职称英语历年试题

2012年职称英语考试综合类A级真题试卷及参考答案

第一部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1.Heshiftedhispositionalittleinorderto(alleviate)thepaininhisleg.

A.controlB.easyC.experienceD.suffer

2.Ouraimwasto(update)thehealthservice,andwesucceeded.

A.offerB.provideC.modernizeD.fund

3.Shemovesfromone(exotic)locationtoanother.

A.unusualB.familiarC.similarD.proper

4.Nothingwould(induce)metovoteforhimagain.

A.teachB.helpC.discourageD.attract

5.Thephotographs(evoked)strongmemoriesofourholidayinFrance.

A.refreshedB.storedC.blockedD.erased

6.Theweatherwas(crisp)andclearandyoucouldseethemountainsfiftymilesaway.

A.hotB.heavyC.freshD.windy

7.Everyweekthemagazinepresentsthe(profile)ofawell-knownsportspersonality.

A.successB.descriptionC.evidenceD.plan

8.Hercommentsaboutmenare(utterly)ridiculouscompletely.

A.slightlyB.completelyC.partlyD.faintly

9.Thewallsaremadeof(hollow)concreteblocks.

A.bigB.emptyC.longD.now

10.Wealmost(raninto)aRolls-Roycethatpulledoutinfrontofuswithoutsignaling.

A.overtookB.hitC.passedD.found

11.WhenIheardthenoiseinthenextroom,Icouldn'tresisthavinga(peep)look.

A.chanceB.visitC.lookD.try

12.Hehasbeengranted(asylum)inFrance.

A.powerB.reliefC.protectionD.license

13.Hewas(weary)oftheconstantbattlebetweenthem.

A.fondB.tiredC.proudD.afraid

14.Newbornbabiescan(discriminate)betweenaman'sandawoman'svoice.

A.treatB.distinguishC.expressD.analyzes

15.Alltheflatsinthebuildinghadthesame(layout)arrangement.

A.colorB.sizeC.functionD.arrangement

答案：

alleviate一easeupdate一modernizeexotic一unusualinduce一attract

evoked一refreshedcrisp-freshprofile-descriptionutterly—completely

hollow-emptyraninto一hitpeep—lookasylum—protection

weary—tireddiscriminate-distinguishlayout—arrangement

第二部分：阅读判断（第16~22题，每题1分，共7分）

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选

择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

InSports,RedistheWinningColor

Whenopponentsofagameareequallymatched,theteamdressedinredismorelikelytowin,

accordingtoanewstudy.

BritishanthropologistsRussellHillandRobertBartonoftheUniversityofDurhamreachedthatco

nclusionbystudyingtheoutcomesofone-on-oneboxing,taekwondo,Greco-Roman-wresting,andfre

estyle-wrestlingmatchesatthe2004SummerOlympicsinAthens,Greece.

IneacheventOlympicstaffrandomlyassignedredorblueclothingorbodyprotectiontocompetitors.

Whenotherwiseequallymatchedwiththeiropponentinfitnessandskill,athleteswearingredweremo

relikelytowinthebout.

"Wheretherewasalargepointdifference-presumablybecauseonecontestantwasfarsuperiort

otheother—colorhadnoeffectontheoutcome,*'Bartonsaid."Wheretherewasasmallpointdiffere

nee,theeffectofcolorwassufficienttotipthebalance."

Inequallymatchedbouts,thepreponderanceofredwinswasgreatenoughthatitcouldnotbea

ttributedtochance,theanthropologistssay.HillandBartonfoundsimilarresultsinareviewofthecol

orswornattheEuro2004internationalsoccertournament.Theirreportwillbepublishedintomorrow'

sissueofthejournalNature.

JoannaSetchell,aprimateresearcherattheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland,hasfoundsimila

rresultsinnature.HerworkwiththelargeAfricanmonkeysknownasmandrillsshowsthatredcolora

tiongivesmalesanadvantagewhenitcomestomating.

Thefindingthatredalsohasanadvantageinhumansportingeventsdoesnotsurpriseher,addd

ingthat"theideaofthestudyisveryclever.**

HillandBartongottheideafortheirstudyoutofamutualinterestintheevolutionofsexualsign

alsinprimates一"redseemstobethecolor,acrossspecies,thatsignalsmaledominanceandtestoste

ronelevels,'*Bartonsaid.

Forexample,studiesbySetchelI,theCambridgeprimateresearcher,showthatdominantmalema

ndrillshaveincreasedredcolorationintheirfacesandrumps.Anotherstudybyotherscientistsshows

thatredplasticringsexperimentallyplacedonthelegsofmalezebrafinchesincreasethebirds'dom

inance.

BartonsaidheandHillspeculatedsomespeculatedthat"theremightbeasimilareffectinhuma

ns.Andifso,itcouldbeapparentinsportingcontests."

Thepairsaytheirresultsindicatethatsexualselectionmayhaveinfluencedtheevolutionofhum

ans'responsetocolor.

Setchell,theprimatologist,agrees.nAsHillandBartonsay,humansreddenwhenweareangrya

ndpalewhenwe'rescared.Theseareveryimportantsignalstootherindividuals,nshesaid.

Theadvantageofredmaybeintuitivelyknown,judgingfromtheprevalenceofreduniformsinsp

orts—“thoughitisclearlynotverywidelyappreciated,onaconsciouslevelatleast,'*Bartonsaid.

Headdsthatthefindingofred'sadvantagemighthaveimplicationsforregulationsthatgovernsp

ortingattire.IntheOlympicmatcheshesurveyedforthenewstudy,forexample,itispossiblesome

medalwinnersmayhavereachedthepedestalwithanunintendedadvantage.

"Thatistheimplication,thoughwecannotsaythatitmadethedifferenceinanyonespecificcas

e,nBartonsaid.

Meanwhile,Setchellnoted——tongue-in-cheek—thataredadvantagemaynotbelimitedtosports.

Goingbytherecent[U.S.]electionresults,redisindeedquitesuccessful,nshesaid.

16.BothHillandBartonwantedtofindoutifcoloraffectstheoutcomeofsportsmatched.

17.HillandBartonarebothinterestedinprimates.

18.Malemandrillsuseyellowcolorationtoattractamate.

19.Redisnotanadvantageforzebrafinches.

20.Theredplasticringswereleftonthefinchespermanently.

21.HillandBartonbelieveathletesinredaremorelikelytowin.

22.Manyathletesopposethenewregulationsonsportsuniforms.

答案：

16.BothHillandBartonwantedtofindoutifcoloraffectstheoutcomesofsportsmatches.

答案为A(right).

/日关句：They(HillandBarton)...reachedtheconclusionbystudyingtheoutcomesofboxing...

Theoutcomes回应上文中提至i1的kheteamdressedinredismorelikelytowin”

17.HillandBartonarebothinterestedinprimates(灵长目).

答案为A(right).

相关句：HillandBartongottheideaforthestudyfromamutualinterestinprimates.

18.Malemandrillsuseyellowcolorationtoattractamate.

答案为B(wrong).

相关句：Redcolorationgivesmalesanadvantagewhenitcomestomating.

19.RedisnotanadvantageforZebrafinches(斑胸草雀).

答案为B(wrong).

相关句：ScientistsputredplasticringsonthelegsofmaleZebrafemales,whichincreasedthebird's

successinfindingamate.

20.Theredplasticringswereleftonthefinchespermanently.

答案为C(notmentioned).

21.HillandBartonbelieveathletesinredaremorelikelytowin.

答案为A(right).

/日关句：Acrossarangeofsports,wefindthatwearingredisconsistentlyassociatedwithahigherpr

obabilityofwinning.

22.Manyathletesopposethenewregulationsonsportuniforms.

答案为C(notmentioned)

»目关句：thediscoveryofred'sadvantagemightleadtonewregulationsonsportsuniforms.

第三部分：概括大意和完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23〜26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；

(2)第27〜30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

Howtechnologypushesdownprice

TheTreatyofBreda,signedin1667afterawarbetweentheEnglishandDutchinwhichtheEnglish

wereworsted,gavetheDutchthebigprize:Run,asmallislandintheIndonesianarchipelagowhich

wastheworld'sprincipalsourceofnutmeg.Themarginonnutmegatthetimewasaround3,200%.

TheEnglish,asaconsolationprize,gotManhattan.Asanillustrationofthelong-termfallinfoodpric

escomparedwithothergoods,thatisasharpone.Butdeflationhascharacterizedthefoodbusiness

forcenturies,becauseofcontinualadvancesinfoodproductionanddistributiontechnology.

Consumershavebenefitedgreatlyfromthoseadvances.Malthusians,whosedescendantsuntilquitere

centlypredictedthattheworldwouldrunoutoffood,havetherebybeenconfounded.Moreandmore

foodisbeingproducedbyfewerandfewerpeoplewithlessandlesscapital;itisthereforeevermor

eplentifulandcheaper.Sincedemandistosomeextentlimitedbythesizeofpeople'sstomachs,sp

endingonfoodcomparedwithothergoodshasbeenfallingformanyyears,andcontinuestodrop(s

eechart4).

Geneticallymodified(GM)seedsarethelatestmanifestationofaproductionrevolutionthatstartedwit

hCharles“Turnip"Townsend,whointhe18thcenturylaidthebasisforcroprotation.Organicfertilise

rswerereplacedbychemicalonesinthe19thcentury.TherailwayopeneduptheAmericanmid-west.

Thehorsereplacedthecow,thecombineharvesterthehorse.Afterthesecondworldwar,dwarfvari

etiesofwheatandrice(whichovercametheproblemthatheavilyfertilisedcropsinhotcountriesgrew

tootallandfellover)boosteddeveloping-countryoutput.The“greenrevolution^^helpedtriggeramor

erecent“livestockrevolution”,documentedbyChrisDelgado,whoworksjointlyfortheInternationalF

oodPolicyResearchInstituteandtheInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute.Higherincomesandu

rbanisation,combinedwithfallingfoodprices,haveboostedmeatandmilkconsumptionindeveloping

countries.By1997,realbeefpriceswereathirdtheirlevelin1971.Overthatperiod,meatconsumpti

onindevelopingcountriesrosefive-fold,threetimesasfastasindevelopedcountries.Milkconsumpti

onrosethree-fold.Bythe1980s,advancesinconventionalplantbreedinghadtailedoff,butGMmade

itpossibletodothingswithDNAthatconventionalbreedingcouldnotdo.Despitescaremongeringin

Europe,GMtechnologyisspreadingelsewhere:mostoftheworld'ssoyaisnowGM.Producinglotso

ffoodisnotmuchgoodunlessyoucandistributeit,soadvancesindistributiontechnologyhavebee

nasimportantasthoseinproductiontechnology.Salt,usedtopreservefood,whichmeantthatitcou

Idbestoredandtraded,wasanearlyaidtodistribution.Canningarrivedintheearly19thcentury,w

henaFrenchmandiscoveredthatfoodcouldbestoredlongerifitwasheatedbeforeitwasbottled,a

ndaBritonworkedoutthattincanswereeasiertotransportthanbottles;andboththeBritishandth

eFrencharmiesusedthetechnologytofeedtheirtroopsintheNapoleonicwars.FrancisBacon,aBrit

ishscientistandessayist,wasanearlyvictimofthestruggletodeveloprefrigerationtechnology:hedi

edin1626aftereatingsomechickenthathehadstuffedwithsnowaspartofanexperiment.In187

7thefirstshiploadoffrozenbeefwascarriedfromArgentinatoFrance.Theimpactonthefoodindu

stryofthespreadofthedomesticrefrigeratorinthe20thcenturywasrivalledonlybythatofthecar,

whichchangedthefaceofretailingbyallowingsupermarketstodevelop.Supermarketshavehelped

pushdownpricesprincipallybecauseoftheirscale.BigbusinessescaninvestinITsystemsthatmak

ethemefficient.Andtheirsizeallowsthemtobuyinbulk.Themoreconcentratedtheretailbusiness

becomes,thebiggersupermarketsget,thefurtherpricesgetpusheddownuntil,ofcourse,thereiss

omuchconcentrationthatthereisnotenoughcompetition.Britain'sCompetitionCommissionindicated

earlierthisyearthatthesupermarketindustrywasmovingtowardsthatpoint:itrefusedtoletanyof

thetopthreesupermarketchainsbuyoneofthesmallerplayers.InAmerica,however,wherethesiz

eofthecountrymeansamorefragmentedretailbusiness,thereisstillscopeforfurtherconcentration:

the"blackdeath",asWal-Martisknowninthetrade,isexpectedtoclaimmorevictims.Wal-Mart's

scale,theefficiencyofitsITsystemsandthecheapnessofitsnon-unionisedlabourforce($8-10an

hourcomparedwith$17-18formid-sizedplayerssuchasAlbertsons,Ahold,SafewayandKroger),gi

veitamassiveadvantage.ItsellsColgatetoothpasteforanaverageof63%ofitscompetitors*price,

Tropicanaorangejuicefor58%andKellogg'sCornFlakesfor56%.Analystsexpectatleastoneoft

hemid-sizedfirmstodisappear.Theconcentrationofpoweramongretailershasledtoanotherstagei

ntheshiftinpowerdownthefoodchain.Onceuponatime,powerlaywithlandlords.Inthe20thce

ntury,asprocessinganddistributionbecamemoreimportant,sodidthefoodproducers.LordHaskins,

TonyBlair'sadviseronfarming,recallsgoingtofoodindustryconferencesinthe1970s,whenthere

wouldbealineofRolls-Roycesoutside,allbelongingtoproducers.

Retailerconcentrationhasshiftedpower(andprofits)furtherdownthefoodchainNolonger.Retailerc

oncentrationhasshiftedpower(andprofits)furtherdownthefoodchain.Buttheretailersarenotthet

ypetoswankaroundinflashcars.Theyareostentatiouslyparsimonious,advertisingtheirdeterminatio

ntokeeppricesdown.Wal-Mart'sheadquartersinBentonville,Arkansas,isinaconvertedwarehouse.

Tesco,Britain'sbiggestprivate-sectoremployer,hasitsheadquartersinaStalinistbunkerinanasty

bitofnorth-eastLondon.Besidethemainreceptionitssharepriceisproudlydisplayedononeoftho

seblackboardswithwhiteplasticlettersstuckontoitthatyouseeinthecheapestsandwichbars.O

neofthemanifestationsofretailers'power(whichalsoreinforcesit)isthegrowthofprivate-label(ie,

supermarket-notproducer-branded)goods.In2002,accordingtotheBostonConsultingGroup,own-la

belmadeup39%ofgrocerysalesinBritain,21%inFranceandonly16%intheUnitedStates,but

everybodythinksthat,asretailingbecomesmoreconcentrated,AmericaisgoingthewayofBritain.R

etailerscansellprivate-labelonlyifthepricecutstheyoffermeanmoretoconsumersthanaproduce

r'sbrand.Asown-labelhasexpanded,sosupermarketshavebeentakingallbutthemostsuccessful

brandsofftheirshelves.ulfyouareamust-havebranditsfine/*saysDidoHarding,Tesco'scommerc

ialdirector.41fyou'reasub-globalbrand,life'smuchharder."Theshiftinpowertoretailershasputpr

essureonproducers'margins,hencehugeprogrammesofcuts.Since2000,Uni-leverhascutitswor

kforceby33,000to245,000anddroppedlotsofminorbrandsaspartofits“pathtogrowth“strategy.

Cadburyisthelatesttoannouncebigcuts:inOctoberitsaidthatitwillbeshutting20%ofits133f

actoriesandcutting10%ofits55,000globalworkforce.Thesecutsshouldhelpkeepcosts,andthus

thepriceoffood,low.Doescheapfoodmakepeopleunhealthy?Insomeways.Hydrogenatedvegetab

Ieoil,forinstance-vegetablefatmadesolidbyaddinghydrogenatoms—isthenutritionists*currentbe

tenoire.Widelyusedasacheapsubstituteforbutterandcream,itisthemaindietarysourceoftran

sfats.Transfatsareheavilyimplicatedinheartdisease;companiesaretakingthemoutofproductsf

orfearoflawsuits.Cheapfoodmayalsomakepeopleeatmore.Inapaperentitled“WhyhaveAmeri

cansbecomemoreobese?”DavidCutler,JesseShapiroandEdwardGlaeser,agroupofHarvardec

onomists,notethat,amongOECDcountries,obesityiscorrelatedtothelevelofregulation:themoref

oodlaws,themoreprotectedlocalproducersare,theharderitistoimporttechnology,theslimmerp

eopletendtobe.Theyreckonthatisbecauseofprice:thelessregulatedacountry,thecheaperaB

igMactendstobe.Butitcouldbeanotherfactor:heavilyregulatedcountriesmight,forinstance,be

placeswithstrongerfamilytieswhererealmealshavesurvivedandpeopleeatfewersnacksandless

fastfood.

GivingpeoplebiggerportionsisaneasywayofmakingthemfeeltheyhavegotabetterdealFoodco

mpaniescertainlythinkgivingpeoplemorefoodfortheirmoneymakesthembuymore.Thatiswhyp

ortionshavebeengettinglargerandlarger.InAmerica,softdrinks,whichusedtocomein8ozandt

hen12ozcontainersnowcomein20ozones.AsDennisLombardiofTechnomic,afood-industrycons

ultancyinChicago,pointsout,givingpeoplebiggerportionsisaneasywayofmakingthemfeelthey

havegotabetterdeal."IfIcangiveyouan8ozportionfor$7,Icangiveyoua12ozportionfor

$8.Theonlyincrementalcosttomeisthefood,whichprobablycost25cents."Everybody,therefore,

hasdoneit.Scientistshaveshownthatportionsizepartlydetermineshowmuchpeopleeat.Barbara

Rolls,anutritionprofessoratPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,fedsubjectsmacaronicheese,somein2.

5-cupportions,somein5-cupportions.Theoneswiththebigportionsate27%more,onaverage,th

anthosewithsmallportionsbutdidnotreportfeelinganyfuller.BrianWansinkattheUniversityofIlli

noisfoundthatifyougivemovie-goersanextra-largebucketofpopcorn,theyeatnearlyhalfasmuc

hagainasifyougivethemthenextsizedown,evenifthepopcornisstale.Nowcompaniesareund

erpressuretostopsellingpeoplemoreforless.Butitisahardtrendtoreverse,asMrLombardipoi

ntsout."HowaboutIgiveyouathirdlessfoodfor$1less?Idon'tthinkso.”

Paragraph1

Paragraph2

Paragraph3

Paragraph4

A.Hugeretailersforceproducerstocuntcosts

B.Consumerslikesupermarkets

C.Technologyhelpsreducefoodprices

D.Foodcomescheaperinlargerportions

E.Chainstoresprovidebetterservice

F.Biggersupermarketsofferlowerprices

27.Bigsupermarketscanofferfoodatlowerpricesbecausetheycanbuyin

28.Somefoodproducershavereduced__

29.Besidescuttingitsworkforce,unileveralsoabandonedits__

30.Buyerslikebiggerportionbecausetheythinktheyhavegot__

A.theirworkforce

B.hugeportions

C.largequantities

D.theirmoney

E.agoodbarging

F.minorbrands

答案：

23.Ctechnologyhelpsreducefoodprices

24.Fbiggersupermarketsofferlowerprices

25.A.Hugeretailersforceproducerstocutcosts

26.D.foodcomescheaperinlargerportions

27.Bigsupermarketscanofferfoodatlowerpricesbecausetheycanbuy_

答案为C:inbulk=inlargequantities

28.Someforcedproducershavereduced__

答案为Fominorbrands

29.Besidescuttingitscost,Unileveralsoabandonedits

答案为A.theirworkforce

30.Buyerslikebigportionsbecausetheythinktheyhavegot__.

答案为Eoagoodbargain=abetterdeal

第四部分：阅读理解（第31〜45题，每题3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇

DNAtesting

31.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A.DNAtestinghaschangedtheAmericanlegalsystem.

B.DNAtestinghashelpedinnocentmengofreeinIllinois.

C.DNAtestingusesgeneticstoidentifyaperson.

D.DNAtestinghasplayedakeyroleincriminalinvestigation.

32.DNAtestingwasfirstusedinacriminalcaseby

A.alawyerinNewYork

B.studentsinIllinois

C.doctorsintheUnitedStates

D.policeinGreatBritain

33.TheinnocenceprojectusesDNAtestingto

A.setfreeinnocentprisoner

B.helpthepoliceputpeopleinprison

C.findoutwhichlawyerareincompetent

D.provethatsuspectsareguilty

34.SomestudentsinNorthwesternUniversity

A.provedsomeprisonerswerenotguilty

B.believedsomesuspectswerefromethnicgroups

C.toldthegovernorsofIllinoisnottofreetheprisoners

D.showedDNAtestingwasnotalwaysreliable

35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardDNAtesting?

A.Negative

B.Positive

C.Suspicious

D.Indifferent

答案：

31.What'sisthemainideaofthispassage?

答案为D:DNAtestinghasplayedakeyroleincriminalinvestigation.

相关句(文章最后两句)：Butforthosewhoseinnocencehasbeenprovenandwhoarenowfreeman,

DNAtestinghasmeantnothinglessthanareturntolife.AndwiththecarefuluseofDNAtesting,n

oinnocentpersonshouldeverbeconvictedagain.

32.DNAtestingwasfirstusedinacriminalcaseby__.

答案为D.policeingreatBritain

相关句：theveryfirstuseofDNAtestinginacriminalcasewasin1985ingreatBritain....becausepo

licehadfoundsamplesofthekiller'sDNA...

33.TheInnocenceProjectusesDNAtestingto__.

答案为A.setfreeinnocentprisoners

相关句：in1992,twolawprofessors,decidedtouseDNAevidencetohelpsetfreesuchmistakenlyc

onvictedprisoner.Theycreatedaorganizationcalledtheinnocenceproject.

34.SomestudentsinNorthwesternUniversity.

答案为A.provedsomeprisonerswerenotguilty.

相关句：Thestudents(atNorthwesternUniversity)provedthatinfacttheprisonerswerenotguiltyofth

ecrimetheyhadbeenaccusedof.

35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsDNAtesting?

答案为：B.positive

笑申一^•答神

GoingHerOwnWay

Whenshewastwelve,Mariamadeherfirstimportantdecisionaboutthecourseofherlife.Shed

ecidedthatshewantedtocontinuehereducation,Mostgirlsfrommiddle-classfamilieschosetostay

homeafterprimaryschool,thoughsomeattendedprivateCatholic"finishing**schools.Theretheylearn

edalittleaboutmusic,art,needlework,andhowtomakepoliteconversation.Thiswasnotthesort

ofeducationthatinterestedMaria—orhermother.Bythistime,shehadbeguntotakeherstudiesm

oreseriously.Shereadconstantlyandbroughtherbookseverywhere.Onetimesheevenbroughther

mathbooktothetheaterandtriedtostudyinthedark.

Mariaknewthatshewantedtogoonlearninginaseriousway.Thatmeantattendingthepublic

highschool,somethingthatveryfewgirlsdid.InItalyatthetime,thereweretwotypesofhighscho

ols:the“classical”schoolsandthe“technical"schools.Intheclassicalschools,thestudentsfollowed

averytraditionalprogramofstudies,withcoursesinLatinandGreeklanguageandliterature,andItai

ianliteratureandhistoryl.Thefewgirlswhocontinuedstudyingafterprimaryschoolusuallychosethe

seschools.

Maria,however,wantedtoattendatechnicalschool.Thetechnicalschoolsweremoremodemth

antheclassicalschoolsandtheyofferedcoursesinmodernlanguages,mathematics,science,anda

ccounting2.Mostpeople-includingMaria'sfather-believedthatgirlswouldneverbeabletounder

standthesesubjects.Furthermore,theydidnotthinkitwasproperforgirlstostudythem.

Mariadidnotcareifitwasproperornot.Mathandsciencewerethesubjectsthatinterestedher

most.Butbeforeshecouldsignupforthetechnicalschool,shehadtowinherfather'sapproval.Sh

efinallydid,withhermother'shelp,thoughformanyyearsafter,therewastensioninthefamily.Ma

ria'sfathercontinuedtoopposeherplans,whilehermotherhelpedher.

In1883,atagethirteen,Mariaenteredthe"RegiaScuolaTecnicaMichelangeloBuonarroti,'inRo

me.Herexperienceatthisschoolisdifficultforustoimagine.Thoughthecoursesincludedmoderns

ubjects,theteachingmethodswereverytraditional.Learningconsistedofmemorizinglonglistsoffact

sandrepeatingthembacktotheteacher.Studentswerenotsupposedtoaskquestionsorthinkfort

hemselvesinanyway.Teacherswereverydemanding,disciplineintheclassroomwasstrict,andpu

nishmentwassevereforthosewhofailedtoachieveorweredisobedient.

36.Mariawantedtoattenda.

37.Inthosedays,mostItaliangirls___.

38.Maria'sfatherprobably___.

39.HighschoolteachersinItalyinthosedayswerevery___.

40.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat—

答案：

36.答案为C.technicalhighschool.

37.答案为B.didn,tgotohighschool.

38.答案为B.hadatraditionalviewaboutwomen.

3.9答案为D.strict

40.答案为D.Mariawasagirlofstrongw川

第三篇

GrossNationalHappiness

Inthelastcentury,newtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howe

ver,onecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsia,thekingdomof

Bhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhist(佛教)culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmosta

thousandyears.Bhutan,however,wasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspe

oplecouldnotread,andtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Then,in1972,anew

rulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodern,butwithoutI

osingitstraditions.

KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.Hesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheir

progressbytheirGrossNatonalProduct(GNP)。TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenth

enumberofproductssoldincreases,peoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckh

adadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry'sprogressbypeople'shappiness.If

thepeople'shappinessincreased,thekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.Todecidei

fpeoplewerehappier,hecr