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1、3. Meteorological Forecasts There are two general categories of weather satellite: polar orbiters providing global coverage twice per 24 hours in orbital strips over the poles and geosynchronous satellites, giving repetitive (30-minute) coverage of almost one third of the earths surface in low middl

2、e latitudes. In 1957, the launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik initiated our exciting exploration of space and changed the course of technology. The United States soon followed with its own satellite launches. In 1959, scientists at the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wi

3、sconsin-Madison conducted pioneering meteorological satellite experiments under the direction of Dr. Verner E. Suomi, now known as the Father of Satellite Meteorology./satmet/modules/sat_basics/index.htmlThere are two main types of weather satellites, defined by their orbita

4、l characteristics: Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). Most satellite images seen on the local television news or The Weather Channel are produced by GOES satellites. GOES Satellites orbit the earth above the equator at the

5、 same speed as the earth rotates so they can transmit a continuous picture of the region below. POES orbits are significantly lower and shorter, taking about 100 minutes to travel from pole to pole and produce high resolution snapshots of the Earth. A geosynchronous Satellite is a satellite whose or

6、bit on the Earth repeats regularly over points on the Earth over time. If such a satellites orbit lies over the equator, the orbit is circular and its angular velocity is the same as the earths, then it is called a geostationary satellite. The orbits of the satellites are known as the geosynchronous

7、 orbit and geostationary orbit.Polar Operational Environmetal Satellites (POES) are significantly closer to Earth than GOES, orbiting at an altitude of only 879 kilometers, (approximately 500 miles) so it only takes one hour and 42 minutes to complete a full orbit. This proximity results in high res

8、olution images and atmospheric profiles. A polar orbit is an orbit in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly another body such as the Sun) being orbited on each revolution. It therefore has an inclination of (or very cl

9、ose to) 90 degrees to the equator. Except in the special case of a polar geosynchronous orbit, a satellite in a polar orbit will pass over the equator at a different longitude on each of its orbits.Polar orbiters observe a swath of the earth each orbit around the Earth. To get a larger view of the w

10、eather, we need to combine these swaths. TRMM: Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Forecasts are usually referred to as short-range, medium (or extended) range and long-range. Since 1955 routine forecasts have been based on numerical models. These predict the evolution of physical processes in the atmosphere by determinations of the conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Errors in numerical forecasts arise from several sources. One of the most serious is the limited accuracy of the initial annalysis due to data deficiencies. Another limitati