交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献

-土木匠程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译RoadDesign专业：交通工程可编写-英文原文TheBasicsofaGoodRoadWehaveknownhowtobuildgoodroadsforalongtime.ArchaeologistshavefoundancientEgyptianroadsthatcarriedblockstothepyramidsin4600BCE.Later,theRomansbuiltanextensiveroadsystem,usingthesameprinciplesweusetoday.Someoftheseroadsarestillinservice.Ifyoufollowthebasicconceptsofroadbuilding,youwillcreatearoadthatwilllast.Thetencommandmentsofagoodroadare:1）Getwaterawayfromtheroad2）Buildonafirmfoundation3）Usethebestmaterials4）Compactalllayersproperly5）Designfortrafficloadsandvolumes6）Designformaintenance7）Paveonlywhenready8）Buildfromthebottomup9）Protectyourinvestment10）Keepgoodrecords1．Getwaterawayfromtheroad可编写Divert—Interceptorditches,locatedbetweentheroadandhighergroundalongtheroad,keepthewaterfromreachingtheroadway.Theseditchesmustslopesotheycarrywaterawayfromtheroad.Drain—Creatingacrownintheroadsoitishigheralongthecenterlinethanattheedgesencourageswatertoflowofftheroad.Typicallyapavedcrownshouldbethantheshoulderforeachfootofwidthfromthecenterlinetotheedge.Forgravelsurfacesthecrownshouldbe1?2"higherperfootofwidth.Forthisflowpathtowork,theroadsurfacemustbe可编写Toomuchwaterinanylayerofaroad’sstructurecanweakenthatlayer,leadingtofailure.Inthesurfacelayer,watercancausecracksandpotholes.Inlowerlayersitunderminessupport,causingcracksandpotholes.Acommonsignofwaterinanasphaltroadsurfaceis-Wecan’toveremphasizetheimportanceofgooddrainage.Engineersestimatethatatleast90%ofaroadproblems’scanberelatedtoexcesswaterortopoorwaterdrainage.alligatorcracking—aninterconnectedpatternofcracksformingsmallirregularshapedpiecesthatlooklikealligatorskin.Edgecracking,frostheaves,andspringbreakupofpavementsalsopointtomoistureproblems.Topreventtheseproblemsrememberthatwater:?flowsdownhill?needstoflowsomeplace?isaproblemifitisnotflowingEffectivedrainagesystemsdivert,drainanddisposeofwater.Todothistheyuseinterceptorditchesandslopes,roadcrowns,andditchandculvertsystems.1?4"higher-relativelywatertight.Roadshouldersalsomustbeslopedawayfromtheroadtocontinuecarryingtheflowaway.Superelevations(banking)attheoutsideofcurveswillalsohelpdraintheroadsurface.Dispose—Aditchandculvertsystemcarrieswaterawayfromtheroadstructure.Ditchesshouldbeatleastonefootlowerthanthebottomofthegravelroadlayerthatdrainstheroadway.Theymustbekeptcleanandmustbeslopedtomovewaterintonaturaldrainage.Ifwaterstaysintheditchesitcanseepbackintotheroadstructureandundermineitsstrength.Ditchesshouldalsobeprotectedfromerosionbyplantinggrass,orinstallingrockandothererosioncontrolmeasures.Erosioncandamageshouldersandditches,clogculverts,undermineroadbeds,andcontaminatenearbystreamsandlakes.Evaluateyourditchandculvertsystemtwiceayeartoensurethatitworks.Inthefall,cleanoutleavesandbranchesthatcanblockflow.Inspring,checkforandremovesiltsfromplowingandanydeadplantmaterialleftfromthefall.2．BuildonafirmfoundationAroadisonlyasgoodasitsfoundation.Ahighwaywearsoutfromthetopdownbutfallsapartfromthebottom.Theroadbasemustcarrytheentirestructureandthetrafficthatusesit.Tomakeafirmfoundationyoumayneedtostabilizetheroadbedwithchemicalstabilizers,largestonecalledbreakerrun,orgeotextilefabric.Whenyourunintoconditionswhereyoususpectthatthenativesoilisunstable,workwithanengineertoinvestigatethesituationanddesignanappropriatesolution.3．Usethebestmaterials可编写-Withallroadmaterialsyou“paynoworpaylaterInferior.materials”mayrequireextensivemaintenancethroughouttheroad’slife.Theymaylsoforceyoutoreplacetheroadprematurely.Crushedaggregateisthebestmaterialforthebasecourse.Thesharpanglesofthecrushedmaterialinterlockwhentheyarecompacted.Thissupportsthepavementandtrafficbytransmittingtheloadfromparticletoparticle.Bycontrast,roundedparticlesactlikeballbearings,movingunderloads.Angularparticlesaremorestablethanroundedparticles.Asphaltandconcretepavementmaterialsmustbeofthehighestquality,designedfortheconditions,obtainedfromestablishedfirms,andtestedtoensureitmeetsspecifications.4．CompactalllayersIngeneral,themoredenselyamaterialiscompacted,thestrongeritis.Compactionalsoshrinksoreliminatesopenspaces(voids)betweenparticles.Thismeansthatlesswatercanenterthestructure.Waterinsoilcanweakenthestructureorleadtofrostheaves.Thisisespeciallyimportantforunsurfaced(gravel)roads.Usegravelwhichhasamixofsizes(well-gradedaggregate)sosmallerparticlescanfillthevoidsbetweenlargerones.Goodcompactionofasphaltpavementlengthensitslife.5．DesignfortrafficloadsandvolumesDesignforthehighestanticipatedloadtheroadwillcarry.Aroadthathasbeendesignedonlyforcarswillnotstanduptotrucks.Onetruckwith9tonsonasinglerearaxledoesasmuchdamagetoaroadasnearly10,000cars.可编写-Ruralroadsmaycarrylogtrucks,milktrucks,firedepartmentpumpertrucks,orconstructionequipment.Ifyoudon’tknowwhatspecificloadstheroadwillcarry,agoodruleofthumbistodesignforthelargestpieceofhighwaymaintenanceequipmentthatwillbeusedontheroad.Awell-constructedandmaintainedasphaltroadshouldlast20yearswithoutmajorrepairsorreconstruction.Indesigningaroad,usetrafficcountsthatprojectnumbersandsizesofvehicles20yearsintothefuture.Theseareonlyprojections,atbest,buttheywillallowyoutoplanfortrafficloadingsthrougharoad’slife.6．DesignformaintenanceWithoutmaintenancearoadwillrapidlydeteriorateandfail.Designyourroadssotheycanbeeasilymaintained.Thismeans:adequateditchesthatcanbecleanedregularlyculvertsthataremarkedforeasylocatinginthespring?enoughspaceforsnowafteritisplowedofftheroad?propercrossslopesforsafety,maintenanceandtoavoidsnowdriftsroadsidesthatareplantedortreatedtopreventerosionroadsidesthatcanbemowedsafelyAruleofthumbforadequateroadwidthistomakeitwideenoughforasnowplowtopassanothervehiclewithoutleavingthetravelledway.Markculvertswithapostsotheycanbelocatedeasily.7．PaveonlywhenreadyItisnotnecessarytopaveallyourroadsimmediately.Thereisnothingwrongwitha可编写-well-builtandwellmaintainedgravelroadiftrafficloadsandvolumedonotrequireapavedsurface.Threehundredvehiclesperdayistherecommendedminimumtojustifypaving.Don’tassumethatlayingdownasphaltwillfixagravelroadthatisfailing.Beforeyoupave,makesureyouhaveanadequatecrushedstonebasethatdrainswellandisproperlycompacted.Therecommendedminimumdepthofcrushedstonebaseis10"dependingonsubgradesoils.Aroadpavedonlywhenitisreadywillfaroutperformonethatisconstructedtooquickly.8．êBuildfromthebottomupThiscommandmentmayseemobvious,butitmeansthatyoushouldn’ttopdressorresurfacearoadiftheproblemisinanunderlyinglayer.Beforeyoudoanyroadimprovement,locatethecauseofanysurfaceproblems.Chooseanimprovementtechniquethatwilladdresstheproblem.Thismaymeanrecyclingorremovingallroadmaterialsdowntothenativesoilandrebuildingeverything.Doinganyworkthatdoesntheproblem’tsolveisawasteofmoneyandeffort.9．êProtecyourinvestmentTheroadsystemcanbeyourmunicipality’investmentbiggest.Justasahomeneedspaintingoranewroof,aroadmustbemaintained.Wisconsin’ssevererequiresclimatemoreroadmaintenancethaninmilderplaces.Dotheseimportantmaintenanceactivities:Surface—grade,shape,patch,sealcracks,controldust,removesnowandiceDrainage—cleanandrepairditchesandculverts;removeallexcessmaterialRoadside—cutbrush,trimtreesandroadsideplantings,controlerosionTrafficservice—cleanandrepairorreplacesigns可编写-Designroadswithadequateditchessotheycanbemaintainedwithamotorgrader.Cleanandgradeditchestomaintainproperpitchandpeakefficiency.Aftergrading,removeallexcessmaterialfromtheshoulder.10．KeepgoodrecordsYourmaintenancewillbemoreefficientwithgoodrecords.Knowingtheroad’sconstruction,life,andrepairhistorymakesitmucheasiertoplanandbudgetitsfuturerepairs.Recordscanalsohelpyouevaluatetheeffectivenessoftherepairmethodsandmaterialsyouused.Goodrecordkeepingstartswithaninventoryofthesystem.Itshouldincludethehistoryandsurfaceconditionoftheroadway,identifyandevaluateculvertsandbridges,noteditchconditions,shoulders,signs,andsuchstructuresasretainingwallsandguardrails.Updateyourinventoryeachyearorwhenyourepairorchangearoadsection.Aformalpavementmanagementsystemcanhelpusetheserecordsandplanandbudgetroadimprovements.ResourcesTheBasicsofaGoodRoad

#17649,UW-Madison,15min.videotape.PresentstheTenCommandmentsofaGoodRoad.VideotapesareloanedfreethroughCountyExtensionoffices.AsphaltPASERManual(39pp),ConcretePASERManual(48pp),GravelPASERManual(32pp).Thesebookletscontainextensivephotosanddescriptionsofroadsurfacestohelpyouunderstandtypesofdistressconditionsandtheircauses.Asimpleprocedureforratingtheconditionhelpsyoumanageyourpavementsandplanrepairs.Roadware,acomputerprogramwhichstoresandreportspavementcondition可编写-information.DevelopedbytheTransportationInformationCenterandenhancedbytheWisconsinDepartmentofTransportation,itusesthePASERratingsystemtoprovidefive-yearcostbudgetsandroadwayrepair/reconstructionprioritylists.WisconsinTransportationBulletinfactsheets,availablefromtheTransportationInformationCenter(T.I.C.).RoadDrainage,No.4.Describesdrainageforroadways,shoulders,ditches,andculverts.GravelRoads,No.5.Discussesthecharacteristicsofagravelroadandhowtomaintainone.UsingSaltandSandforWinterRoadMaintenance,No.6.Basicinformationandpracticaltipsonhowtousede-icingchemicalsandsand.Culverts—ProperUseandInstallation,No.15.Selectingandsizingculverts,designing,installingandmaintainingthem.GeotextilesinRoadConstruction/MaintenanceandErosionControl,No.16.Definitionsandcommonapplicationsofgeotextilesonroadwaysandforerosioncontrol.T.I.C.workshopsareofferedatlocationsaroundthestate.Crossroads,an8quarterlynewsletterpublishedbytheT.I.C.carrieshelpfularticles,workshopinformation,andresourcelists.Formoreinformationonanyofthesematerials,contacttheT.I.C.at800/442-4615.可编写-中文译文一个优秀的公路的基础长远以来我们已经掌握了怎样铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发此刻4600年古埃及使用建筑金字塔的石块铺设道路，此后，罗马人使用相同的方法成立了一个宏大的道路系统，这类方法向来沿用到今日。此中的某些道路依旧发挥着作用。假如我们依照到路的基本观点铺设，将会建设一条长远耐用的道路。以下是铺设好一条道路的十点要求：尽量做好道路的排水路基的基础必定要牢固采用经济合理的铺设资料铺设的层次重要将就理设计好道路的最大车辆荷载做好设计保护准备工作做好才能铺设铺设从下往上开始估算好您的投资保持优秀的记录．尽量做好道路的排水可编写-我们在怎么重申排水的重要性也不为过，工程师估计，起码有90％的道路的问题可能与过量的道路积水或低质的排水设备相关。过多的水积攒在道路的结构层内，这样会减弱结构层与基层的稳固性，进而致使路基的损坏。在道路的面层，水分可能惹起路面开裂和裂痕内积水。在基层将惹起基层的支撑能力降落致使基层的损坏，会出现裂痕和坑洞。积水的一个共同的标记是沥青路面开裂是龟裂的—裂痕相互之间互相关系，形成不规则的小块看起来像鳄鱼皮。边沿的裂痕，热胀冷缩，春季路面解冻的问题。为了防备此类的问题连续：1）水顺边坡下贱2）排到必需的地方3）假如水分不可以排出就会惹起问题。有效的排水系统，水分的排出和处理。为此，他们利用拦截水渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，沟渠和涵洞系统。转移--拦截水渠，坐落在道路和路线较高的地点，进而使水能够远离道路。这些排水渠与边坡能够将水分实时排走。排水--成立在路上一顶王冠，所以沿中心线高于在边沿鼓舞水流过马路。往常，铺设冠应当是1/4每页宽度脚高于“每此中心线的宽度从山脚到边沿的肩膀。砾石表面的冠应当是1/2高”。为此流路的工作，路面一定相对水密。路肩还一定远离公路倾斜，连续承载着流走。Superelevations在曲线外（银行）也将有助于drainthe路面。办理—水渠，涵洞系统进行水离路面结构。水渠应起码有一个脚比的砾石层，道路排水巷道底低。他们一定保持洁净，一定倾斜迁入自然排水。假如在水渠的水留它能够浸透回道路结构和削弱其力量。水渠也应遇到保护不受侵害，栽种草，或安装岩石和其余水土保持举措。侵害能够损坏的肩膀和水渠，拥塞涵洞，损坏路基，并污染邻近的河流和湖泊。可编写-评估你的水渠和涵洞制度，每年两次，以保证它能够工作。到了秋季，树叶和树枝清理掉，能够阻挡流动。在春季，检查并除去耕作任何逝世的植物资料，从秋季走开淤泥。．路基的基础必定要牢固阿路也只有在优秀的基础。一条公路穿从上而下，但瀑布从底部分开。道路基础一定进行整个结构和交通使用它。为了使一个坚固的基础，你可能需要用化学稳固剂，稳固路基，大石头叫断路器运转，或土工织物。当你碰到条件下您思疑乡土是不稳固的，拥有工程师，检查有关状况，并设计一个适合的解决方法的工作。．采用经济合理的铺设资料全部道路资料的你“，此刻或此后付薪资。”低质资料可能需要在整个公路的生命进行大规模维修。他们也可能迫使你以代替道经过早。人工砂石料是为基层的最正确资料。在粉碎物料互锁锐角时，他们都将被压缩。这支持经过传输负载从粒子与粒子之间的路面和交通。对比之下，像圆颗粒球轴承，在外力作用下的运动。沥青混凝土路面资料一定是最高质量的企业从成立的条件下获取的，设计和测试，以保证其切合规格。．铺设的层次重要将就理在一般状况下，更密集的物质被压缩，这是越强。减小或除去压实也粒子间空地（缝隙）。这意味着更少的水能够进入的结构。土壤中水的结构能够削弱或致使霜冻眼帘。这关于unsurfaced（砾石）道路重要。使用砾石此中有一个尺寸（优秀级配碎石）的组合，以便更小的颗粒能够填充较大的缝隙之间。好沥青路面压实延伸其寿命。．设计好道路的最大车辆荷载可编写-设计最高负荷估计将进行的道路。一个是专为汽车的必由之路不会站起来卡车。9吨卡车之一，在一个后轴不以道路为近万汽车造成很大伤害。乡村道路可能携带日记卡车，牛奶车，消防部门消防车卡车，或施工设备。假如你不知道什么详细的道路将进行加载，一个好的经验法例是，设计为公路保养设备的最大一块将在道路上使用。一个优秀的结构和维修沥青路面应连续无大修或重修20年。道路设计，使用交通计数的项目数目和20年到将来车辆的大小。这些只是是展望，在最好的，但他们将同意您计划穿越道路交通负荷的生活。．做好设计保护无需维修道路将会快速恶化并失败。设计你的道路，让他们能够很简单地保持。这意味着：能够按期清理水渠充分以方便用户在春季定位标记暗渠雪足够的空间是翻耕后走