土木工程外文翻译--预应力混凝土结构的抗震加固方案与局部影响

1、本科生毕业设计外文翻译题目 Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local-global consequences 外文来源 Progress in Structural Engineering and Maerials 姓名 薛晶 学号 4 学 院 工程学院 专业 土木工程 指导教师 谌会芹 2011 年5月4日外文原文Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local-global consequencessummaryA review of repair schemes for

2、 reinforced concrete frame buildings is presented in this paper, within the context of global objectives of the intervention process. Local as well as global intervention measures are discussed and their technological application details outlined. The effect of the reviewed repair schemes on the mem

3、ber, sub-assemblage and system performance are qualitatively assessed. The important role of the foundation system in the rehabilitation process is outlined and measures that are consistent with the super-structure intervention methods are given. The paper concludes with a global assessment of the e

4、ffect of repair methods on stiffness, strength and ductility, the three most important seismic response parameters, to assist researchers and practitioners in decision-making to satisfy their respective intervention objectives. Keywords: retrofit; repair; strengthening; structural intervention; seis

5、mic upgradingIntroductionIn recent years, devastating earthquakes worldwide confirmed the deficiencies of building structures. The experience gained from field observations and back-analysis led to improvement of the level of knowledge and the evolution of seismic codes.The interest of the research

6、community is focused on buildings that do not comply with current seismic codes and exhibit deficiencies such as poor detailing, discontinuous load paths and lack of capacity design provisions. Since such buildings comprise the majority of existing building stock, retrofitting is a rather critical i

7、ssue. Rehabilitation schemes that will provide cost-effective and structurally effective solutions are necessary. Many intervention methods used in the past have been revised and developed in the light of the new seismic code requirements and new methods often based on new materials (e.g. fiber-rein

8、forced polymers FRPs) have been proposed.In this paper, the term rehabilitation is used as a comprehensive term to include all types of repair, retrofitting and strengthening that lead to reduced earthquake vulnerability. The term repair is defined as reinstatement of the original characteristics of

9、 a damaged section or element and is confined to dealing with the as-built system. The term strengthening is defined as intervention that lead to enhancement of one or more seismic response parameters (stiffness, strength, ductility, etc.), depending on the desired performance.Framework of seismic r

10、ehabilitationPerformance objectives are set depending on the structural type, the importance of the building, its role in post-earthquake emergencies, the economic consequences of business interruption, its historical or cultural significance, the construction material and socio-economic factors. Th

11、ey can be specified as limits on one or more response parameter such as stresses, strains, displacements, accelerations, etc. Clearly, different limit states have to be correlated to the level of the seismic action, i.e. to the earthquake demand level.The selection of the rehabilitation scheme and t

12、he level of intervention is a rather complex procedure, because many factors of different nature come into play. A decision has to be taken on the level of intervention. Some common strategies are the restriction or change of use of the building, partial demolition and/or mass reduction.In addition,

13、 methods such as base isolation, provision of supplemental damping and incorporation of passive and active vibration control devices may apply. The alternatives of no intervention or demolition are more likely the outcomes of the evaluation if the seismic retrofit of buildings is quite expensive and

14、 disruptive.Socio-economic issues have to be considered in the decision of the level and type of intervention. Surprisingly, there are documented cases where aesthetic and psychological issues dictate the rehabilitation strategies. For example, in the Mexico City earthquake of 19 September 1985, whe

15、re external bracing was popular, because it instilled a feeling of confidence in the occupants that significant and visible changes have been made to the structure to make it safer. Cost vs importance of the structure is a significant factor, especially in the case that the building is of cultural a

16、nd/or historical interest. The available workmanship and the level of quality control define the feasibility of the proposed intervention approach. The duration of work/disruption of use and the disruption to occupants should also be considered. The functionality and aesthetical compatibility of the

17、 intervention scheme with the existing building is an additional engagement. Even the reversibility of the scheme in case it is not accepted on a long-term basis should be taken into account.From a technical point of view the selection of the type and level of intervention have to be based on compat

18、ibility with the existing structural system and the repair materials and technology available. Controlled damage to non-structural components and sufficient capacity of the foundation system are essential factors that are often overlooked. Issues such as irregularities of stiffness, strength and duc

19、tility have to be considered in detail.A convenient way to discuss the engineering issues of evaluation and retrofit is to break down the process into steps. The first step involves the collection of information for the as-built structure. The configuration of the structural system, reinforcement de

20、tailing, material strengths, foundation system and the level of damage are recorded. In addition, data relevant to the non-structural elements (e.g. infill walls) which play a significant role and influence the seismic response of structures are also compiled. Sources for the above information can b

21、ecome visits to the site, construction drawings, engineering analyses and interviews with the original contractor. The rehabilitation objective is selected from various pairs of performance targets and earthquake hazard levels (i.e. supply and demand, or response and input pairs). The performance ta

22、rget is set according to an acceptable damage level (performance target). Building performance can be described qualitatively in terms of the safety of occupants during and after the event, the cost and feasibility of restoring the building to pre-earthquake condition, the length of time the buildin

23、g is removed from service to effect repairs, and the economic, architectural or historic impacts on the larger community. 中文翻译预应力混凝土结构的抗震加固方案与局部影响摘要本文为A review of repair schemes for reinforced concrete frame buildings is presented in this paper, within the context of global objectives of the interve

24、ntion process.关于预应力混凝土结构建筑维修计划的综述，提出了一种在全球目标范围内的干预过程。对Local as well as global intervention measures are discussed and their technological application details outlined.本地及全球干预措施进行了探讨，并给出了其技术应用的细节描述。The effect of the reviewed repair schemes on the member, sub-assemblage and system performance are qual

25、itatively assessed.该成员分组对系统性能审查修复计划的效果进行了定性评估。The important role of the foundation system in the rehabilitation process is outlined and measures that are consistent with the super-structure intervention methods are given.在修复过程中起到的重要作用是对基础系统的概述和确定措施，和超级结构相一致的干预方法的给出。The paper concludes with a global

26、assessment of the effect of repair methods on stiffness, strength and ductility, the three most important seismic response parameters, to assist researchers and practitioners in decision-making to satisfy their respective intervention objectives.本文最后提出了修复方法中的刚度、强度和延展性，三个最重要的地震响应参数，其影响全球评估，协助决策，满足研究人

27、员和从业人员的干预目标。The framework for the paper complies with the requirements of consequence-based Engineering, where the expected damage is addressed only when consequences are higher than acceptable consequences, and a cyclical process of assessment and re-assessment is undertaken until the community obj

28、ectives are deemed to be satisfied.关键词： retrofit;改造； repair/strengthening;修复；加强；rehabilitati；structural intervention;结构性的干预；seismic upgrading地震升级 简介In recent years, devastating earthquakes worldwide confirmed the deficiencies of building structures.近年来，世界各地的破坏性地震证实了建筑结构的缺陷。The experience gained from

29、 field observations and back-analysis led to improvement of the level of knowledge and the evolution of seismic codes.从现场获得的经验观察和反分析导致的知识水平的提高和抗震规范的完善。 The interest of the research community is focused on buildings that do not comply with current seismic codes and exhibit deficiencies such as poor d

30、etailing, discontinuous load paths and lack of capacity design provisions.本研究对社会的益处主要集中在不符合现行抗震规范和详细说明的建筑物，如资金缺乏，不连续的路径和负载能力的不足。Since such buildings comprise the majority of existing building stock, retrofitting is a rather critical issue.由于这些建筑物包括大部分现有建筑，改造是一个比较关键的问题。Rehabilitation schemes that wil

31、l provide cost-effective and structurally effective solutions are necessary.康复计划中提供符合成本效益和结构效益的解决方案是必要的。Many intervention methods used in the past have been revised and developed in the light of the new seismic code requirements and new methods often based on new materials (eg fiber-reinforced polym

32、ers FRPs) have been proposed.在对过去的许多干预所采用的方法进行了修订和发展了新的抗震规范要求，新方法往往以新材料（如纤维增强聚合物FRPs）为基础。 In this paper, the term 'rehabilitation' is used as a comprehensive term to include all types of repair, retrofitting and strengthening that lead to reduced earthquake vulnerability.在本文中，术语“康复”是用来作为一个全面

33、长远，包括维修，改造和加强各类导致减少地震的脆弱性。The term 'repair' is defined as reinstatement of the original characteristics of a damaged section or element and is confined to dealing with the as-built system.术语“修复”的定义为一个损坏的部分或元素的原有特色复职，并只限于与已建成的系统处理。The term 'strengthening' is defined as intervention th

34、at lead to enhancement of one or more seismic response parameters (stiffness, strength, ductility, etc.), depending on the desired performance.这个词“加强”的定义为干预，导致一个或多个地震响应参数（刚度、强度、韧性等），根据所需的性能增强。 框架的抗震加固Performance objectives are set depending on the structural type, the importance of the building, its

35、 role in post-earthquake emergencies, the economic consequences of business interruption, its historical or cultural significance, the construction material and socio-economic factors.绩效目标设置的依据为结构类型，建筑物的重要性，其作用在震后的紧急情况，业务、历史和文化中断，社会经济有影响。They can be specified as limits on one or more response parame

36、ter such as stresses, strains, displacements, accelerations, etc. Clearly, different limit states have to be correlated to the level of the seismic action, ie to the earthquake demand level.它们可以被指定为一个或多个响应参数，如应力、应变、位移、加速度等，显然，不同的极限状态，必须对应相关的地震作用水平，即对地震需求水平的限制。 The selection of the rehabilitation sch

37、eme and the level of intervention is a rather complex procedure, because many factors of different nature come into play.该康复计划和干预水平的选择是一个相当复杂的过程，因为不同性质的因素发挥作用。A decision has to be taken on the level of intervention.决定了在一级时采取的干预。Some common strategies are the restriction or change of use of the build

38、ing, partial demolition and/or mass reduction, addition of new lateral load resistance system, member replacement, transformation of non-structural into structural components and local or global modification (stiffness, strength and ductility) of elements and system.一些常见的策略是限制或改变建筑的使用，部分拆除来减轻自重。In a

39、ddition, methods such as base isolation, provision of supplemental damping and incorporation of passive and active vibration control devices may apply.此外，如基础隔震，减震和补充性的被动和主动振动控制装置，可申请集体提供方式。The alternatives of 'no intervention' or 'demolition' are more likely the outcomes of the evalu

40、ation if the seismic retrofit of buildings is quite expensive and disruptive.如果建筑物的抗震加固是相当昂贵的和有破坏性的，对“不干预”或“拆迁”的替代品更容易评价的结果。 Socio-economic issues have to be considered in the decision of the level and type of intervention.社会经济问题必须在水平和干预型决策下考虑。Surprisingly, there are documented cases where aesthetic

41、 and psychological issues dictate the rehabilitation strategies.令人惊讶的是，有记录的情况下，审美和心理问题决定了恢复战略。For example, in the Mexico City earthquake of 19 September 1985, where external bracing was popular, because it instilled a feeling of confidence in the occupants that significant and visible changes have b

42、een made to the structure to make it safer 1 .例如，墨西哥城1985年9月19日地震，在外部的支持很受欢迎，因为它注入了信心，在居民感到明显的变化显着，作出的结构，使其更安全。Cost vs importance of the structure is a significant factor, especially in the case that the building is of cultural and/or historical interest.成本与结构的重要性，是一个重要因素，尤其是在对该建筑的文化和历史有兴趣的情况下。 The

43、available workmanship and the level of quality control define the feasibility of the proposed intervention approach.可用的工艺和质量控制水平确定了所提出的干预方法的可行性。The duration of work/disruption of use and the disruption to occupants should also be considered.工作和使用中的中断和持续时间对居民的干扰也应予以考虑。The functionality and aesthetica

44、l compatibility of the intervention scheme with the existing building is an additional engagement.此次与现有建筑物的干预计划的功能和美学的兼容。甚至可逆转性的方案的情况下是不接受进行长期应考虑。Even the reversibility of the scheme in case it is not accepted on a long-term basis should be taken into account.From a technical point of view the selec

45、tion of the type and level of intervention have to be based on compatibility with the existing structural system and the repair materials and technology available.从技术角度来看的类型和干预水平的选择必须与现有的结构体系和修补材料和技术方面的兼容性为依据。Controlled damage to non-structural components and sufficient capacity of the foundation sy

46、stem are essential factors that are often overlooked.控制损害非结构元件和系统的基础是，有足够的能力常常被忽视的重要因素。Issues such as irregularities of stiffness, strength and ductility have to be considered in detail.如刚度，强度和延展性违规问题必须详细考虑。 A convenient way to discuss the engineering issues of evaluation and retrofit is to break down the process into steps.一个便捷的方式来讨论问题的评价和改造的工程是分解成步骤的过程。The first step involves the collection of information for the as-built structure.第一步包括对已建成的结构信息的集合。The configuration of the structural system, reinforcement detailing, material strengths, foundation sy