应用化学专业英语万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译

1、Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.

2、Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules

3、 in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us ar

4、e not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and so forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goe

5、s back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV. Translation化学是三种

6、基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是：（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。V. Solution:（1）The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams.If the mass of a 12C atom is exac

7、tly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu（2） First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We

8、 can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. Comprehension1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.BII. Give the systematic name for the following ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion; hydroge

9、n ion; lead(II) ion; aluminum; silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion; Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion; calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion. carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide arsen

10、ate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion; phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion; chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion; dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion; oxide ion;

11、hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion; sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion; sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion. III. Complete the table. FormulaOld nameSystematic nameFeOiron (II) oxide Fe2O3iron (III) oxideSn(OH)2tin(II) hydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV) hydroxideHg2SO4mercury (

12、I) sulfateHgSO4mercury (II) sulfateNaCLOsodium hypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassium dichromateCu3(AsO4)2copper(II) arsenateCr(C2H3O2)3chromium(IV) acetateIV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the follow

13、ing acid. Formula of acidOld nameName of acidH2CO3carbonic acidHClO2chlorous acidHClO4perchloric acidHCNhydrocyanic acidHBrhydrobromic acidH4SiO4silicic acidH3AsO4arsenic acidV. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.i

14、ndicates 4.should expect 5.would cancel 6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussedVI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any subst

15、ance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. Its results was the same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to

16、predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (pKa=3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (pKa=9.22), and cyanide is a s

17、tronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored.VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2eam- H2 + 2CH3GeH2-(2) I2 + 2eam- 2I-(3) (C2H5)2S + 2eam- + NH3 C2H5S- + C2H6

18、 + NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of HydrocarbonsI. Comprehension1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system1CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively)butane, pentane, hexane, octane2(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane3(CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

19、4(CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)25-isopropyl-2-methyloctane5CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane6-CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane7CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2)2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene9CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-CC-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne

20、10CH2=CH-CCH1-buten-3-yne11(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH34-methyl-2-pentanol12CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH33-hexen-2-ol13(CH3)3C-OH2-methyl-2-propanol14(CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane15(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane16(CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol17CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)1,2-proanediol18CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)1

21、,2,3-propanetriol19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane20CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentaneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.13-octeneC-C-C=C-C-C-C-C23-methy-2-heptene3cyclohexene42-pentyneC-CºC-C-C53,3-dimethylhexyne63-bromotoluene7vinyl chlorideC=C-Cl8acetyleneCºC9p

22、ara-dichlorobenzene10m-chlorobromobenzene11toluene12chlorobenzene131,2-dibromobenzene14naphthalene15anthracene16phenanthrene172-methyl-1-propanol18Cyclohexanol 19Methoxyethene 20trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanolIV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1.A 2.A 3.B 4.CV. Each of the foll

23、owing names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.()Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehension1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases g

24、iven below.1.brought out 2.dozen or so; put together 3.are made of ;divided by 4.are different from 5.on the contrary; consist of 6.summed up 7.stand for 8.such as 9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1.with; as 2.to 3.about 4.from 5.into I

25、V. Translation1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. ( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)

26、3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combin

27、es with it to form water.V. Translation玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular SpectroscopyI. Comprehension1.C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B II. Fill in the blanks of; a

28、s; in; out; In; for; for ; of; in; then; to; for;since(for) ; into.III. Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form.1. account for 2.take part in 3.think of .as 4.As compared with 5. is attached to 6.on the contrary 7.As in the case of 8.in contrast with as against

29、9. owing to 10.Except for.Unit 17 CrystallisationI. Comprehension1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall.III. Choose the item from (1) (6) that best matches the i

30、tem in(a) (f) to make a correct sentence. 1a; 2b; 3c; 4d; 5e; 6fVI.Translate the following into Chinese 共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。Uint18 DistillationI. Comprehension1.B 2.D 3.A 4. A II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.In order to

31、 2.in relation to 3. in the case of 4.in the end 5. in a number of 6.lead to 7.a messy way掌握以下词汇:flashdistillation闪蒸 ;exit stream 出流 ;equilibrium curve 平衡曲线; weir 堰; redistillation 重蒸; apparatus 设备;overhead product 塔顶产物; enthalpy 焓; intersection 交点; auxiliary辅助装置; rectifying section精馏段 ;reflux回流; re

32、boller 再沸器; stripping section 汽提（提馏）段;bottom product 塔底产物Unit 21 catalysisI. Comprehension1.A 2.D 3.D 4. B 5.CIV. Translate the following sentences into English(1) We define activity as size (measure) of catalysis of catalyst(2) catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of which mec

33、hanisms are generally consistent(3) Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body.V. Translate the following into English reaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementary reaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative a

34、nalysis; selectivity; metabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylon（or nylon）;qualitative analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry.Unit 22 Cosmetics introductionI. Comprehension1.D 2.A 3.D 4. D 5. (1)True; (2)True; (3) False.II. Fill in the blanks

35、 with the proper word given below.Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment;different; proposed.III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks. 1. for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for(to) 5. of ,about.V、Translate the following into English.对亚苯基二胺，降解，丙烯，头皮屑，洗剂，

36、N-亚硝基二乙醇胺，致癌的， 未成熟（or早熟），香波（or洗发剂）， 激素（荷尔蒙）， 防汗剂， 诱变性， 脱臭剂（芳香剂）， 推论（必然结果）， 甘油VI、Translate the following sentences into Englishsurfactant；environmental pollution；emulsifier；side-effect；dirt；detergent； perspiration；preservative.PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRYUnit7Chemical Bonds化学键There are approx

37、imately 100 chemical elements. 世界上大概有100种元素。There are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year. 现有数百万种化合物，而且每年有60万种新化合物被合成出来。To form these compounds, atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations. be held togetherin specific c

38、ombinations 以特定的方式为了合成这些化合物，不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在一起。Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements. That引导定语从句，修饰forces化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter. plays a role 起作用化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。At room temperature, water is a liquid, carbon d

39、ioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid because of differences in chemical bonding.在室温下，水是液体，二氧化碳是气体，晶体盐是固体，是由于化学键的不同。As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding, they gained the ability to manipulate the structure of compounds. As引导原因状语从句to manipulate the structure

40、 of compounds不定式短语做宾补随着化学家对化学键认识的发展，他们获得了控制化合物结构的能力。Dynamite, birth control pills, synthetic fibers, and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and () have dramatically changed the way we live. 炸药、避孕药、合成纤维，和数以千计的其他产品在实验室中被合成出来，并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。We are now entering an era that

41、 promises (some would say forebodes) even greater change.我们现在进入了一个可望（或者说预言）更大变化的时代。The DNA molecular the chemical basis of heredity carries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA. 分子DNA遗传物质的基础以它的键传递遗传信息。Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human is determined by the arrangement of bo

42、nds in DNA.Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human做主语无论一个生物体是鱼、家禽、河马还是人，都是由于DNA的键的组合方式决定的。Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bonds, and this ability has given them limited control over the structure of living matter. Them, limited control over the structure of l

43、iving matter双宾语科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力，而这种能力给了他们有限的对生物体结构的控制。As techniques of genetic engineering improve, scientists may literally be able to custom-tailor genes.随着基因工程的发展，科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基因。Let us begin our consideration of chemical bonding so that we, too, can understand the forces that control the struc

44、ture of matter, living and nonliving.That引导定语从句修饰forces，living and nonliving，动名词，matter得同位语，修饰matter让我们开始对化学键的论述，并由此理解控制物质，包括有生命体和无生命体，的结构的力。Ionic Bond 离子键Let us look at an atom of the element sodium (Na). 我们看一下钠原子。It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight in the second,

45、 and one in the third. the first energy level第一能级the second energy level第二能级the third energy level第三能级It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight are in the second energy level, and one is in the third energy level. 它有11个电子，其中2个电子在第一能级，8个电子在第二能级，1个电子在第三能级。If the sodium ato

46、m could get rid of an electron, then the product, called a sodium ion, would have the same electron structure as an atom of the noble gas neon (Ne).called a sodium ion 分词短语做非限定，修饰productnoble gas如果钠原子能够失去1个电子，产物称为钠离子，就和惰性气体氖（Ne）具有相同的电子结构。Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion (Na+) and neo

47、n atom (Ne) are not identical. 让我们首先强调一下，钠离子（Na）和氖原子（Ne）并不相同。The electron arrangement is the same, but the nuclei and resulting charges are not. electron arrangement 电子排布resulting charges最终电荷电子排布是相同的，而核及最终电荷是不同的。As long as sodium keeps its 11 protons, it is still a form of sodium, but it is the sodi

48、um ion, not the sodium atom. 只要钠带有11个质子，它就一直是钠，但它是钠离子而不是钠原子。Ions are charged particles, particles in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons. in which 引导非限定定语从句。离子是一种带电粒子，一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子。Positively charged ions are called cations (pronounced “cat-ions”). The sodium ion is a

49、 cation.带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子（音为阳离子）。钠离子是阳离子。If a chlorine atom (Cl) could gain an electron, it would have the same electron structure as the noble gas argon (Ar).如果氯原子（Cl）能够得到一个电子，它将与惰性气体氩（Ar）具有相同的电子结构。The chlorine atom, having gained an electron, becomes negatively charged. It has 17 protons (17+) and 18 e

50、lectrons (18-). It is written Cl- and it called a chloride ion.having gained an electron动名词形式做定语，修饰chlorine atom获得一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷。它具有17个质子（17+）和18个电子（18），写作Cl，称为氯离子。Negatively charged ions are called anions (pronounced “ann-ions”). The chloride ion is an anion.带负电荷的粒子称为阴离子（音为阴离子）。钠离子是阴离子。A sodium form

51、s a less reactive species, a sodium ion, by losing an electron. a less reactive species, a sodium ion同位语钠原子通过失去一个电子形成不活泼的钠离子。A chlorine atom becomes a less reactive chloride ion by gaining an electron. 氯原子通过得到一个电子形成不活泼的氯原子。A chlorine atom cannot just pluck an electron from empty space, nor can a sod

52、ium atom kick out an electron unless something else is willing to take it on. empty space 空白空间、真空空间，意为“凭空”、“无根据”nor作连词，与助动词和情态动词连用，句中主语与动词倒置。He cant see, nor could he hear until a month ago. 他现在看不见，一个月之前他还听不见。She isnt rich, nor do I image that she ever will be. 她现在不富，我看她将来也富不了。kick out 逐出、解雇、开除；意为“失

53、去”They kicked him out (of the club) for fighting.他因为斗殴而被开除（出俱乐部）。something else 别的东西take on 接纳、承受氯原子不能凭空获得一个电子，而钠原子也不能凭空失去一个电子，除非别的东西愿接受电子。What happens when sodium come into contact with chlorine? The obvious. A chlorine atom removes an electron from a sodium e into contact 接触、相遇The obvious

54、显而易见的当钠与氯接触时发现了什么？很明显，氯原子从钠原子处拿走了一个电子。The sodium ion and the chloride ion have electron arrangements (electron configurations) like those of two noble gases (neon and argon, respectively). electron arrangement电子排布electron configurations电子结构钠离子和氯离子的电子排布（电子结构）就象两个惰性气体（氖和氩，相应的）一样。Not only do the ions h

55、ave stable octets of electrons, they also have opposite charges. 它们具有稳定的电子八耦体结构，而且有相反的电荷。Everyone knows that opposites attract. 每个人都知道异性相吸。While this rule of thumb may not always work when applied to people, it works quite well for cations and anions. rule of thumb单凭经验来做的方法，比较粗糙的方法，约略得衡量（或估计）虽然这种经验对人未必适用，但对阴阳离子是非常适用的。The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond, and the combination of sodium ions and chloride ions is the compound sodium chloride or table salt.相反电荷之间的吸引力称为离子键，钠离子和氯离子结合为化合物氯化钠和食盐。Covalent B