美国文学-霍桑介绍Nathaniel-Hawthorne

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）ContentsLifeMajorworks12Themes3Writingstyles4LifeBirthplace:Salem,MassachusettsFamilybackground:afamilywithalongPuritan

tradition;fatherdiedwhenhewasonly4yearsold;motherreliedonrelativesinrearingherfourchildrenEducation:readingextensivelybyhismid-teensandaspiredtobeawriter;from1821-1825,hestudiedatBowdoincollegeinMaine.

EarlylifeinfluencesonHawthorne

Salem-earlychildhood,laterworkattheCustomHouse.Puritanfamilybackground-oneofhisforefatherswasJudgeHathorne,whopresidedovertheSalemwitchcrafttrials,1692.Beliefintheexistenceofthedevil.Beliefindeterminism宿命论.

Puritanism清教主义PuritanscamefromtheEstablishedChurchofEnglandinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.TheyweresocalledbecausetheywishedtopurifytheformsandritualsoftheChurch.ThoughitwaspilgrimsthatfirstcametoNewEngland,yetPuritanismsoonbecamethedominantfaithwithitsrathergloomyoutlookonlife.ThePuritansheldthatmanlivedtosufferandhemusttoilmightilyforthegloryofGod.Theirdoctrinewaswidelyknownforitsextremelyrigidandstrictmorality.(originalsins,predestination,limitedatonement)Majorworks1837-1842:Twice-ToldTales

《故事重述》1846:MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》1850:TheScarletLetter《红字》1851:TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带七个尖角阁的房子》1852:TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》

FeaturesofhisworksSetting：PuritanNewEnglandThemes：Evil&SinIdea："Blackvision"towardhumanbeingsTechnique

：

symbolismBlackVision:EvilexistsinthehumanheartEveryonepossessessomeevilsecretEveryoneseemstocoveruphisinnermostevilEvilseemstobeman’sbirthmarkSinwilleventuallygetpunishedEvileducatesOverweeningintellect—sourceofevilThemes1.DarkViewofHumanNature（人性之“恶”）2.

MoralityandSin（道德&罪恶）3.

HumanIsolation（人之孤独）1.DarkViewofHumanNature（人性之“恶”）

Humanbeingsareevil-naturedandsinful，

andthissinandeviliseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother.

2.MoralityandSin（道德&罪恶）

Manwillgetpunishedonewayoranotherforhissinbutcanalsobesavedbyhisgood-deeds

andself-improvement.

Onehastoworkandstriveagainsttemptationinordertowinsalvation(拯救).Therecouldbenomagiccarriagewhichwouldenableonetoreachheavenwithouttoilortrouble.3.HumanIsolation（人之孤独）

Humanbeingsareborntobelonely.Theydefendtheirprideandselfishness

fordifferentreasons.

Acharacterisinastateofisolationbecauseofself-cause,orsocietalcause,oracombinationofboth.

Writing

Styles1.DarkRomanticism2.Symbolism3.Psycho-analysis4.Ambiguity5.

Allegory(寓言)6.VisualDescription（视觉描写）1.DarkRomanticism

Hisworksbelongtodarkromanticism,withcautionarytales(警示性故事)thatsuggestthatguilt,sin,andevilarethemostinherentnaturalqualitiesofhumanity.

Supernatural2.SymbolismAdultery(shame)Ability(sympathy)Angel(admiration)

Hawthorneusedvarioussymbolstoimplythemesofadultery,sins,andhumanmorality.•Example

inTheScarletLetter:

3.Psycho-analysis

Psychologicaltruthwasmoreimportantthanactualtruth.

Exploredthecomplexityofhumanpsychologythroughthecharacters’innerstruggle4.Ambiguity

It’sadeliberatepoeticdevice(languagefeature):tosignifytwoormoredistinctreferences,orexpresstwoormorediverseattitudesorfeelingsbyusingasinglewordorexpression.