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3.RudderandcoursecontrolRudderandrudderforceTurningabilityDirectionalstabilityTestofmaneuverabilityIMOinterimstandardsforshipManeuverability
3.1rudderandrudderforce
RudderRuderforce3.1.1RudderconventionalrudderBeckerorflaprudderJastramrotorrudderSchillingrudder3.1.1RudderBeckerorflaprudderFig.3.2Beckerflaprudder3.1.1RudderJastramrotorrudderFig.3.3Jastramrotorrudder3.1.1RudderTheSchillingrudder3.1.1therudderforce
3.1.1therudderforcePN=576.2ARυR2sinδ
χ/b=0.195+0.305sin
3.1.3steeringwiththerudder
TherudderitselfdoesnotprovidetheentireforcerequiredforachangeofcourseFig.3.5SteeringwithRudder3.1.3steeringwiththerudderStall3.2Turningability
TurningCircle
Factorsaffectingturn
PivotpointCoupledmotionwhenturn3.2.1TurningCircle
3.2.1TurningCircleAdvanceTransferTacticaldiameterFinaldiameterKickDriftangleDriftangle
3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnEquationforturning3.2.2Factorsaffectingturn
Structuraldesignandlength
Draughtandtrim
MotivepowerDistributionandstowageofcargo
Evenkeelorlistover
Availabledepthofwater
Rudderangle
Driftangleandinfluencingforces
3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnStructuraldesignandlength--Thelongertheshipgenerally,thegreatertheturningcircle--ThesmallertheclearancebetweenrudderandhullthemoreeffectivetheturningactionBlockcoefficient3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnMotivepower
Theturningcirclewillnotincreasebyanyconsiderablemarginwithanincreaseinspeed,becausethesteeringeffectisincreasedoverthesameperiodTheeffectsofspeed3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnDistributionandstowageofcargo
noeffectsontheturningcircle;butthevesselwillrespondmorereadilyifloadsarestowedamidships3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnDraughtandtrim--Thetrimbytheheadwilldecreasethediameterofturningcircle
--Thedeeperdraftwillmakethevesselmoresluggish3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnEvenkeelorlistover
Ifavesseliscarryingalist,itcanbeexpectedtomakealargerturningcirclewhenturningtowardsthelist,andvice-versa3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnAvailabledepthofwater:theadvance,thecorrespondingfinaldiameter,thetransferwillbeincreasedasthedepthofwaterbeshallowerRudderangle
rudderangle:small,alargeturningcirclewillresult,withlittlelossofspeed;largerudderangle,accompaniedbyalossofspeed.3.2.2Factorsaffectingturn3.2.2FactorsaffectingturnWhencompletingaturningcircle,becauseoftheangleofdrift,thesternquartersareoutsidetheturningcircleareawhilethebowareaisinsidetheturningcircle.3.2.3Pivotpoint
apointonthecenterlineaboutwhichtheshipturnswhentherudderisputover.¼ofthelengthfromtheforward(orstern)
Fig.3.7ThePivotPointPP1/4L1/4La)Shipstopped,onevenkeelb)Makingheadwayc)Makingsternway3.2.4Coupledmotionwhenturn
Lossofspeedonturn
Heelonturn
3.2.4CoupledmotionwhenturnLossofspeedonturn3.2.4CoupledmotionwhenturnHeelonturn
Fig.3.9ForcesproducingheelwhenturningGFrFhRudderHKEHeelonturn3.2.5theuseofturningcircleelementsinshiphandlingTheadvanceThediameterofturningcircleThekick:manoverboardThereach:thelatestpointwheretheruddermebeused
3.3Directionalstability
Inherentdynamicstability
Initialturningability,
Coursekeepingabilityandyawcheckingability
3.3Directionalstabilitydynamicstabilitystaticalcoursestability3.3.1dynamicstabilityFig.3.10PathofstableandunstableshipUnstableshippathStableshippathUnstableshippathstaticalcoursestabilityTheresolutionoftheequation3.3.2Factorsaffectinginherentdynamicstability
3.3.2FactorsaffectinginherentdynamicstabilityT=IZZ/amassanditsdistributiontheunderwaterformofhull
trimDraftblockcoefficients3.3.3Initialturningability,
Coursekeepingabilityandyawcheckingability
Initialturningability:thechange-of-headingresponsetoamoderatehelm;course-changeabilityCourse-keepingability:ameasureoftheabilityofthesteeredshiptomaintainastraightpathinapredeterminedcoursedirectionwithoutexcessiveoscillationsofrudderorheadingYawcheckingability:
ameasureoftheresponsetocounter-rudderappliedinacertainstateofturningFactorsaffectingthe3.3.43.3.4factorsaffectingcoursekeepingandchangingandyawcheckingability
Factorsaffecting…3.3.4factorsaffecting…RudderangleRudderareaLoadingconditionSpeedwind,current,wave,shallowwaterandevenhullfouling3.4Testofmaneuverability
ModeltestTestconditions
Trialofsomerequiredmaneuvers
Spiralmaneuver
Pull-outmaneuver
3.4Testofmaneuverability3.4Testofmaneuverability3.4Testofmaneuverability3.4Testofmaneuverability3.4.1TestconditionsEnvironment
Deepunrestrictedwater:morethan4timesthemeandraught.Wind:nottoexceedBeaufort5.Wave:nottoexceedseastate4.Current:uniformonly.3.4.1TestconditionsLoading
Fullloaddraughtandevenkeel
5%deviationfromthatdraughtandevenkeelOrinaballastconditionwithaminimumoftrim3.4.1Testconditionsspeed:atleast90%oftheship'sspeedcorrespondingto85%ofthemaximumengineoutput3.4.1TestconditionsHeading:headtothewindduringtheapproachrunEngine:bekeptconstant(exceptedrequired)Approachrun:
conditionsmustbefulfilledforatleasttwominutesprecedingthetest3.4.2Turningcirclemaneuversteadycourseandspeed
recordingofdatamaximumrudderangleRudderandenginecontrolsarekeptconstantduringtheturn3600~720°changeofheading3.4.3
Zig-zagmaneuver
SteadycourseandspeedTherecordingofdatastartsRudderisorderedto100tostarboard/portWhentheheadinghaschangedby100offthebasecourse,therudderisshiftedto10°toport/starboardWhentheheadingis100port/starboardoffthebasecourse,rudderisreversedasbefore.Theprocedureisrepeatednolessthantwice3.4.3
Zig-zagmaneuver3.4.4Spiralmaneuver
steadycourseandspeeddatarecordingrudderisturnedabout15°andhelduntilth
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