24A0A4A13A23A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A2222A10A25A4A11A25A4A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A7A14A15A16A17A18A19A20A21A22A1A8A3C650A26A27A28A29A30A4A11A31A32A33A34A35A36A37A27A28A11A31A32A33A35A36A10A0A4A1131650A38A39A40A41A42A43A44A45A46A47A48A49A50A51A52A53A39A40A42A43A44A45A46A47A49A50A51A52A54A554A56PLCA47A48A43A57A48A43A58A59A60A58A59PLCA61A62A63A64A62A63A65A66A67A68A69A70A66A67A68A69LA71OA72A73A74A75A73A74A58A59A76A58A59C650A40A41A42PLCA77A78A79A80A77A78A81A82A83PLCA84A85A86A87A88A89A90A84A85A87A88A89A90A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A83A82A100A101A102A103A104A105A106A107A108A109A101A102A103A104A106A107A108A109A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A82A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A110A111A112A113A114A115A116A117A118A119A114A115A116A117A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A111A120A130A131A132A133A134A113A114A135A136A137A131A132A133A134A114A135A136A137A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A111A120A138A131A132A133A134A139A117A118A113A114A131A132A133A134A139A117A118A113A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A111A120A140A141A142A113A143A144A145A113A143A141A142A145A113A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A111A120A111A146A147A116A117A118A119A146A147A116A117A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A110A148A112A149A150A151A152A153A154A135A155A156A150A151A152A153A154A135A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A148A120A130A151A152A153A154A155A156A156A157A158A159A152A153A155A156A157A158A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A148A120A138A149A150A151A152A153A154A155A156A156A157A150A151A155A156A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A148A120A140A155A156A160A161A162A141A142A155A156A160A161A141A142A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A148A120A111A163A156A164A165A163A156A164A165A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A121A122A123A124A125A126A127A128A129A110A166A112A167A168A169A168A169A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A130A140A110A170A112A171A172A173A172A173A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A130A111A174A175A176A177A176A177A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A120A130A1113第1章前言在机床工业的发展过程中，提高机床的加工速度和加工精度，始终是人们努力解决的相互制约的两大课题，也是推动机床电气控制系统发展的动力。电力拖动控制、电力电子、检测、计算机和控制理论的发展，为机床电气控制系统不断发展提供了物质和科技条件。20世纪40年代以前，机床的电气控制主要采用交流电动机拖动的继电器接触器控制。由于当时的交流电动机难以实现调速，只能通过皮带、齿轮等机械机构来实现有级变速，因而机床的机械结构比较复杂，同时还限制了加工精度的提高。继电器接触器控制系统可以实现机床的各种运动控制（如启动、制动、反转、变速等），并可实现逻辑控制、联G19157控制、G5334G3332控制等，4因而大大提高了机床的G14270动G2282G8712G5191，有G2173于G1955G17743工人的G2183动G5390度。G17837种控制系统技G7427G12628G2345、G7143于G6496G6581，G14279G1182G1185G15999G5203G8879采用。继电器接触器控制系统是由各种电器G13464G6116的，而G17837G1135电器的机械动G1328G4563G2641是有限的，G5529G20047G6365时G7368G6454G6451G3363的电器，以G1825G5445G2721系统的可G19764G5627。G2490G3818，G7693G6466加工工G14414的要G8726，G19668要G6925变控制逻辑G1863系时，G5529G20047G1474G6925G13459G17347，G18337G7044G4445G16025G18209G13459，G17837G4557现代机床的控制要G8726是G5468不G17878G5224的。20世纪40年代G2530，发电机电动机、交G11925G6930大机电动机等G11464流调速系统，以G1866G1260G14403的调速G5627能，G15999G5203G8879用于大G3423机床的主拖动和G17839G13485拖动系统中。不G1177提高了机床的加工G5627能，还G12628G2282了机床的G1268动机构。G17829年来，由于电力电子器件G2462G1866变G6454技G7427的发展和G11702G18339控制技G7427的G5224用，交流调速系统有了G5468大的发展，在调速G5627能G990G4448G1852可以G994G11464流调速系统相G4230G13666，加G1055G5627能可G19764、G13512G6264G7053G1427，因而在G7155带机床中G17892G8505G2474代G11540G11464流调速系统。G3在机床的控制G7053G19766，G1182年G1998现的可G13546程控制器（PLC）G5062G5203G8879用于电气控制系统中。可G13546程控制器不G1177可以G6365G1119G1820G13546G3921的程G5219G17839G15904各种逻辑控制，还G1867有G19555G5859G13546程、G14270动G16798断、通用G5627G3921、G1319G12227G4579、可G19764G5627高的G10317G9869。因G8504，可G13546程控制器G8503G17892G8505G2474代G11540继电器G713接触器控制系统。G35可以G20056G7021，G19555G11540科G4410G4407度的发展，机床PLC电气控制系统G4570继G13505G2533G7368高的G7053G2533发展，以不断提高机床的加工精度、G10995G1147效率和G14270动G2282G8712G5191。第2章电气控制系统21电气控制系统一般称为电气设备二次控制回路，不同的设备有不同的控制回路，而且高压电气设备与低压电气设备的控制方式也不相同。为了保证一次设备运行的可靠与安全，需要有许多辅助电气设备为之服务，能够实现某项控制功能的若干个电器组件的组合，称为控制回路或二次回路。这些设备要有以下功能1）自动控制功能。高压和大电流开关设备的体积是很大的，一般都采用操作系统来控制分、合闸，特别是当设备出了故障时，需要开关自动切断电路，要有一套自动控制的电气操作设备，对供电设备进行自动控制。2）保护功能。电气设备与线路在运行过程中会发生故障，电流或电压会超过设备与线路允许工作的范围与限度，这就需要一套检测这些故障信号并对设备和线路进行自动G16855G6984断开、切G6454G12573的保护设备。3）G11429G16282功能。电是G11536G11567G11487不G16277的，一G2500设备是G2554G5114电或断电，G11866G3818G15932G11487G7092G8873分G17788，这就需要设G13634G2520G12193G16282G2560信号，G3926G9795G1821和G19911G2721G12573，对一次设备进行电气G11429G16282。4）测G18339功能。G9795G1821和G19911G2721信号G2494能G4462G5627G3332G15932G7138设备的工作G10378G5589有电或断电，G3926G7536G5831G4462G18339G3332G11705G17959电气设备的工作G5785G1929，G17836需要有G2520G12193G1214G15932测G18339设备，测G18339线路的G2520G12193G2454G6980，G3926电压、电流、G20069G10587和功G10587的大G4579G12573。在设备操作与G11429G16282当中，G1268统的操作组件、控制电器、G1214G15932和信号G12573设备大多可G15999电G14053控制系统G2462电G4388组件G6164G2474G1207，G1306在G4579G3423设备和就G3332G4628G18108控制的电路中G1185有一G4462的G5224用范围。这也都是电路实现G5506G7438自动G2282控制的G3534G11796。22G5132用的控制线路的G3534G7424回路G11013以下G1972G18108分组G6116。1）电G9316供电回路。供电回路的供电电G9316有AC380V和220VG12573多G12193。2）保护回路。保护辅助回路的工作电G9316有G2345相220、36V或G11464流220、24VG12573多G12193，对电气设备和线路进行G11713路、过G17745和G3845压G12573G2520G12193保护，G11013G10088断器、G9921G13499电器、G3845压线G3292、G6984流组件和G12295压组件G12573保护组件组G6116。3）信号回路。能G2462时G2465G7156或G7186G12046设备和线路G8503G5132与G19762G8503G5132工作G10378G5589信G5699的回路，G3926不同G20080G14406的信号G9795，不同G3780G2721的G19911G2721设备G12573。4）自动与G6175动G19394路。电气设备为了G6564高工作G6940G10587，一般都设有自动G10627G14422，G1306在安G16025、G16855G16809G2462G13051G5625G1119故的G3800G10714中，控制线路中G17836需要设G13634G6175动G10627G14422，G17902过组合开关或G17728G6454开关G12573实现自动与G6175动方式的G177287G6454。5）制动G1584G17722回路。切断电路的供电电G9316，并采G2474某些制动G6526G7057，G1363电动G7438G17817G17907G1584G17722的控制G10627G14422，G3926能G13803制动、电G9316G2465G6521制动，G1510G6301G2465G6521制动和G1889生发电制动G12573。6）自G19157G2462G19393G19157同路。G2563动G6365G19074G7506开后，线路保持G17902电，电气设备能G13499续工作的电气G10627G14422叫自G19157G10627G14422，G3926G6521触器的动合触点串联在线G3292电路中。两G2500或两G2500以上的电气G16025G13634和组件，为了保证设备运行的安全与可靠，G2494能一G2500G17902电G2563动，另一G2500不能G17902电G2563动的保护G10627G14422，叫G19393G19157G10627G14422。G3926两个G6521触器的动断触点分别串联在对方线G3292电路中。第3章C650普通我是车床的电气控制要求于控制特点31650普G17902G17722床的电力拖动控制要求与特点G3926下1主轴电动G7438M1G17902G5132选用笼G3423异步电动G7438，完G6116主轴主运动和刀具进给运动的驱动。电动G7438采用G11464G6521起动的方式起动，可G8503G2465两个方向旋G17728。为加工G16855G6984方便，G17836具有G8503向点动功能。2G1584G17722时和点动完毕均要G2465G6521制动。为了防止在G20069繁点动时，大电流造G6116电动G7438过G17745以G2462限制G2465G6521制动电流，在点动和G2465G6521制动时主电路串G6521了限流电阻R。3为了G6564高生产G6940G10587、减轻工人劳动强度，溜板箱的快8G17907移动G11013电动G7438M3G2345独拖动。根据G1363用需要，可随时G6175动控制起G1584。4G17722削加工中，为防止刀具和工件的温度过高、延长刀具G1363用寿命、G6564高加工质G18339，G17722床附有一G2500G2345方向旋G17728的冷泵电动G7438M2，G6564供冷却液。G11013于可编程控制器PLC具有1G17902用G5627、适G5224G5627强；2完善的故障自诊断能力且维修方便；3可靠G5627高G2462柔G5627强G12573优点，且G4579G3423PLC的价格目前亦很便宜。因此，在普G17902G17722床的控制电路改造中发挥了G2462其重要的作用。而且可编程控制器SYSMACCP1H是用于实现高G17907G3800G10714高功能的程序包G3423PLC。配备与CS/CJ系列共G17902的体系结构，与以往产品CPM2A40点输入输出G3423为相同尺寸，G1306G3800G10714G17907度可达到约10倍的G5627能。G7424文以C650G17722床的控制系统为例，详细说G7138G1363用欧姆龙产CP1HG3423PLC改造G1268统控制系统的设计过程。第4章PLC控制电路41PLC机型选择、硬件连接及LO地址分配9G17722床电气控制系统G6164需的I0点总G6980在256以下，属于G3423G7438的范围。控制系统G2494需要逻辑运算G12573简G2345功能，主要用来实现条件控制和顺序控制。为实现C650G17722床上述的电气控制要求，G6164以PLC可以选择欧姆龙公司的CP1H系列。G4439的价格低，体积G4579，G19762G5132适用于G2345G7438自动G2282控制系统。G16825G7438床的输入信号是开关G18339信号，输出是G17139G17745G989相G1144流电动G7438G6521触器G12573。根据G159321可G11705，G17722床电气控制系统需要9个G3818G18108输人信号，5个输出信号。PLCG6164具有的输入点和输出点一般要G8616G6164需G1899G132530G705，以便于系统的完善和G1182后的G6205G4649G20056G11053。G6164以G7424系统G6164需的输入点为12个，输出点为7个。现选择欧姆龙公司CPIH系列的CP1H一40CDRG252AG3423PLC，24VG11464流24点输入G13499电器G3423G1144流16点输出。42C650车床的PLC程序设计PLC的程序可以采用G7811G5430G3282、G16833G2489G15932、程序G3371G12573G5430式G15932G12046。为了与G13499电器一G6521触器系统相G6227G6521，采用G7811G5430G3282G5430式对G17722床电气控制系统进行编程。G7811G5430G3282与G13499电器G252G6521触器系统的G2419G10714G3282G1186G7424质上相一G14280，设计方G8873为G2454G10043G13499电器G2419G10714G3282在保持G2419有控制逻辑G3534G11796上改G13484。43PLC梯形图控制分析1G17722床G8503向工作G2462G2465G6521制动过程G6365下SB2，G6521G17902G1881G18108辅助G13499电器W200G71400，进入联G19157程序，G11013G1881G18108辅助G13499电器G6521G1790210KM3G2572合G11713G6521电阻R，同时G6521G17902KM1，主电动G7438M1G8503G17728起动运行，开G3999G17722削加工。要G1584G17722时，G6365下SB1，KM1、KM3线G3292G3845电，同时KM2G2572合，主电动G7438M1串电阻G2465G6521制动，当G17907度G6521G17829G19658时，G17907度G13499电器G8503G17728G5132开触点KS1断开，KM2G18334G6930电动G7438M1G1584G17728。G2465向工作过程与G8503向相同，G3926G32824；其G1194工作过程G3926G32825。2刀G7562快G17907移动过程G6215动进给操G13449G6175G7576压合G1313G13634开关Q，KM5G2572合，M3起动运行，刀G7562向G6363G4462方向快G17907移动。3主电动G7438G8503向点动过程G6365下SB4，G1363KM1G2572合，M1电阻限流点动，G7506开SB4，KM1G3845电，M1G1584G17728，实现点动控制。4冷却泵工作过程G3926G7536G17722削加工过程中，工件需要G1363冷却液时，G6365下SB6，KM4线G3292G5483电，冷却泵电动G7438M2工，G6564供冷却液。要G1584止，G6365下SB5G2375可。第5章电动机正反转控制51结构控制流电G9316EG11013PLCG1881G18108G6564供，可G11464G6521G4570PLC电G9316G12483G4388G6521在开关上。G114411流电G9316G2029是G11013G3818G18108供给。G2045用PLC控制一G2500异步电动G7438的G8503G2465G17728。输入G12483G11464G21656G6365G19074G6365下电G7438G8503G17728G15025G6365G19074G6365下电G7438G2465G17728G13430G6365G19074G6365下电G7438G1584止设计G8503G2465G17728控制过程G7438床的工作G18108件G5132需要作两个相G2465方向的运动，大都靠电动G7438G8503G2465G17728来实现。其控制G2419G10714很简G2345，G2494要G4570G989相电G9316中的G1231G5859两相对G16855，就可G1363电动G7438实现G2465G