历年短句简答（2006-2011）

1、历年短句简答（2006-2011）201106Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.How good are you at saying “no”? For many, its surprisingly difficult. This is especially true ofeditors, who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do. Consider these scenarios:Its

2、late in the day. That front page package youve been working on is nearly complete;one last edit and its finished. Enter the executive editor, who makes a suggestion requiring a more-than-modest rearrangement of the design and the addition of an information box. You want to scream: “No! Its done!” Wh

3、at do you do?The first rule of saying no to the boss is dont say no. She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and its up to you to find out what. The second rule is dont raise the stakes by challenging her authority. That issue is already decided. The third rule is to be ready

4、to cite options and consequences. The bosss suggestions might be appropriate, but there are always consequenses. She might not know about the pages backing up that need attention, or about the designer who had to go home sick. Tell her she can have what she wants, but explain the consequences. Under

5、stand what shes trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will make it happen without destroying what youve done so far.Here is another case. Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea. This one should be easy, but its not. If you say no, even politely, you risk inhibiting further

6、ideas, not just from that reporter,but from others who heard that you turned down the idea. This scenario is common in newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter story suggestions.Two steps are necessary. First, you need a system for how stories are preposed and reviewed. Reporters can tolerate

7、rejection of their ideas if they believe they were given a fair hearing. Your gut reaction (本能反应) and dismissive rejection, even of a worthless idea, might not qualify as systematic or fair.Second, the people you work with need to negotiate a “What if?” agreement covering “What if my idea is turned

8、town?” How are people expected to react? Is there an appeal process？Can they refine the idea and resubmit it? By anticipating “What if?” situations before they happen, you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontations.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。47. Instead of directly saying to your

9、boss, you should find out _.48. The authors second warning is that we should avoid running a greater risk by _.49. One way of responding to your bosss suggestion is to explain the _ to her and offeran alternative solution.50. To ensure fairness to reporters, it is important to set up a system for st

10、ories to _.51. People who learn to anticipate “What if?” situations will be able toreach understanding andavoid _.参考答案47. what is in your bosss mind48. challenging our bosss authority49. possible consequences50. be proposed and reviewed51. confrontations201012Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are based on

11、 the following passage.Most young boys are trained to believe that men should be strong, tough, cool, and detached. Thus, they learn early to hide vulnerable emotions such as love, joy, and sadness because they believe that such feelings are feminine and imply weakness. Over time, some men become st

12、rangers to their own emotional lives. It seems that men with traditional views of masculinity are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions, supposedly because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure (镇定). Keep in mind, however, that this view is challenged by some research

13、ers. As with many gender gaps, differences in emotionality tend to be small, inconsistent, and dependent on the situation. For instance, Robertson and colleagues found that males who were more traditionally masculine were more emotionally expressive in a structured exercise than when they were simpl

14、y asked to talk about their emotions.Males difficulty with “tender” emotions has serious consequences. First, suppressed emotions can contribute to stress-related disorders. And worse, men are less likely than women to seek help from health professionals. Second, mens emotional inexpressiveness can

15、cause problems in their relationships with partners and children. For example, men who endorse traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction, as do their female partners. Further, children whose fathers are warm, loving, and accepting toward them have higher self-esteem and lowe

16、r rates of aggression and behavior problems. On a positive note, fathers are increasingly involving themselves with their children. And 30 percent of fathers report that they take equal or greater responsibility for their children than their working wives do.One emotion males are allowed to express

17、is anger. Sometimes this anger translates into physical aggression or violence. Men commit nearly 90 percent of violent crimes in the United States and almost all sexual assaults.47. Most young boys have been trained to believe that men who show tender feelings are considered to be _.48. Some men be

18、lieve that if they expressed their emotions openly they might _.49. According to the author, men who suppress their emotions may develop _.50. Men who observe traditional masculine norms are said to derive less satisfaction from _.51. When males get angry, they can become _ or even commit violence.参

19、考答案47.feminine and weak48. lose composure49. stress-related disorders50. their relationship with partners51. aggressive201006Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Question: My ninth-grade art teacher doesnt give any grade above 94% because, she says, Theres always room for i

20、mprovement. In previous years, I earned a 99% and a 100%. The 94 I received this term does not reflect the hard work that I put into this course. Because of her improvement theory, I got a lower grade than I deserve. Is her grading philosophy ethical (符合职业道德规范的)?Answer: Your teachers grading system

21、may be unwise, but it is not unethical. A teacher deserves wide latitude in selecting the method of grading that best promotes learning in her classroom; that is, after all, the prime function of grades. It is she who has the training and experience to make this decision. Assuming that your teacher

22、is neither biased nor corrupt and that her system conforms to school rules, you cant fault her ethics.You can criticize her methodology. A 100 need not imply that there is no possibility of improvement, only that a student successfully completed the course work. A ninth grader could get a well-earne

23、d 100 in English class but still have a way to go before she writes as well as Jane Austen. Whats more, grades are not only an educational device but are also part of a screening system to help assign kids to their next class or program. By capping her grades at 94 while most other teachers grade on

24、 a scale that tops out at 100, your teacher could jeopardize a students chance of getting a scholarship or getting into a top college.What it is wrong to condemn her for is overlooking your hard work. You diligence is worthy of encouragement, but effort does not equal accomplishment. If scholars sud

25、denly discovered that Rembrandt had dashed off The Night Watch in an afternoon, it would still be The Night Watch.I could spend months sweating over my own paintings, but Id produce something you wouldnt want to hang in your living room. Or your garage.One feature of a good grading system is that th

26、ose measured by it generally regard it as fair and reasonablenot the case here. Simmering (难以平息的) resentment is seldom an aid to education. And so your next step should be to discuss your concerns with your teacher or the principal.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47. The ninth-grader thought that his art teacher

27、should have given him _.48. According to the answer, a teacher should have the freedom to _ to encourage learning.49. We learn from the answer that a student who gets a 100 should still work hard and keep _.50. The example of Rembrandts painting suggests that a distinction should be made between _.5

28、1. The ninth-grader is advised to go to his teacher or the principal to _.参考答案47 a grade above 94/ a higher grade48 select the method of grading49 improving50 effort and accomplishment51 discuss his concern200912Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Many countries have made

29、it illegal to chat into a hand-held mobile phone while driving. But the latest research further confirms that the danger lies less in what a motorists hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain. Even using a “hands-free” device can divert a drivers attention to an

30、alarming extent.Melina Kunar of the University of Warwick, and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in difficulty to dr

31、iving. One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a conversation using a speakerphone. As Kunar and Horowitz report, those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not. That, they calculate, wou

32、ld add 5.7 metres to the braking distance of a car travelling at 100kph. They also found that the group using the hands-free kit made 83% more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking.To try to understand more about why this was, they tried two further tests. In one, members of a group

33、were asked simply to repeat words spoken by the caller. In the other, they had to think of a word that began with the last letter of the word they had just heard. Those only repeating words performed the same as those with no distraction, but those with the more complicated task showed even worse re

34、action timesan average of 480 milliseconds extra delay. This shows that when people have to consider the information they hear carefully, it can impair their driving ability significantly.Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though they can be seen fro

35、m outside the car. Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer. Who knows, they might even come to enjoy not having to take calls.47. Carrying on a mobile phone conversation while one is driving is considered dangerous because it se

36、riously distracts _.48. In the experiments, the two groups of volunteers were asked to handle a series of moving tasks which were considered _.49. Results of the experiments show that those who were making the equivalent of a handsfree call took to react than those who were not _.50. Further experim

37、ents reveal that participants tend to respond with extra delay if they are required to do _.51. The author believes persuasion, rather than _, might be the only way to stop people from using mobile phones while driving.参考答案47. a drivers attention 48. equivalent in difficulty to driving49. more time5

38、0. carful thinking/consideration51. punishing 200906Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.There is nothing new about TV and fashion magazines giving girls unhealthy ideas about how thin they need to be in order to be considered beautiful. What is surprising is the method psy

39、chologists at the University of Texas have come up with to keep girls from developing eating disorders. Their main weapon against super skinny (role) models: a brand of civil disobedience dubbed “body activism.”Since 2001, more than 1,000 high school and college students in the U.S. have participate

40、d in the Body Project, which works by getting girls to understand how they have been buying into the notion that you have to be thin to be happy or successful. After critiquing (评论) the so-called thin ideal by writing essays and role-playing with their peers, participants are directed to come up wit

41、h and execute small, nonviolent acts. They include slipping notes saying “Love your body the way it is” into dieting books at stores like Borders and writing letters to Mattel, makers of the impossibly proportioned Barbie doll.According to a study in the latest issue of the Journal of Consulting and

42、 Clinical Psychology, the risk of developing eating disorders was reduced 61% among Body Project participants. And they continued to exhibit positive body-image attitudes as long as three years after completing the program, which consists, of four one-hour sessions. Such lasting effects may be due t

43、o girls realizing not only how they were being influenced but also who was benefiting from the societal pressure to be thin. “These people who promote the perfect body really dont care about you at all,” says Kelsey Hertel, a high school junior and Body Project veteran in Eugene, Oregon. “They purpo

44、sefully make you feel like less of a person so youll buy their stuff and theyll make money.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47. Were do girls get the notion that they need to be thin in order to be considered beautiful?48. By promoting “body activism,” University of Texas psychologists aim to prevent _.49. Accord

45、ing to the author, Mattels Barbie dolls are _.50. The positive effects of the Body Project may last up to _.51. One Body Project participant says that the real motive of those who promote the perfect body is to _.参考答案47 TV and fashion magazines48 developing eating disorders49 impossibly proportioned

46、50 3 years51 make money200812Section A Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.One of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Forbes magazine identified Nikes president, P

47、hilip Knight, as the 53rd-richestman in the world in 2004. But Nike has not always been a large multimillion-dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets.In the late1950s Philip Knight was a middle-distance runner on the University

48、 of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the top track coaches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent. After attending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford U

49、niversity; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes. Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the companys officials of the potential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first

50、 shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total.In 1964, Knight and Bowerman contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets. The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes.

51、 The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field. In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entre

52、preneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal; people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting systems, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared

53、values of the athletes on Bowermans teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes.47. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were _.48. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the o

54、fficials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company that its product would have_.49. Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of_ in North America. 50. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out_.51. What qualities of Bowermans teams formed the bas

55、is of Nikes early management style?_.参考答案47. lighter and more absorbent.48. the potential in the U.S.49. established athletic footwear industry50. informally.51. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes.200806Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.if movie trailers(预告片)are su

56、pposed to cause a reaction, the preview for United 93 more than succeeds. Featuring no famous actors, it begins with images of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane. It takes you a minute to realize what the movies even about. Thats when a plane hits the World Trade Center. the eff

57、ect is visceral(震撼心灵的). When the trailer played before Inside Man last week at a Hollywood theater, audience members began calling out, Too soon! In New York City, the response was even more dramatic. The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after sev

58、eral complaints.United 93 is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. Is it too soon? Should the film have been made at all? More to the point, will anyone want to see it? Other 9/11 projects are on the way as the

59、fifth anniversary of the attacks approaches, most notably Oliver Stones World Trade Center. but as the forerunner, United 93will take most of the heat, whether it deserves it or not.The real United 93 crashed in a Pennsylvania field after 40 passengers and crew fought back against the terrorists. Wr

60、iter-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred, proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every victims family. Was I surprised at the agreement? Yes. Very. Usually therere one or two families whore more reluctant, Greeng