最新雅思阅读篇

1、济南新航道学校IELTSREADING雅思阅读高分必备习题集注：本习题集仅供济南新航道内部学员使用，严禁翻印，传阅。ContentsAmateurnaturalist业余自然学家（P3）CommunicatingStylesandConflict交流的方式与冲突（P6）HealthintheWild野生动物自愈.（plO）TheRainmaker人工造雨（P13）Shoemaker-Levy9CollisionwithJupiter舒梅克彗星撞木星（P16）Asecondlookattwinstudies双胞胎研究（P19）TransitofVenus金星凌日（P22）PlaceboEffec

2、t一ThePowerofNothing安慰剂效应（P25）TheoriginsofLaughter笑的起源（P29）RainwaterHarvesting雨水收集（P32）SerendipityTheAccidentalScientists科学偶然性（P36）Terminated!DinosaurEra!恐龙时代的终结（P40）TVADDICTION电视上瘾（P43）ElninoandSeabirds厄尔尼诺和水鸟（P46）TheextinctgrassinBritain英国灭绝的某种草（P50）Educationphilosophy教育的哲学（P53）ThesecretofYawn打哈欠的秘

3、密（P57）consecutiveandsimultaneoustranslation交替传译和同声传译（P60）Numeracy:cananimalstellnumbers?动物会数数么？（P63）Goingnowherefast（P66）Theseedhunters种子收集者（P69）TheconquestofMalariainItaly意大利征服疟疾（P72）READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.文章背景：业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人

4、，平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长，养蜂过程，气候变化，等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据,这种数据叫做“amateurdata”.本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用，以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据，其可信度有多少等问题。AmateurNaturalistsFromtheresultsofanannualAlaskanbettingcontesttosightingsofmigratorybirds,ecologistsareusingawealthofunusualdatatopredicttheimpactofclimatechang.eA

5、TimSparksslidesasmallleather-boundnotebookoutofanenvelope.Thebooksyellowingpagescontainbeekeepingnotesmadebetween1941and1969bythelateWalterCoatesofKilworth,Leicestershire.Headdsittohisgrowingpileoflocaljournals,birdwatcherslistandgardeningdiaries.“Wereuncoveringaboutonemajornewrecordeachmonth,”hesay

6、s,“Istillgetsurprised.”AroundtwocenturiesbeforeCoates,RobertMarsham,alandownerfromNorfolkintheeastofEngland,beganrecordingthelifecyclesofplantsandanimalsonhisestate-whenthefirstwoodanemonesflowered,thedatesonwhichtheoaksburstintoleafandtherooksbegannesting.SuccessiveMarshamscontinuedcompilingtheseno

7、tesfor211years.BToday,suchrecordsarebeingputtousesthattheirauthorscouldnotpossiblyhaveexpected.Thesedatasets,andotherslikethem,areprovinginvaluabletoecologistsinterestedinthetimingofbiologicalevents,orphenology.Bycombiningtherecordswithclimatedata,researcherscanrevealhow,forexample,changesintemperat

8、ureaffectthearrivalofspring,allowingecologiststomakeimprovedpredictionsabouttheimpactofclimatechange.Asmallbandofresearchersiscombingthroughhundredsofyearsofrecordstakenbythousandsofamateurnaturalists.Andmoresystematicprojectshavealsostartedup,producinganoverwhelmingresponse.“Theamountofinterestisal

9、mostfrightening,”saysSparks,aclimateresearcherattheCentreforEcologyandHydrologyinMonksWood,Cambridgeshire.CSparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof“closetphenologists”,ashedescribesthem,whenaretiringcolleaguegavehimtheMarshamrecords.Henowspendsmuchofhistimefollowingleadsfromonehistoricaldatasettoanother.As

10、newsofhisquestspreads,peopletiphimofftootherhistoricalrecords,andmoreamateurphenologistscomeoutoftheirclosets.TheBritishdevotiontorecordingandcollectingmakeshisjobeasier-onemanfromKentsenthim30yearsworthofkitchencalendars,onwhichhehasnotedthedatethathisneighboursmagnoliatreeflowered.DOtherresearcher

11、shaveuneartheddatafromequallyoddsources.RafeSagarin,anecologistatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,recentlystudiedrecordsofabettingcontestinwhichparticipantsattempttoguesstheexacttimeatwhichaspeciallyerectedwoodentripodwillfallthroughthesurfaceofathawingriver.ThecompetitionhastakenplaceannuallyontheTen

12、anaRiverinAlaskasince1917,andanalysisoftheresultsshowedthatthethawnowarrivesfiveyearsearlierthanitdidwhenthecontestbegan.EOverall,suchrecordshavehelpedtoshowthat,comparedwith20yearsago,araftofnaturaleventsnowoccurearlieracrossmuchofthenorthernhemisphere,fromtheopeningofleavestothereturnofbirdsfrommi

13、grationandtheemergenceofbutterfliesfromhibernation.Thedatacanalsohintathownaturewillchangeinthefuture.Togetherwithmodelsofclimatechange,amateursrecordscouldhelpguideconservation.TerryRoot,anecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor,hascollectedbirdwatcherscountsofwildfowltakenbetween1955and1996on

14、seasonalpondsintheAmericanMidwestandcombinedthemwithclimatedataandmodelsoffuturewarming.Heranalysisshowsthatthiencreaseddroughtsthatthemodelspredictcouldhalvethebreedingpopulationsattheponds.“ThenumberofwaterfowlinNorthAmericawillmostprobablydropsignificantlywithglobalwarming,”shesays.FButnotallprof

15、essionalsarehappytouseamateurdata.“Alotofscientistswonttouchthem,theysaytheyretoofullofproblems,”saysRoot.Becausedifferentobserverscanhavedifferentideasofwhatconstitutes,forexample,anopensnowdrop.“Thebiggestconcernwithadhocobservationsishowcarefullyandsystematicallytheyweretaken,”saysMarkSchwartzoft

16、heUniversityofWisconsin,Milwaukee,whostudiestheinteractionsbetweenplantsandclimate.”Weneedtoknowprettypreciselywhatapersonsbeenobserving-iftheyjustsayInotewhentheleavescameout,itmightnotbethatuseful,”Measuringtheonsetofautumncanbeparticularlyproblem-aticbecausedecidingwhenleaveschangecolourisamoresu

17、bjectiveprocessthannotingwhentheyappear.GOverall,mostphenologistsarepositiveaboutthecontributionthatamateurscanmake.“Theygetattherawpowerofscience:carefulobservationofthenaturalworld,”saysSagarin.Buttheprofessionalsalsoacknowledgetheneedforcarefulqualitycontrol.Root,forexample,triestogaugethequality

18、ofanamateurarchivebyinterviewingitscollector.“Youalwayshavetoworry-thingsastrivialasvacationscanaffectmeasurement.Idisregardalotofrecordsbecausetheyrenotrigorousenough,”shesays.Otherssuggestthattherightstatisticscanironoutsomeoftheproblemswithamateurdata.TogetherwithcolleaguesatWageningenUniversityi

19、ntheNetherlands,environmentalscientistArnoldvanVlietisdevelopingstatisticaltechniquestoaccountfortheuncertaintyinamateurphenologicaldata.Withtheenthusiasmofamateurphenologistsevidentfrompastrecords,professionalresearchersarenowtryingtocreatestandardizedrecordingschemesforfutureefforts.Theyhopethatwe

20、ll-designedstudieswillgenerateavolumeofobservationslargeenoughtodrownouttheidiosyncrasiesofindividualrecorders.Thedataarecheaptocollect,andcanprovidebreadthinspace,timeandrangeofspecies.“Itsverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeographicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobservers,”saysRoot.HPhenologyalsoh

21、elpstodrivehomemessagesaboutclimatechange.“Becausethepublicunderstandtheserecords,theyacceptthem,”saysSparks.Itcanalsoillustratepotentiallyunpleasantconsequences,headds,suchasthefindingthatmoreratinfestationsarereportedtolocalcouncilsinwarmeryears.Andgettingpeopleinvolvedisgreatforpublicrelations.“P

22、eoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatatheyvebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientifiitempowersthem,”saysRoot.Questions27-33ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphsA-HWhichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?WritethecorrectletterA-Hinboxes27-33onyouranswersheet.ThedefinitionofphenologyHowSparks

23、firstbecameawareofamateurrecordsHowpeoplereactedtotheirinvolvementindatacollectionThenecessitytoencourageamateurdatacollectionAdescriptionofusingamateurrecordstomakepredictionsRecordsofacompetitionprovidingcluesforclimatechangeAdescriptionofaveryoldrecordcompiledbygenerationsofamateurnaturalistsQues

24、tions34-36CompletethesentencesbelowwithNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassage.Writeyouranswersinboxes34-36onyouranswersheetWalterCoatessrecordslargelycontaintheinformationof.RobertMarshamisfamousforrecordingtheofanimalsandplantsonhisland.Accordingtosomephenologists,globalwarmingmaycausethenumberofwaterfow

25、linNorthAmericatodropsignificantlyduetoincreased.Questions37-40ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.whydoalotofscientistsdiscreditthedatacollectedbyamateurs?AScientificmethodwasnotusedindatacollection.BAmateurobserversarenotcarefulinrecordingtheirdata.CAmateur

26、dataisnotreliable.DAmateurdataisproducedbywrongcandidates.MarkSchwartzusedtheexampleofleavestoillustratethat?AAmateurrecordscantbeused.BAmateurrecordsarealwaysunsystematic.CThecolorchangeofleavesishardtoobserve.DValuableinformationisoftenprecise.Howdothescientistssuggestamateurdatashouldbeused?AUsin

27、gimprovedmethods.BBemorecarefulinobservation.CUserawmaterials.DApplyingstatisticaltechniquesindatacollection.Whatstheimplicationofphenologyforordinarypeople?AItempowersthepublic.BItpromotespublicrelations.CItwarnspeopleofanimalinfestation.DItraisesawarenessaboutclimatechangeinthepublic.READINGPASSAG

28、E2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onthefollowingpage.文章背景：交流的方式与冲突。从古希腊时期开始，一位叫做hippocrate的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更好的处理人与人的冲突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要阐述了四种性格类型：sanguine类型的人活泼积极向上。Phlegmatic是冷静而具有分析性的性格，melancholic类型的人体贴而具有同情心。Choleric类型的人大胆而且直接。在workplace,一个团队需要四种性格的人都有才能保证正常的运

29、转。CommunicatingStylesandConflictKnowingyourcommunicationstyleandhavingamixofstylesonyourteamcanprovideapositiveforceforresolvingconflict.SectionAAsfarbackasHippocratestime(460-370peoplehavetriedtounderstandotherpeoplebycharacterizingthemaccordingtopersonalitytypeortemperament.Hippocratesbelievedther

30、ewerefourdifferentbodyfluidsthatinfluencedfourbasictypesoftemperament.Hisworkwasfurtherdeveloped500yearslaterbyGalen(130-200.Thesedaysthereareanynumberofself-assessmenttoolsthatrelatetothebasicdescriptionsdevelopedbyGalen,althoughwenolongerbelievethesourcetobethetypesofbodyfluidthatdominateoursystem

31、s.SectionBThevalueinself-assessmentsthathelpdeterminepersonalitystyle,learningstyles,communicationstyles,conflict-handlingstyles,orotheraspectsofindividualsisthattheyhelpdepersonalizeconflictininterpersonalrelationships.Thedepersonalizationoccurswhenyourealizethatothersarenttryingtobedifficult,butth

32、eyneeddifferentormoreinformationthanyoudo.Theyrenotintendingtoberude;theyaresofocusedonthetasktheyforgetaboutgreetingpeople.Theywouldliketoworkfasterbutnotattheriskofdamagingtherelationshipsneededtogetthejobdone.Theyunderstandthereisajobtodo,butitcanonlybedonerightwiththeappropriateinformation,which

33、takestimetocollect.Whenusedappropriately,understandingcommunicationstylescanhelpresolveconflictonteams.Veryrarelyareconflictstruepersonalityissues.Usuallytheyareissuesofstyle,informationneeds,orfocus.SectionCHippocratesandlaterGalendeterminedtherewerefourbasictemperaments:sanguine,phlegmatic,melanch

34、olicandcholeric.Thesedescriptionsweredevelopedcenturiesagoandarestillsomewhatapt,althoughyoucouldupdatethewording.Intodaysworld,theytranslateintothefourfairlycommoncommunicationstylesdescribedbelow:SectionDThesanguinepersonwouldbetheexpressiveorspiritedstyleofcommunication.Thesepeoplespeakinpictures

35、.Theyinvestalotofemotionandenergyintheircommunicationanoftenspeakquickly,puttingtheirwholebodyintoit.Theyareeasilysidetrackedontoastorythatmayormaynotillustratethepointtheyaretryingtomake.Becauseoftheirenthusiasmtheyaregreatteammotivators.Theyareconcernedaboutpeopleandrelationships.Theirhighlevelsof

36、energycancomeonstrongattimesandtheirfocusisusuallyonthebiggerpicture,whichmeanstheysometimesmissthedetailsortheproperorderofthings.Thesepeoplefindconflictordifferencesofopinioninvigoratingandlovetoengageinaspiriteddiscussion.Theylovechangeandareconstantlylookingfornewandexcitingadventures.SectionETh

37、ephlegmaticperson-coolandpersevering-translatesintothetechnicalorsystematiccommunicationstyle.Thisstyleofcommunicationisfocusedonfactsandtechnicaldetails.Phlegmaticpeoplehaveanorderly,methodicalwayofapproachingtasks,andtheirfocusisverymuchonthetask,notonthepeople,emotions,orconcernsthatthetaskmayevo

38、ke.Thefocusisalsomoreonthedetailsnecessarytoaccomplishatask.Sometimesthedetailsoverwhelmthebigpictureandfocusneedstobebroughtbacktothecontextofthetask.Peoplewiththisstylethinkthefactsshouldspeakforthemselves,andtheyarenotascomfortablewithconflict.Theyneedtimetoadapttochangeandneedtounderstandboththe

39、logicofitandthestepsinvolved.SectionFThemelancholicpersonwhoissoftheartedandorientedtowarddoingthingsforotherstranslatesintotheconsiderateorsympatheticcommunicationstyle.Apersonwiththiscommunicationstyleisfocusedonpeopleandrelationships.Theyaregoodlistenersanddothingsforotherpeople-sometimestothedet

40、rimentofgettingthingsdoneforthemselves.Theywanttosoliciteveryonesopinionandmakesureeveryoneiscomfortablewithwhateverisrequiredtogetthejobdone.Attimesthisfocusonotherscandistractfromthetaskathand.Becausetheyaresoconcernedwiththeneedsforothersandsmoothingoverissues,theydonotlikeconflict.Theybelievetha

41、tchangethreatensthestatusquoandtendstomakepeoplefeeluneasy,sopeoplewiththiscommunicationstyle,likephlegmaticpeople,needtimetoconsiderthechangesinordertoadapttothem.SectionGThecholerictemperamenttranslatesintotheboldordirectstyleofcommunication.Peoplewiththisstylearebriefintheircommunication-thefewer

42、wordsthebetter.Theyarebigpicturethinkersandlovetobeinvolvedinmanythingsatonce.Theyarefocusedontasksandoutcomesandoftenforgetthatthepeopleinvolvedincarryingoutthetaskshaveneeds.Theydontdodetailworkeasilyandasaresultcanoftenunderestimatehowmuchtimeittakestoachievethetask.Becausetheyaresodirect,theyoft

43、enseemforcefulandcanbeveryintimidatingtoothers.Theyusuallywouldwelcomesomeonechallengingthem,butmostotherstylesareafraidtodoso.Theyalsothriveonchange,themorethebetter.SectionHAwell-functioningteamshouldhaveallofthesecommunicationstylesfortrueeffectiveness.Allteamsneedtofocusonthetask,andtheyneedtota

44、kecareofrelationshipsinordertoachievethosetasks.Theyneedthebigpictureperspectiveorthecontextoftheirwork,andtheyneedthedetailstobeidentifiedandtakencareofforsuccess.Weallhaveaspectsofeachstylewithinus.Someofuscaneasilymovefromonestyletoanotherandadaptourstyletotheneedsofthesituationathand-whetherthef

45、ocusisontasksorrelationships.Forothers,adominantstyleisveryevident,anditismorechallengingtoseethesituationfromtheperspectiveofanotherstyle.Theworkenvironmentcaninfluencecommunicationstyleseitherbythetypeofworkthatisrequiredorbythepredominanceofonestylereflectedinthatenvironment.Somepeopleuseonestyle

46、atworkandanotherathome.Thegoodnewsaboutcommunicationstylesisthatweallhavetheabilitytodevelopflexibilityinourstyles.Thegreatertheflexibilitywehave,themoreskilledweusuallyareathandlingpossibleandactualconflicts.Usuallyithastoberelevanttoustodoso,eitherbecausewethinkitisimportantorbecausethereareincent

47、ivesinourenvironmenttoencourageit.Thekeyisthatwehavetowanttobecomeflexiblewithourcommunicationstyle.AsHenryFordsaid,“Whetheryouthinkyoucanoryoucant,youreright!”Questions27-34Readingpassage3haseightsectionsA-H.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachsectionfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-xinb

48、oxes2734onyouranswersheet.ListofheadingsSummarizingpersonalitytypesCombinedstylesforworkplacePhysicalexplanationAlivelypersonwhoencouragesDemandingandunsympatheticpersonalityLazyandcarelesspersonalityThebenefitsofunderstandingcommunicationstylesCautiousandcaringFactualandanalyticalpersonalitySelf-as

49、sessmentdeterminesonestemperamentSectionASectionBSectionCSectionDSectionESectionFSectionGSectionHQuestions35-39DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3？Inboxes35-39onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformatio

50、nNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisItisbelievedthatsanguinepeopledislikevariety.Melancholicandphlegmaticpeoplehavesimilarcharacteristics.Managersoftenselecttheirbestemployeesaccordingtopersonalitytypes.38Itispossibletochangeonespersonalitytype.39Workplaceenvironmentcanaffectwhichcommunicationstyle

51、ismosteffective.Question40ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorDWriteyouranswersinbox40onyouranswersheet.Thewriterbelievesusingself-assessmenttoolscanAhelptodeveloponespersonality.Bhelptounderstandcolleaguesbehavior.Cimproveonesrelationshipwiththeemployer.Ddirectlyresolveconflicts.READINGPASSAGE3文章背景：野生动物存在

52、一种先天性的本领那就是生病后其本能可以让其借助某些物质到治病的效果。例如某些鸟类例如Macaws会吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素。更有趣的是，某位科学家观察到大猩猩总是会吃某种树叶，吃的时候表情痛说明并非好吃，后来该科学家发现大猩猩吃树叶是为了利用其自身不能消化树叶排出肠道的parasite(寄生虫)。这一点表明动物先天是有自我医治的本能的.HealthintheWildManyanimalsseemabletotreattheirillnessesthemselves.Humansmayhaveathingortwotolearnfromthem.ForthepastdecadeDrEngel,

53、alectureinenvironmentalsciencesatBritainsOpenUniversity,hasbeencollatingexamplesofself-medicatingbehaviorinwildanimals.Sherecentlypublishedabookonthesubject.InatalkattheEdinburghscienceFestivalearlierthismonth,sheexplainedthattheideathatanimalscantreatthemselveshasbeenregardedwithsomeskepticismbyher

54、colleaguesinthepast.Butagrowingnumberofanimalbehaviouristsnowthinkthatwildanimalscananddodealwiththeirownmedicalneeds.Oneexampleofself-medicationwasdiscoveredin1987.MichaelHuffmanandMohamediSeifu,workingintheMahaleMountainsNationalParkinTanzania,noticedthatlocalchimpanzeessufferingfromintestinalworm

55、swoulddosethemselveswithpithofaplantcalledVeronia.Thisplantproducespoisonouschemicalscalledterpenes.Itspithcontainsastrongenoughconcentrationtokillgutparasites,butnotsostrongastokillchimps(norpeople,forthatmatter;localsusethepithforthesamepurpose).Giventhattheplantisknownlocallyas“goat-killer”,howev

56、er,itseemsthatnotallanimalsareassmartaschimpsandhumans.Someconsumeitindiscriminately,andsuccumb.SincetheVeronia-eatingchimpswerediscovered,moreevidencehasemergedsuggestingthatanimalsofteneatthingsformedicalratherthannutritionalreasons.Manyspecies,forexample,consumedirt-abehaviorknownasgeophagy.Histo

57、rically,thepreferredexplanationwasthatsoilsuppliesmineralssuchassalt.Butgeophagyoccursinareaswheretheearthisnotausefulsourceofminerals,andalsoinplaceswheremineralscanbemoreeasilyobtainedfromcertainplantsthatareknowntoberichinthem.Clearly,theanimalsmustbegettingsomethingelseoutofeatingearth.Thecurren

58、tbeliefisthatsoil-andparticularlytheclayinit-helpstodetoxifythedefensiveposionsthatsomeplantsproduceinanattempttopreventthemselvesfrombeingeaten.Evidenceforthedetoxifyingnatureofclaycamein1999,fromanexperimentcarriedoutonmacawsbyJamesGilardiandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,Macawseat

59、seedscontainingalkaloids,agroupofchemicalsthathassomenotoriouslytoxicmemberssuchasstrychnine.Inthewild,thebirdsarefrequentlyseenperchedonerodingriverbankseatingclay.DrGillardifedonegroupofmacawsamixtureofaharmlessalkaloidandclay,andasecondgroupjustthealkaloid.Severalhourslater,themacawsthathadeatent

60、heclayhad60%lessalkaloidintheirbloodstreamsthanthosethathadnot,suggestingthatthehypothesisiscorrect.Otherobservationsalsosupporttheideathatclaysisdetoxifying.Towardsthetropicstheamounttoxiccompoundsinplantsincreases-andsodoestheamountofeartheatenbyherbivores.Elephantslickclayfrommudholesallyeararoun