《英语写作教程（第一册）》课件L1-2 manuscript form

Content

1.Capitalization2.Italics3.NumberandNumeral4.WordDivision5.Punctuation1.CapitalizationCanyoufigureoutsomepairsofwordswhosemeaningwillbechangedwithcapitalizationofthefirstword?(china瓷器,China中国)Smith史密斯（姓）smith铁匠Bush布什（姓）bush灌木丛August八月

august威严的Turkey土耳其turkey火鸡Pole波兰人pole杆Carpenter卡彭特（姓）carpenter木匠Focus:WhenandHowtoCapitalize1.Capitalizethefirstwordofasentenceordirectquotation.HeoftengoestotheparkonSundays.What’swrongwithyou?”Iasked.Note1:Ifaquotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputintwopairsofquotationmarks,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletterunlessthefirstwordisapropernounoranadjectivederivedfromapropernoun.“My

triptoMountTai,”hesaid,“wasinterestingbuttiring.”2.Capitalizeopeningandclosingofaletter.DearMr.Carpenter:Trulyyours,DearSir:Sincerelyyours,3.Capitalizenamesthatshowfamilyrelationship.Willyoucomewithme,Granny?Thankyou,Father.4.Capitalizepropernounsandtheirabbreviations;Propernounsarethenamesofspecificpeople,places,orthings.1.NamesandnicknamesofpeopleJohnF.Kennedy,StonewallJackson2.NamesofparticularplacesAsia,theU.S.A.,theGreatLakes3.Namesofcompanies,associations,unions,clubs,religiousandpoliticalgroupsandotherorganizationtheU.S.,DepartmentofDefense,Buddhism,Christian4.Daysoftheweek,monthsandholidaysMonday,July,Christmas5.Races,nations,nationalities,andtheirlanguagesJewish,English,American,Japanese6.Namesofprizes,treaties,andfamousdocumentstheNobelPrizetheDeclarationofIndependence7.Namesofbooks,magazines,newspapers,articles,poems,stories,films,TVshows,songsandthelikePrideandPrejudice,ChinaDaily,DesperateHousewife8.MilitaryandciviliantitlesGeneralMacArthur,ProfessorSmith9.NamesofcommercialproductsLenovo,Coca-Cola10.Namesofphilosophical,literaryandartisticmovements,historicalperiods,andeventstheSecondWorldWar,Marxism,Romanticism,theIndustrialRevolution单词字母要大写，下面规则是小结。

句子开头首字母，文章标题虚词除（外）。

专有名词要牢记，节日月份星期几。

报刊杂志和书籍，职业头衔和称谓。

I无论在哪里，总是大写没问题(OK)。Exercise:P6(1,4,5)andP7(2,4,5)2.ItalicsFocus:WhenandHowtoItalicizeUseitalicstodenotenamesofships,aircrafts,paintings,sculpture,softwareprogram,websitesorhomepage,orthelike.Titanic(ship)Apollo2(spaceship)TheLastSupper(painting)2.Useitalicstodenotetitlesofbooks,scholarlyjournals,magazines,newspapers,governmentreports,plays,musicals,operas,films,televisionshows,radioprograms,longpoemsandthelike.JaneEyre(book)TheAmericanScholar(journal)ChinaDaily(newspaper)KingLear(play)Wasteland(longpoem)Note:Donotitalicizetheword“the”atthebeginningoftitles.3.Useitalicstodenoteforeignwordsandphrases.Laissez-faire(French,放任政策)isadoctrineholdingthatgovernmentshouldnotinterferewithtrade.Onformaloccasions,Chinesewillwearqipao.4.Useitalicstosetoffelementsspokenasthemselvesandtermsbeingdefined,orwordsandphrasesthatneedtobedefined.Hedottedeveryg

andcrossedeveryq.Todenote

means“torepresentsomething.”5.Useitalicstoemphasizeawordorphraseinastatement.Hemanagedtoeatthreepancakes.IsaidCaroline,notCatherine.斜体小结：1.用于作品名（书刊报；文学艺术类：绘画雕塑音乐戏剧长诗；E类：电影电视软件网址电台节目等）2.用于特定的运载工具的具体名称（轮船，飞机，火箭，飞船）3.用于外来词语4.用于强调或引起注意（单词，字母，数字）

Exercise:P11(I:2,3;II:1,2)3.NumberandNumeralNumberinwritingcanbeusedintwoforms,anumber(thirty-five)andanumeral[alsocalledfigure,(35)].Focus:NumberUsenumbersatthebeginningofasentenceandneverbeginasentencewithanumeral.Twenty-fivemiddleschoolattendedthesportmeeting.❌25middleschoolattendedthesportmeeting.2.Usenumbersthattakenomorethantwowords.Thedoctorsandnursesworkedwithoutarelieffortwenty-twohours.Theclassroomcanholdtwohundredspectators.Focus:NumeralUsenumeralsinaddress,dates,times,exactsumsofmoney,percentagesanddecimals(小数),chaptersofabook,fractions(分数).21DowningStreetFebruary1,20015p.m.300B.C.$5.80Chapter580%2/35.962.Usenumeralsinmeasurementsbeforeanabbreviationorsymbol.24’’50cc32°C3.Usenumeralsinratios(比例),scores,statistics,andidentificationnumbers.aratioof2to1Channel15Track6Theaverageoflifespannowadaysisaround70.4.Usenumeralsmorethantwowordslong.Thelargestcommercialbanktodaymayofferover200separatefinancialservices.Note:Whenonenumberimmediatelyprecedesanotherinasentence,spelloutthefirst,anduseanumeralforthesecond.two11-yearcycles数字用法：第（地）十(时）日，钱又分小张（章）了。测算比例，多数了两张。Exercise：P15(I:2,3,4;II:1)4.WordDivisionDivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables.Thegeneralprinciple:Syllableisasingleunitofspeech,eitherawholewordoroneofthepartsintowhichawordcanbeseparated,usuallycontainingavowel.

Someotherprinciples:One-syllablewordslikethought,parkcannotbedivided;Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:sister-in-law,well-known;Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffixandthebasepartoftheword,suchasdevelop-ment,un-like,careful-ness,ir-regular,4.Dividetwo-syllableswordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:set-ting,quar-rel,bet-ter.5.Dividecompoundwordsbetweenthetwobasewords,suchasland-lord.1.Donot

writeoneletterofawordattheendoratthebeginningofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa-wake,rain-y;2.Donot

putatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofaline,likecab-in;3.Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:re-ally;4.Donotdividethelastwordonapage;youmaywritethewholewordonthenextpage;5.Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,suchasChi-na;Don’ts小结：单音节词不能分有连字符的词可以在连字符处分开有前缀或后缀的词，在它们与词根处分开两个连续辅音字母，在它们中间分开合成词在两个词根中间分开Dividethefollowingwordsaccordingtogeneralrules:

alivesettingsister-in-lawhandypermissiongratitudesociablethoughtdictatorship

Dividethefollowingwordsaccordingtogeneralrules:

a/liveset/tingsister/-in-/lawhan/dyper/mis/siongrat/i/tudeso/cia/blethoughtdic/ta/tor/ship

5.Punctuation

请用，。？；或者！等标点符号将“下雨天留客天留我不留”分隔开，产生七种不同意思。下雨天留客，天留我不留。下雨天留客。天留我？不留。下雨天留客，天留我不？留。下雨天，留客；天留我不留！下雨天，留客天，留我？不留。下雨天，留客天；留我不？留。下雨天，留客天；留我不留？comma(,)

colon(:)

semicolon(;)

dash(—)

bracket([])Roadconstructioncanbeinconvenient,butitisnecessary.2.Setoffitemsinaseries.Onmyvacation,IvisitedGermany,Spain,Italy,France,andGreece.Focus:Comma(,)1.Setoffindependentclauses.3.Setoffintroductoryelements,prepositionalphrase,ordependentclause.Togetagoodgrade,youmustfinishallyourassignments.Afterthewedding,theguestsattendedthereception.4.Setoffnonessentialmaterial.nonrestrictivemodifiers(非限制性修饰语),includingadjective,prepositional,verbalandabsolutephrases,appositives(同位语).John’struck,aredVolkswagen,needsmoretires.Thetappingcameagain,louderandmoreinsistent.Anoldlady,noddingandsmiling,invitedusin.5.Useacommawithquotedwords.“Yes,”shepromised.Toddyreplied,saying,“Iwillbebackthisafternoon.”“TheSummerPalace,”hesaid,“islikeafairyland.”6.Useacommainaddresses,dates,longnumbers,andpersonaltitles.2,500,000Monday,October5,2001Heraddressis600WestEndAvenue,NewYork,NY10024.7.Useacommaafteratransitionalelement.Transitionalelements:however,therefore,nonetheless,also,otherwise,instead,ofcourse,aboveall,forexample,inotherwords,andthelike.Inconclusion,booksareimportanttomylife.8.Useacommatopreventmisreading.Bencarriedthebox;Tim,thesuitcase.Finishthepracticeonpage23.Focus:Colon(:)Introduceanexplanation,asummary,oranappositive.Amywenttothestoreforsomegroceries:milk,breadandcheese.Wehadtoruntothestore:thecarbrokedown.2.Introducequotations.Myfavoritequoteis:“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”Note:Useacoloninsteadofacommabeforeaquotationiftheidentifyingtagisacompletesentence.3.Separateatitlefromasubtitle,placeofpublicationfromnameofpublisher,thehourandminutes.FamilyInstallments:MemoriesofGrowingUpHispanicCambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress12:00p.m.Finishthepracticeonpage25.Focus:Semicolon(;)Semicolonareoftenusedtolinkindependentclausesthatarecloselyrelatedinthoughtoridea.Betweentwocoordinateclausesnotlinkedbyaconjunction(and,but,or,nor,for,so,yet).Nooneisbornwithknowledge;knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.2.Beforeconjunctiveslikehowever,therefore,hence,besides,otherwise.Roadsarealwayscrowded;hencehepreferssubways.3.Useasemicolontomakealistofitemsthatareseparatedwithcommas.Severalfastfoodrestaurantscanbefoundwiththefollowingcities:London,England;Paris,France;Dublin,Ireland.4.Useasemicolontoconnectsentencesthatcontainsinternalpunctuations.Beforewegraduated,wehadexpectedtofindgoodjobs;butwhenwedidgraduate,wefounditwasnoteasytogetajobatall.

分号小结：分号连接两个关系密切的句子。当两个或多个分句都是独立的主句，而且它们之间没有并列连词（and,or,but,for等）连接时，用分号当第二个分句以某些连接词(however,therefore,hence,nevertheless等）开头时，宜用分号当要表达一系列，而且系列中本身又含有逗号时，宜用分号当几个句子本身含有标点如逗号时，宜用分号隔开Finishthepracticeonpage26.Focus:Dash(—)Dashescallattentiontothematerialtheysetoff.Weoftenusedashestosetoffexplanations,qualifications,examples,definitions,andappositivesforemphasis.Setoffwordsfordramaticeffect.Thepardonfromthegovernorfinallyarrived—toolate.2.Introduceasummary.Threegirls—Amy,HelenandMary—enteredforthecompetition.3.Indicateaninterruptedspeech,aninterruptedthoughtorchangeoftone.“Myideais—”“Youwanttoquit,don’tyou?”“Ithink—no,Ithink—