2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题Aaaaaa)aa2aaa久坐的a2HFILCAGEBDBaaa2Essay-grandingSoftwareOfficersProfessorsaBreak[A]Imaginetakingacollegeexam,andinsteadofhandinginabluebookandgettingagradefromaprofessorafewweekslater,clickingthe“send”buttonwhenyouaredoneandreceivingagradebackinstantly,youressayscoredbyasoftwareprogram.Andthen,insteadofbeingdonewiththeexam,imaginethatthesystemwouldimmediatelyletyourewritethetesttotrytoimproveyourgrade.[B]Edx,thenonprofitenterprisefoundedbyHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)tooffercoursesontheInternet,hasjustintroducedsuchasystemandwillmakeitsautomated(自动的)softwareavailablefreeontheWebtoanyinstitutionsthatwantstouseit.Thesoftwareusesartificialintelligencetogradestudentessaysandshortwrittenanswers,freeingprofessorsforothertasks.[C]Thenewservicewillbringtheeducationalconsortium(联盟)intoagrowingconflictovertheroleoftheautomationeducation.Althoughautomatedgradingsystemsformultiple-choiceandtrue-falsetestsarenowwidespread,theuseofartificialintelligencetechnologytogradeessayanswershasnotyetprovidedwidespreadacceptancebyeducationsandhasmanycritics.[D]AnantAgarwal,anelectricalengineerwhoispresidentofEdx,predictedthattheinstantgradingsoftwarewouldbeausefulteachingtool,enablingstudentstotaketestsandwriteessaysoverandoverandimprovethequalityoftheiranswers.Hesaidthetechnologywouldofferdistinctadvantagesoverthetraditionalclassroomsystem,wherestudentsoftenwaitdaysorweeksforgrades.“Thereisahugevalueinlearningwithinstantfeedback,”Dr.Agarwalsaid,“Studentsaretellingustheylearnmuchbetterwithinstantfeedback.”[E]Butskeptics(怀疑者)saytheautomatedsystemisnomatterforliveteachers.Onelongtimecritic,LesPerelman，hasdrawnnationalattentionseveraltimesforputtingtogethernonsenseessaysthathavefooledsoftwaregradingprogramsintogivinghighmarks.Hehasalsobeenhighlycriticalofstudiesclaimingthatthesoftwarecompareswelltohumangrades.[F]Heisamongagroupofeducatorswholastmonthbegancirculatingapetition(呼吁)opposingautomatedassessmentsoftware.Thegroup,whichcallsitselfProfessionalsAgainstMachineScoringofStudentEssaysinHigh-StakesAssessment,hascollectednearly2,000signatures,includingsomefromfamouspeoplelikeNoamChomsky.[G]“Let‟sfacetherealitiesofautomaticessayscoring,”thegroup‟sstatementreadsinpart.“Computerscannot„read‟.Theycannotmeasuretheessentialsofeffectivewrittencommunication:accuracy,reasoning,adequacyofevidence,goodsense,ethical(伦理)position,convincingargument,meaningfulorganization,andclarity,amongothers.”[H]ButEdXexpertsitssoftwaretobewidelybyschoolsanduniversities.ItoffersfreeonlineclassesfromHarvard,MITandtheUniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley;thisfall,itwilladdclassesfromWellesley,GeogetownandtheUniversityofTexas.Inall,12universitiesparticipateinEdX,whichofferscertificatesforcoursecompletionandhassaidthatitplanstocontinuetoexpandnextyear,includingaddinginternationalschools.[I]TheEdXassessmenttoolrequireshumanteachers,orgraders100essayoressayquestions.Thesystemthenusesavarietyofmachine-learningtechniquestotrainitselftobeabletogradeanynumberofessaysoranswersautomaticallyandalmostinstantly.Thesoftwarewillassignagradedependingonthescoringsystemcreatedbytheteacher,whetheritisalettergradeornumerical数字的)rank.[J]Edxisnotthefirsttousetheautomatedassessmenttechnology,whichdatestoearlycomputersinthe1960s.thereisnowarangeofcompaniesofferingcommercialprogramstogradewrittentestanswers,andfourstates—Louisiana,NorthDakota,UtahandWestVirginia—areusingsomeformofthetechnologyinsecondschools.Afifth,Indiana,hasexperimentedwithit.Insomecasesthesoftwareisusedasa“secondreader”,tocheckthereliabilityofthehumangraders.[K]ButthegrowinginfluenceoftheEdxconsortiumtosetstandardsislikelytogivethetechnologyaboost.OnTuesday,StanfordannouncedthatitwouldworkwithEdXtodevelopajointeducationalsystemthatwillmakeuseoftheautomatedassessmenttechnology.[L]Twostart-ups,CourseraandUdacity,recentlyfoundedbyStanfordfacultymemberstocreate“massiveopenonlinecourses,”orMOOCs,arealsocommittedtoautomatedassessmentsystemsbecauseofthevalueofinstantfeedback.“itallowsstudentstogetimmediatefeedbackontheirwork,sothatlearningturnsintoagame,withstudentsnaturallygravitating(吸引)towardresubmittingtheworkuntiltheygetitright,”saidDaphneKoller,acomputerscientistandafounderofCoursera.[M]LastyeartheHewlettFoundation,agrant-makingorganizationsetupbyoneoftheHewlett-Packardfoundersandhiswife,sponsoredtwo$100,000Prizesaimedatimprovingsoftwarethatgradesessayandshortanswers.Morethan150teamsenteredeachcategory.AwinnerofoneoftheHewlettcontents,VikParuchurtwashiredbyEdXtohelpdesignitsassessmentsoftware.[N]“Oneofourfocusistohelpkidslearnhowtothinkcritically,”saidVuchic,aprogramofficerattheHewlettFoundation.“It‟sprobablyimpossibletodothatwithmultiple-choicetests”.Thechallengeisthatthisrequireshumangraders,andsotheycostalotmoreandtheytakealotofmoretime.[O]MarkD.Shermis,aprofessorattheUniversityofAkroninOhio,supervisedtheHewlettFoundation‟scontestonautomatedessayscoringandwroteapaperabouttheexperiment.Inhisview,thetechnology—thoughimperfect—hasaplaceineducationalsettings.[P]Withincreasinglargeclass,itisimpossibleformostteacherstogivestudentsmeaningfulfeedbackonwritingassignments,hesaidPlus,henoted,criticsofthetechnologyhavetendedtocomefromthenation‟sbestuniversities,wherethelevelofteachingismuchbetterthanatmostschools.[Q]“Oftentheycomefromveryfamousinstitutionswhere,infact,theydoamuchbetterjobofprovidingfeedbackthanamachineovercould,”Dr.Shermissaid.“Thereseemstobealackofappreciationofwhatisactuallygoingonintherealworld.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46Someprofessorsineducationarecollectingsignaturestovoicetheiroppositiontoautomatedessaygrading.47usingsoftwaretogradestudents‟essaysavesteacherstimeforotherwork.48theHewlettcontestsaimatimprovingessaygradingsoftware.49Thoughtheautomatedgradingsystemiswidelyusedinmultiple-choicetests,automatedessaygradingisstillcriticizedbymanyeducators.50Somepeopledon‟tbelievethesoftwaregradingsystemcandoasgoodajobashumangraders.51Criticsofautomatedessayscoringdonotseemtoknowthetruerealitiesinlessfamousuniversity.52Criticsarguemanyimportantaspectsofeffectivewritingcannotmeasuredbycomputerratingprograms.53Asclasssizegrows,mostteachersareunabletogivestudentvaluablecommentsastohowtoimprovetheirwriting.54Theautomatedassessmenttechnologyissometimesusedtodoublechecktheworkofhumangraders.55Studentsfindinstantfeedbackhelpstheirlearningconsiderably.C22aPassageOneQuestion56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Acrosstherichworld,well-educatedpeopleincreasinglyworklongerthantheless-skilled.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificate.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdividebetweenthewell-educationwelloffandtheunskilledpoor.Rapidtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyskilledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,forindividualandsociety,areprofound.Theworldisfacingasastonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevity(长寿)translatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshiftwillleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswellingranksofpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.Butthenotionofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleoldmissesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandtheunskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledpeople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.ThedivideismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)areputtingoffretirementwhilemanyless-skilledyoungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.Thateventhebetter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butthechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisensharplyforthehighlyeducated,andthosepeoplecontinuetoreaprichrewardsintooldagebecausethesedaystheeducatedelderlyaremoreproductivethantheprecedinggeneration.Technologicalchangemaywellreinforcethatshift:theskillsthatcomplementcomputers,frommanagementknowhowtocreativity.Donotnecessarilydeclinewithage.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。56、whatishappeningintheworkforceinrichcountries?A.youngerpeoplearereplacingtheelderlyB.well-educatedpeopletendtoworklongerC.unemploymentratesarerisingyearafteryearD.peoplewithnocollegedegreedonoteasilyfindwork57、whathashelpeddeepenthedividebetweenthewell-offandpoor?A.LongerlifeexpectanciesB.ProfoundchangesintheworkforceC.Rapidtechnologicaladvance.D.Agrowingnumberofwell-graduated.whatdomanyobserverspredictinviewoftheexperienceofthe20thcentury?A.Economicgrowthwillslowdown.B.Governmentbudgetswillincrease.C.MorepeoplewilltrytopursuehighereducationD.Therewillbemorecompetitioninthejobmarket.59、WhatistheresultofpolicychangesinEuropeancountries?A.Unskilledworkersmaychoosetoretireearly.B.morepeoplehavetoreceivein-servicetraining.C.Evenwealthypeoplemustworklongertolivecomfortablyinretirement.D.Peoplemaybeabletoenjoygenerousdefined-benefitsfrompensionplans.60、Whatischaracteristicofworkinthe21stcentury?A.Computerswilldomorecomplicatedwork.B.Morewillbetakenbytheeducatedyoung.C.Mostjobstobedonewillbecreativeones.D.Skillsarehighlyvaluedregardlessofage.APassageTwoQuestions61-65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Someoftheworldsmostsignificantproblemsneverhitheadlines.Oneexamplecomesfromagriculture.Foodriotsandhungermakenews.Butthetrendlyingbehindthesemattersisrarelytalkedabout.Thisisthedeclineinthegrowthinyieldsofsomeoftheworld‟smajorcrops.AnewstudybytheUniversityofMinnesotaandMcGillUniversityinMontreallooksatwhere,andhowfar,thisdeclineisoccurring.Theauthorstakeavastnumberofdatapointsforthefourmostimportantcrops:rice,wheatcornandsoybeans(大豆).Theyfindthatonbetween24%and39%ofallharvestedareas,theimprovementinyieldsthattookplacebeforethe1980ssloweddowninthe1990sand2000s.Therearetwoworryingfeaturesoftheslowdown.Oneisthatithasbeenparticularlysharpintheworld‟smost人口多的)countries,IndiaandChina.Theirabilitytofeedthemselveshasbeenanimportantsourceofrelativestabilitybothwithinthecountriesandonworldfoodmarkets.Thatself-sufficiencycannotbetakenforgrantedifyieldscontinuetoslowdownorreverse.Second,yieldgrowthhasbeenlowerinwheatandricethanincornandsoyabeans.Thisisproblematicbecausewheatandricearemoreimportantasfoods,accountingforaroundhalfofallcaloriesconsumed.Cornandsoyabeansaremoreimportantasfeedgrains.Theauthorsnotethat“wehavepreferentiallyfocusedourcropimprovementeffortsonfeedinganimalsandcarsratherthanoncropsthatfeedpeopleandarethebasisoffoodsecurityinmuchoftheworld.”Thereportqualifiesthemoreoptimisticfindingsofanothernewpaperwhichsuggeststhattheworldwillnothavetodigupalotmorelandforfarminginordertofeed9billionpeoplein2050,astheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationhasargued.Instead,itsays,thankstoslowingpopulationgrowth,landcurrentlyploughedupforcropsmightbeabletorevert(回返)toforestorwilderness.Thiscouldhappen.Thetroubleisthattheforecastassumescontinuedimprovementsinyields,whichmaynotactuallyhappen.:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。61.Whatdoestheauthortrytodrawattentionto?A)Foodriotsandhungerintheworld.B)Newsheadlinesintheleadingmedia.C)Thedeclineofthegrainyieldgrowth.D)Thefoodsupplyinpopulouscountries.62.WhydoestheauthormentionIndiaandChina