托福阅读小班讲义

1、托福强化阅读 词汇题一词多义 例 1 Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs andequipment capable of transforming raw weather datao words, symbols, and vivid graphic displayst forecasters canret easily and quickly.The word “raw”he passage is closesteaning tostormy inaccura

2、te uncooked unprosed例 2 The explois also calculated to have produced vastties of nitric acid and melted rockt sprayed out overmuch of Earth, starting widespread firest musve consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland.The word “consumed”he passage is closesthe meaning tochanged exed destroyed co

3、vered例 3 The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals.The word “finely” is closesteaning tominu y loosely sensitively purely词性活用 例 1 One potential problem ist opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishesand tends to slow the

4、m down. Some species of tuna have spelized groovesheir tongue. It is thoughtt thesegrooves help to channel water through the mound out the gill slits, thereby reducing water.The word “channel”he passage is closestReduce Remove Direct Provideeaning to例 2 In seeking to describe the origins of theater,

5、 one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concreteevidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, chioned by anthropologistsmyth and ritual. The prohe late nineteenndearly twentieth centuries, envis theater as emerging out ofs perceived by theseanthropologists may be

6、 summarized briefly.The word “chioned”he passage is closesteaning tochanged debated created supported例 4 snowfall consists of myriads of minute ice crystalst fall to the groundhe form of frozen precipi ion.The word “minute” is closesttiny quick clear sharp生词猜义解释线索eaning to例 1 These ponderous machine

7、s sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses red the grain, threshed it, andbagged it,simultaneous operation.The word “ponderous” is closesteaning toadvanced heavy complex ra例 2Among all the abilities with which an individual may be endowed, musical talent appears ear st in life. Very young children c

8、an exhibit musical precocity for different reasons. Some develop exceptional skill as a result of a well-designed instructional regime, such as the Suzuki method for the violin. Some have the goodfortune to be borno a musical family in a household filled with music.The word “precocity”he passage is

9、closesteaning toal stylestrongerest good luck advanced skill 例 3 Fossils are the remains and tra(such as footpr s or other marks) of ancient plant and animal lifet are more1n 10,000 years old.The word “tra” is closesteaning tostructures importance skeletons impr s例 4 What the proxy records make abun

10、dantly clear ist there have been significant natural changeshe climate overtimescales longern a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climatehe past10.000 years (the Holocene period).The word “striking ”he passage is closestnoticeable confusing adj. true unl

11、ikelyeaning to例 7 If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they cane chilled to a powhere the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid hightemperaturesThe word “fatal”t are also fatal to the growing emb

12、ryo.he passage is closesteaning toclose hot natural deadly例 8 The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Withitical distance ofjust a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.The word “dramat

13、ic”he passage is closestgradual complex visible striking1.3.2 搭配线索eaning to例 1Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on otheople, including their parents, because even the mostattentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immedia y.The word “gratify ”he passage is closesteaning

14、 toidentify modify satisfy simplify例 2 More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship wi significance.ny largerThe word “endowing”he passage is closesteaning toleaving exing providing understanding例 3 This is particularly true for treeshe middle and u

15、pper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereashe tropics the trees reach their greater heightshe valleys.The word “attain”he passage is closesteaning torequire resist achieve endure例 4 Reliance onmemorable words.evimeanst increasingly our political world contains memorable pi

16、ctures rathernThe word “reliance” is closesteaning toabundance clarification dependence information平行、转折、排比、递进线索例 1 The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing.The word “flourishing” is closesteaning tothriving changing devas ing flushing例 2 The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of

17、 adobe and wood.Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and wereentered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D.,the Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and jotogethero rambling multistoried complexes, which the Spanish called pueblos or villages.heThe word “pits” is closesteanin

18、g tostages Scars seeds holes2例 3 Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of theteacher-as-reflective-practitioner will noppen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.The word “compelling”he passage is closesteaning tocommonly held

19、 persuasive original practical例 4 Time passed, and glaciers advanced and receded. Mammoths, saber-toothed tigers and dire wolves(canids with enormous heads) came and went.The word“ receded”he passage is closesteaning toflourished retreated disappear evolved例 5 The pa ings rest on bare walls, with no

20、 backdrops or environmental traps.The word “traps”he passage is closesteaning toconditions problems influendecorations感彩线索例 1By the 1850s and 1860s, there was a great distrust among write andellectuals of the raindustrialization ofwhich the railroad was a leading force. Deeply philosophical historia

21、nch as Henry Adams lamented the rolet thenew frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued amongwriters throughout the rest of the nineteenth century ando the twentieth.The word “lamented” is closesteaning tocomplained about yzed explain

22、ed reflected on例 2 Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks environment.t drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming theThe word “foul”he passage is closesteaning toReach Flood Pollute Alter词根词缀线索例 1 A folk culture is small,isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient gr

23、oupt is homogeneous incustom and race, wistrong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.The word “homogeneous” is closesteaning touniform general primitive traditional例 2 As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the mythsve grown up around the rites may continue aspart of

24、the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When thisoccurs, thestep has been taken toward theater as an autonomouivity, and thereafter entertaent andaesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and solly efficacious concerns.

25、The word “autonomous”he passage is closesteaning to:Artistic Important Independent Established例 3 There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. Atthought it seemsincrediblet there can be enough spacehe “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.The word “in

26、credible”he passage is closesteaning toconfusing例 4 Althoughcomforting unbe vableerestingernmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were lessn sucsful, the ordinary course ofeconomic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business spelization became the order of the day.The wor

27、d “eradicate”eliminate exploit he passage is closestanize operateeaning to例 5 An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specificenough sot there are no problems inreting the results. Even questionst are less structured must be carefully

28、3phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired.The word elicit in line 18 is closesteaning tocome rule out predict bring out二 指代题College students asked to predict their own future compared tot of their classmates be ved, oage,tthey were more likely to graduate higherheir class, get a be

29、tter job, earn a higher salary, have a happier marriage,and bear a gifted child.The word“they”he passage refers tostudents classmates futures salaryAs the snow is deeper and lasts longerhe valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even thoughthey are more exed to high-velocity win

30、ds and poor, thin soils there.he tropics, the valleys appear to be morefavorabecause they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.The word “they”he passage refers tovalleys treesheights ridgesOther s ues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting,

31、for instance, in front of the monumentalentrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or betnpillars: their frontality worked perfectly withhe architectural context.The word “they”he passage refers tos ues gateways temples pillared courtsMost

32、 gulls keep the nest area clear of drops, and remove empty eggss after the chicks have hatched, sotthe location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggss, make

33、s its location very conspicuous. The word “it” refers tolocation edge nest practice指代题的排除技巧Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of s us, but they were divided by ethnic andral antagonisms, gender,ing religiouss, occupational differen, political party loyalties, anddi

34、sagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of theirloss of independence and a measure of control over their lives.The word “them”he passage refers toWorkers Political patty loyalties Disagreements over tactics Agents of opportunityT

35、he fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualitiest also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tuckedospel grooves or depress sot theyflush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanesretract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.The word “they”he passage re

36、fers toQualities Fins Grooves DepressPakicetus is a transitional form betn a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. Ithas been suggestedt Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for lifehe open ocean. Itprobably bred and gave birth on land.The w

37、ord “it”Pakicetus FishLifehe passage refers to4oceanIn classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of an anger, disgust, fear,happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being dctedhem.The word “them”he passage refer

38、s toEmotions People Photographs Cultures若 they，it ，them 出现在句首常指前半句或前一句的主语Pakicetus is a transitional form betn a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. Ithas been suggestedt Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for lifehe open ocean. Itprobab

39、ly bred and gave birth on land.The word “it”he passage refers toPakicetus Fish Life oceanWith the advent of projection, the viewers relationship with the image was no longrivate, as id been witht reproducedear r peepshow devisuch as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machinemotio

40、n by means of sucsive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenlybecame public-an experiencet the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and evendreds of others. At the same time,the imaget the spec or looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimens of 1

41、or 2 inches (in height) tothe life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.The word “it”he passage refers toThe advent of projectionThe viewers relationship with the imageA similar machineCelluloidWorkers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of s us, but they were divided by ethnic

42、andral antagonisms, gender,ing religiouss, occupational differen, political party loyalties, anddisagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of theirloss of independence and a measure of control over their lives.The word “them”Worke

43、rshe passage refers toPolitical patty loyaltiesDisagreements over tacticsAgents of opportunityUnder very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas,and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them hugeties of eroded

44、rock debris.The word “them”he passage refers toCold areas Masses of iceValleysRock debrisThese anthropologists, called ethnologists, sift through the ethnographies written by field anthropologists and try todiscover cross-cultural patterns in marriage, child rearing, religious be fs and practi, warf

45、areany subjecttconstitutes the human experience. They often use their findings to argue for or against particular hypotheses aboutpeople worldwide.The word “they”he passage refers to:researciversitiesethnologists5field anthropologistsmuseumsThe Freudianthe stage for future explo, in a sense: sees us

46、 as engines. By holding in rathern venting , we sets. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents inindirect waych as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.The word “they”he passage refers toFuture explosPent-up aggressive

47、impulsesOutletsIndirect waysThe flash was fired by piercing the bulb and allowing the oxygen to comeo contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire by passing a small current through it .The word “it”oxygenbulbflashwirehe pas

48、sage refers to常考的人称代词是：this/theset/thoseMany millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kindof flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention.The word “this”he passage refers tothe spread of

49、ferns and mosses in Hawaiithe creation of the Hawaiian Islandsthe evolution of fernsthe development of plantst produeedsBirds also display remarkabehavior in collecting building materials. Crows have been seen to tear off stout greentwigs, and sparrow hawks will dive purefully onto a branctil it sna

50、ps and then hang upside down to break it off.Golden eagles, over generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after id been dislodgedby high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however,

51、is only relative to their size and most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twentypercent of their body weight.The word thesegolden eaglesgenerationswindsnestshe passage refers toevihas altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on whiost of us rely arebriefern

52、 they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politins and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours,which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 106second sound bite in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeche

53、s is nott standing in front of thepolitin but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.The word the passage refers toaudiencebroadcast newspolitinadvertisement指代线索之平行结构平行结构常有：some/mostothers oneanother a.the onenot only.but alsothe formerthe latterAnimals

54、 live virtually in any placet we look at on Earth. From the tops of mountains to the bottom of the oceans, wefind animals. They have adapted to wide variety of climates and conditions. Some tolerate extreme heat. Others arefound in extreme cold, such as the Arctic Circle. Worms have even been found

55、livinghe glal ice.The word “ others”mountainsoceansanimalswormshe passage refers toMolt of the flight feathers is the most highlyanized part of the pros. Some species, for exle, begin bydropthe outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balancehe air) and wait until the replacement feathersa

56、re about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primaryfeathers and work outward. Yet other species beginhe middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed theirwing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or threeks while

57、 the replacement feathers growThe word Othershe passage refers toduckssidesspeciesflight feathers Ants provide exles of both public (acsible to other species) and private messages. One of their mostimportant private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keng secret. Each species marks i

58、ts trails withsignalst are meaningless to others, sot an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notinothing.On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnesary. Many kinds of ants perceive a naturalition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an

59、 outsider recognizes this message and movesthe body, no harm is done.The word othershe passage refers toprivate messagesspeciestrailssignals7In Southwest Francehe 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chamberst contain huge prehistoric pa ings of animals. Many of

60、 these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Somefollow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and pa ed mostly in reds, yellow, and browns.The word “others”C