托福写作审题结构和提纲

审题，结构和提纲一、价值判断类型（should,important,necessary,prefer,better）Peopleshouldinsistonachallengingplanratherthanapracticalplan.Universitiesstudentsshouldberequiredtotakehistorycoursesnomatterwhatfieldtheystudy.Alow-paidbutsecurejobisbetterthanajobwithahighsalarybuteasytolose.结构回答why？1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（原因一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（原因二）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（原因三）+举例分析+总结5.让步段(Admittedly中心句+分析+However中心句+分析)6.总结若题目中仅有一个事物，让步段可写可不写。若写，则比较这个事物的优缺点。若题目中有两个比较对象，最好有一个让步段比较这两个对象。Ppelsocietytomoveforward(theinventionofplanes,computers,internet)3.forsterthevalueofperseverance(Edison,Nobel)4.bringhappyaccidents(thecreationofgunpowder)5.Admittedly,practicalplansarelikelytosucceed,butareseldommotivating.However,challeningplanscanmotivatepeople,arouseenthusiamandpromotecreativity.6.summaryPeopleshouldinsistonachallengingplanratherthanapracticalplan.1.practicalplans2.accomplishtheplanwithhighqualityontime(homework)3.buildupconfidencetoundertaketasks(marathon)4.ensurethesteadyprogressofabusiness,anorganizationorevenasociety(achainstoreexpandstooquicklytogobankrupt;greatleapofeconomy)5.Admittedly,challengingplansaremoreexciting.However,challeningplanscanmakepeoplestressed,anxiousandlikelytomakemistakes.6.summaryUniversitiesstudentsshouldberequiredtotakehistorycoursesnomatterwhatfieldtheystudy.1.shouldnot2.causemoreacademicpressure(amedicalstudent)3.unnecessarycostforstudents(hiremorehistoryteachers;theincreasedcostwillbereflectedinthetuitionfee)4.Admittedly,takinghistorycoursecanemulatesuccefulmodels,cultivatepatriotismandasenseofreponsibilityforthesociety.However,thisknowledgecanbeacquiredthroughmanyothermeanssuchasbooks,magazines,TVdocumentaries,theInternet,etc.5.summaryUniversitiesstudentsshouldberequiredtotakehistorycoursesnomatterwhatfieldtheystudy.1.should2.studyhistorysystematically(teacher,referenceswhicharereliable,butinfofromothermeanssuchastheInternetisnotcredible)3.getinspiredbyelitesinhistory(A.Lincoln,Franklin)4.cultivateapatriotismandasenseofresponsibiltyforsociety(war,theprogressofasociety,theestablishmentofacountry)5.Admittedly,takinghistorycoursetakestimeandenergy.However,comparedtothebenefits,theeffortsandcostsareworthwhile.6.summaryAlow-paidbutsecurejobisbetterthanajobwithahighsalarybuteasytolose.1.ajobwithahighsalary2.guaranteesbettermateriallife(food,medicine,health;spiritualenjoyment)3.meansbettersocialstatus,i.e.respectandrecognitionfromthesociety(doctors,businesslearders,highsalaryisequaltocapability)4.Admittedly,securejobscanmakepeoplefeellesspressure,butwithoutahighincome,apersonhastomaketowiththesecondbest.5.summaryAlow-paidbutsecurejobisbetterthanajobwithahighsalarybuteasytolose.1.asecurejob2.lesspressure(physicalandmentalhealth,teacher)3.moretimeandenergytopursuepersonalhobbiesandinterest(myaunt,notmuchmoney,butenjoybrushpainting,growingflowers,enjoylife)4.moretimetopendwithfamilymemberstocreateaharmoniousfamily(Liyang,thefounderofCrazyEnglish,highsalarybutonbusiness,lesstimewithfamily,lesscommunication,breakup)5.Admittedly,highsalarycanguaranteemateriallife,butwithoutenjoymentoflife,it'smeaningless.6.summary二、现象证明类Advertisementsmaketheproductsseembetterthantheyreallyare.Technologymakespeople'slivessimplerormorecomplicated.Moviesandtelevisionhavemorenegativeeffectsthanpositiveeffectsonyoungpeople.结构回答How？1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（分析一或拆分举例类别一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（分析二或拆分举例类别二）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（分析三或拆分举例类别三）+举例分析+总结（让步段可要可不要，想不够观点就要)5.总结Advertisementsmaketheproductsseembetterthantheyreallyare.1.agree2.exageratedfunctionsandeffects(dietpillsbutnoteffectiveatall)3.celebrities(Jaychou,milkteabutnothealty,northattasty;sportsstar,calciumpillsbutnohelp,sportswearbutnotextraordinary)4.misleadingpictures(mouth-wateringfriedchipsbutofhighcalories,magicalpowerwhichhasnothingtodowiththetoy)5.summaryTechnologymakespeople'puters(supermarket,outofpower,cashier'sdeskiscomputer-basedthusoutofservice.)3.theInternet(on-lineshopping,someproductscanonlybeboughtfromon-line,xiaomicellphone;givingawayone'spersonalinformation;fraud,junkmail)4.nuclearenergy(leakage,radiation,Japannuclearpowerplant)5.summaryMoviesandtelevisionhavemorenegativeeffectsthanpositiveeffectsonyoungpeople.1.morepositiveeffects2.widenhorizon(expandoutlook,knowtheworld.ThreeIdiots,Aroundtheword)3.educational(TheWorldofAnimals,learnzoology;TheLetureRoom,learnChinesecultureandhistory;Ted,motivatingandinspiring)4.entertainment(relax,cartoons,talkshows,comedies,happiness,espacefromheavywork,moreenergeticandefficient)5.Admittedly,negativeeffects,addiction,violence,unnecussarynuidity.However,withguidance,moreadvantages.6.summary3.今昔对比类Peoplearenoweasiertobecomeeducatedthaninthepast.Peopleinthepastwereeaisertobehappyandsatisfiedthantheyaretoday.Intwentyyears,therewillbefewercarsinusethanintoday.结构1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（变化因素一）+现在情况+对比过去情况3.中心句（变化因素二）+现在情况+对比过去情况4.中心句（变化因素三）+现在情况+对比过去情况5.总结Peoplearenoweasiertobecomeeducatedthaninthepast.1.agree2.moreshcoolsandbetterfacilities.Now,privateschool,publicschools,vocationalschools,trainingcenter,summerschool.Lab,library,etc.Inthepast,...3.diversemeansofgettingeducated.On-linecourses,openclasses,variousresourcesforself-study.Enlgish,video,audio,etc.Inthepast,...4.womenhaveequalrightstohaveeducation.Inthepast,....5.better-offlife,moneytogeteducation.Inthepast,...6.SummaryPeopleinthepastwereeaisertobehappyandsatisfiedthantheyaretoday.1.disagree2.betterlivingstandardsfreepeopleofstarvation,cold,etc.Inthepast,...grandma,1942starvation3.advancedmedicalconditionsguaranteealongerlifespan.Inthepast,...supersition,witchdoctors.4.high-techbringsmuchconvenience.Inthepast,...travel,getintouch,awayfromhome,homesick5.SummaryIntwentyyears,therewillbefewercarsinusethanintoday.1.agree2.lesspetroleum,higheroilprices.statistics.in20years,thegeneralpublicmaynotbeabletoaffordit.3.thetrendoflow-carbonproducts,caremission,globalwarming,environmentprotection,in20years,environmentproblemsaresevereenoughforcitizenstotakeactionimmediately.4.therapiddevelopmentofpublictransportationsystems,in20ys,convenientandsophisticatedsystem.5.summary4.政府投资Governmentsshouldfocusitsbudgetmoreonartmuseumsandconcerthallsthanonrecreationalfacilitiessuchasswimmingpoolsandplayground.Governmentsshouldfocusitsbudgetmoreonyoungchildreneducationthanonuniversities.Governmentsshouldspendmoremoneyonenvironmentprotectionthanoneconomicdevelopment.结构1.背景+引出话题+我的观点投资A2.中心句（投资A的好处一/必要性一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（投资A的好处二/必要性二）+举例分析+总结4.让步段，B也需要钱，但是钱有其它来源或其它方式解决，而A主要依赖政府给钱。5.总结Governmentsshouldfocusitsbudgetmoreonartmuseumsandconcerthallsthanonrecreationalfacilitiessuchasswimmingpoolsandplayground.1.artmuseumsandconcerthalls2.helppreserveandspreadculture.(zhangdaqianartmuseum,Chinesebrushpainting;concerthallsintroducefamousplayssuchasRomeoandJuliet)3.boosttourismandimprovetheimageofacity(Dongfanghongconcerthall,ZhengzhouArtMusuemattractsaudiencefromsurroundingcities)4.Althoughrecreationalfacilitiesareneeded,theyarejustentertainment.Besides,manybusinessesarerunningthesethings.Sonotnecessaryforthegovernmenttoinvestmoney.5.summaryGovernmentsshouldfocusitsbudgetmoreonyoungchildreneducationthanonuniversities.1.youngchildrenedu2.improveteachingquality.statusquo:lackqualifiedteachers.importanceofteachers'correctguidanceforyoungchildren.3.improveteachingfacilities.statusquo:out-of-dateequipment,poorstudyingconditions.needupdatedfacilities.4.Admittedly,universitiesarecostly.Buttheyhavealumnidonation,canbringininvestmentbycooperatingwithbusinesses.Whileyoungchildreneducationdoesnothavetheseadvantages.5.summaryGmotethehealthofgeneralpublic.waterpollution;cancervillage.3.ensurethelong-termdevelopmentofvariousindustries.agriculture,tourism.4.watsetreatmentcostsmuch.cannotrelyonlyonfactories.5.Admittedly,economicdevelopmentcan...,butoncedone,environmentdamageisusuallyirreversibleorhardtorecover.6.summary

5.幸福类Poeplewhodonotworkbecausetheyhaveenoughmoneyarerarelyhappy.Peolewillfeelhappierwhentheyfinishadifficultandchallengingworkthantheyfinishaneasywork.Peopletodaywillbehappieriftheyhavefewerpossesions.结构1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（原因一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（原因二）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（原因三）+举例分析+总结(5.让步段，有两者比较时)6.总结Maslow'shierarchyofneedsbasicneeds/materiallifemedicalcarelovefromfamily,friendssocialstatus,respect,confidence,senseofachievement/satisfaction,self-actualization,therealizationofone'spotentialPoeplewhodonotworkbecausetheyhaveenoughmoneyarerarelyhappy.1.disagree2.theyarehappybecausetheydonotneedtoworryaboutbasicneedsforliving....,whileworkingclassworkarduouslytoearnmoneytocovertheirdailyexpenditures,carloan,houseloan,waterbill,etc.3.theyarehappybecausetheycanenrichtheirlifebypursuingmanyinterestswhichcannotberealizedwithoutenoughmoneyorcontributionoftimeandenergy.painting,travelingaroundtheworld,etc.4.theyarehappybecausetheycanusemoneytorepaythesocietyandacquiresocialrecognition.charity,donation.helpschoolsinremoteruralereas.5.summaryPeolewillfeelhappierwhentheyfinishadifficultandchallengingworkthantheyfinishaneasyjob.1.agree2.getmuchmorerewardotherthantheaccomplishmentofthework,suchasmoney,experience,skills,proofofone'scapability,promotion.mycousin,ajournalist.3.gainconfidenceinovercomingdifficulties.participateinaspeechcontestandwinrewards4.admittedly,aneasyjob,notstressful,easytofullfilandgetagoodresult,butitcannothelponemakequickprogress,norcanitdistinguishoneoutofagroup.5.summary6.成功类Successfulpeopletakenewthingsandtakerisksratherthanthethingsthatthey'vedonewell.Futurecareersuccessreliesmoreonotherpeoplethanstudyinghardatschool.Peoplewhokeeptheirroomcleanandtidyaremorelikelytobesuccessfulinthefuture.结构拆分举例/分析1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（举例类别一/分析一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（举例类别二/分析二）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（举例类别三/分析三）+举例分析+总结5.summarySuccessfulpeopletakenewthingsandtakerisksratherthanthethingsthatthey'vedonewell.1.agree2.takebusinessworldforinstance.Alibaba,MaYun;YuMinhong,NewOrientalSchool.3.Scientificfield.theinventionof...4.sportsarea.gymnastics.Lining,adifficultaction,1984LAOlympicGame,3goldmedals.5.artisticarea.ZhangDaqian,employsexpressionisminhistraditionalChinesebrushpainting.6.SummaryFuturecareersuccessreliesmoreonotherpeoplethanstudyinghardatschool.1.disagree2.politician.socialnetwork.supportfromcitizens.formerchairmanofChina,hissucceshaslittletodowithhismajorinuniversity3.businessmen.connectiontopeopleinvariousrelatedindustries.thesuccessofXXtrainingschool.classroomsandoffices,advertisements,trainers,etc.4.actors/actressesLiuYifei,ZengYike5.summary

Peoplewhokeeptheirroomcleanandtidyaremorelikelytobesuccessfulinthefuture.1.agree2.helpfosterpatienceandcarefulness3.becomewell-organized4.bemoreindependent5.summary7.包含绝对词Onlymoviesthatcanteachpeoplesomethingaboutreallifeareworthwatching.Thebestwaytoimprovethequalityofeducationistoincreaseteachers'salary.Advertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthyeatinghabits.结构不同意,举反例1.背景+话题+观点2.让步段=题目说的有道理+分析+但是还有其它很多方式3.中心句（其它方式一）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（其它方式二）+举例分析+总结5.中心句（其它方式三）+举例分析+总结6.summaryOnlymoviesthatcanteachpeoplesomethingaboutreallifeareworthwatching.1.disagree2.Admittedly,moviesthatcanteachpeoplesthaboutreallifecanhelppeoplelearnfromotherpeople'sexperience,prepareforthereallife.AmericanDreamsinChina.However,ediesentertainment,Chaplin,TheSmurfs4.cartoonsfantasy,imagination,KungfuPanda,BeautyandBeast,Cinderella,Rio,IceAge5.sciencefictionmovies,Matrix,IronMan,Inception,UpsideDown6.summaryThebestwaytoimprovethequalityofeducationistoincreaseteachers'salary.1.disagree2.Admittedly,increasingteachers'salarycanmotivateteacherstoworkharderandattractmoretalentstojoinintheeducationcareer.However,improvingthequalityofeducationshouldnotrelyonlyontheincreaseofteachers'salary.3.giveteacherspropertraining4.updateschoolfacilities5.summaryAdvertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthyeatinghabits.1.disagree2.Admittedly,advertisingmakesthingsseembetter.instantnoodles,chocolatesandcandies,milktea,fastfood.However,peopleeatunhealthyfoodforvariousreasons.3.eatingfastfoodsavestime4.instantfood,orsemi-manufacturedfoodproducts,convenienttocook.manypeoplecannotcook5.tastebetter6.summary8.包含因果或条件关系Nowwehavetoomanysourcesofnewsandinformationthatwecannottellwhoistellingthetruth.Ifparentswanttheirchildrentoperformwellatschool,theyshouldlimittheirchildren'stimeonwatchingtelevision.Peopletodaycansolvemanyimportantproblemssotheydonotn