世界瓶装水行业报告-44正式版

UnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforWater,EnvironmentandHealthGlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrends每日免费获取报告1、每日微信群内分享7+最新重磅报告；2、每日分享当日华尔街日报、金融时报；3、每周分享经济学人4、行研报告均为公开版，权利归原作者所有，起点财经仅分发做内部学习。扫一扫二维码关注公号回复：研究报告加入“起点财经”微信群。。ZeinebBouhlelUnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforWater,Environment,andHealth,Hamilton,ON,CanadaJimmyKöpkeUnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforWater,Environment,andHealth,Hamilton,ON,CanadaHelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearch,Leipzig,GermanyMariamMinaMcMasterUniversity,Hamilton,CanadaVladimirSmakhtinUnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforWater,Environment,andHealth,Hamilton,ON,CanadaAboutUNUꢀINWEHUNUꢀINWEH’smissionistohelpresolvepressingwaterchallengesthatareofconcerntotheUnitedNations,itsMemberStates,andtheirpeople,throughcriticalanalysisandsynthesisofexistingbodiesofscientificdiscovery;targetedresearchthatidentifiesemergingpolicyissues;applicationofon-the-groundscalablescience-basedsolu-tionstowaterissues;andglobaloutreach.UNUꢀINWEHcarriesoutitsworkincooperationwiththenetworkofotherresearchinstitutions,internationalorganisationsandindividualscholarsthroughouttheworld.©UnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforWater,EnvironmentandꢀHealth(UNUꢀINWEH),2023SuggestedReference:Bouhlel,Z.,Köpke,J.,Mina,M.,andSmakhtin,ꢀV.,2023.GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AꢀReviewofImpactsandTrendsUnitedNations,UniversityꢀInstituteforꢀWater,EnvironmentandHealth,ꢀHamilton,ꢀCanada.UNUꢀINWEHisanintegralpartoftheUnitedNationsUniversity(UNU)–anacademicarmoftheUN,whichincludes13ꢀinstitutesandprogrammeslocatedin12coun-triesaroundtheworld,anddealingwithvariousissuesofdevelopment.UNUꢀINWEHwasestablished,asapublicserviceagencyandasubsidiarybodyoftheUNU,in1996.Itsoperationsaresecuredthroughlong-termhost-countryandcore-fundingagreementswiththeGovernmentofCanada.TheInstituteislocatedinHamilton,Canada,anditsfacilitiesaresupportedbyMcMasterUniversity.Frontcoverimage:Shutterstock,RiccardoMayerBackcoverimage:Shutterstock,ChaiyapruekYouprasertDesign:ArtandWordsInc.Downloadat:/publications/ISBN:978-92-808-6114-3UNUꢀINWEHissupportedbytheGovernmentofCanadathroughꢀGlobalAffairsCanada.ContentsSummaryꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ2Introductionꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ3BottledWaterMarket:StatusandTrendsꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ4Bottledwatertypes.........................................4Marketsize,structure,andgeography..........................5Keydrivers................................................10TheQuestionofQualityꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ14BottledWaterandResourceꢁDepletionꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ19BottledWaterandPlasticPollutionꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ22Impacts..................................................23Recycling.................................................24Alternatives...............................................24BottledWaterandSustainableDevelopmentꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ25Conclusionsꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ28Acknowledgementsꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ30Referencesꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ30SUMMARYWithdrawalsforbottledwatercancontributetoground-waterresourcedepletioninareasofbottledwaterprocurement,althoughcasestudiesthatillustratethisarerare.However,evenifsuchwithdrawalsaresmallinabso-lutetermsgloballyorcomparedtolargerwaterconsumerslikeirrigatedagriculture,localimpactsonwaterresourcesmaybesignificant.Thelackofdataavailableonwatervolumesextractedbythebottledwaterindustryislargelyduetothelackoftransparencyandalegalfoundationthatwouldhaveforcedbottlingcompaniestopubliclydiscloseextractedwatervolumesandassesstheenvironmentalconsequencesoftheiractivities.TheGlobalSouth,wheresafedrinkingtapwaterisnotalwaysavailable,representspotentialfuturemarketsforbottledwater.Lackofnationalpoliciesforwatermanagementmaypromoteuncontrolledgroundwaterwithdrawalsforbottledwaterprocurementwithlittleornocontributiontoasustainablelong-termdrinkingwatersupply.Thereportexaminesfactsandperceptionsaboutbottledwaterintheglobalcontext.Itanalysesthegeography,structure,trends,anddriversoftheglobalbottledwatermarket.Itexaminestheexistingknowledgeonthequal-ityofbottledwater,itsimpactsonwaterresources,anditsroleinplasticpollution.Itraisesthequestionofthebottledwaterindustry’scontributiontothesustainabledevelopmentgoalonuniversalaccesstosafedrinkingwater.Theanalysisconsideredonlythosetypesofbottledwaterthathavelittleornodifferenceintastefromthetapwaterprovidedbyregularmunicipalwatersupply.ItisshownthatbottledwateriswidelyconsumedinthebothGlobalNorthandSouthalthoughpricescanbeordersofmagnitudehigherthantapwater.Thecurrentglobalbot-tledwatersalesareestimatedatalmost270billionUS$and350billionliters.Thereportmapsandrankedthetop50ꢀcountriesintheworldbytotalandpercapitabottledwatersalesbothindollarsandliters.TheAsia-Pacificregionconstitutesabouthalfoftheglobalbottledwatermarket,andtheGlobalSouthcountriestogetherabout60%.TheUSA,ChinaandIndonesiacombinedcomprisehalfoftheglobalmarket.GermanyisthebiggestmarketinEurope,MexicointheLACregionandSouthAfricainAfrica.SingaporeandAustraliastandoutastheleadersinbothannualrevenueandvolumeofbottledwatersoldpercapita,withtheUSAandChinapercapitaindicatorsbeingmuchsmaller.Thereportcollatesscatteredinformationonplasticpollu-tionassociatedwithbottledwater,pointingoutthattheworldcurrentlygeneratesaround600billionplasticbottlesamountingtoapproximately25milliontonnesofplasticwaste,whichisnotrecycledbutisdisposedofinlandfillsorasunregulatedwaste.Whiletherearesignsofgrowingsocialawarenessoftheadverseimpactsofplasticsontheenvironment,abreakthroughsolutionthatcouldradicallyreducetheenvironmentalimpactsofplasticsdoesnotyetappeartoexist.Henceplasticpollutionwilllikelycontinueintheyearstocome.Thereportindicatesthatbottledwatermarketdriversdif-ThereportarguesthatwhileprogresstowarduniversalfersignificantlybetweentheGlobalNorthandtheGlobalSouth.Intheformer,bottledwaterisoftenperceivedasahealthierandtastierproductthantapwaterandismorealuxurygoodthananecessity.IntheGlobalSouth,bottledwatersalesarestimulatedprimarilybythelackorabsenceofareliablepublicwatersupply.accesstosafedrinkingwaterforallissignificantlyoff-track,theexpansionofbottledwatermarketsslowsthisprogressdown,distractingattentionandresourcesfromacceler-atedpublicwatersupplysystemsdevelopment.Estimatessuggestthatlessthanhalfofwhattheworldpaysforbot-tledwaterannuallywouldbesufficienttoensurecleantapwateraccessforhundredsofmillionsofpeoplewithoutit–foryears.Therearerecenthigh-levelinitiativesthataimtoscaleupfinancingfortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,includingwater-relatedones.Suchinitiativesareanopportunityforthebottledwatersectortobecomeanactiveplayerinthisprocessandhelpacceleratetheprog-resstowardsustainablewaterꢀsupply,particularlyintheGlobalꢀSouth.Basedonaround60casestudiesfrommorethan40ꢀcoun-triesfromeveryregionoftheworld,thereportillustratesthattherehavebeennumerouscasesofinorganic,organic,andmicrobiologicalcontaminationofhundredsofbottledwaterbrandsofallbottledwatertypesandthatsuchcon-taminationoftenexceededlocalorglobalstandards.Thisrepresentsstrongevidenceagainstthemisleadingpercep-tionthatbottledwaterisanunquestionablysafedrinkingwatersourceandarguesthattheprovisionofasafeandreliabledrinkingwatersupplyinanycountrymaynotbeachievedattheexpenseofoneꢀwatersourceoveranother.2GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrendsINTRODUCTIONBottled/packageddrinkingwater,thewaterthatisfilledintohermeticallysealedcontainersofvariouscompos-itions,forms,andcapacities(i.e.bottles,waterdispensers,sachets)andthatissafefordirectconsumption(FAO/WHO,2007),hasatpresentalargevarietyoftypesandbrandsandiswidelyconsumedaroundtheglobeincountrieswithdif-ferentlevelsofeconomicadvancement.Forsimplicity,theterm“bottledwater”inthisreportreferstowaterpackagedinanytypeofcontainer,forindividualandhouseholduse.Bottledwaterevolvedfromanicheproducttooneofthemostpopularbeveragesintheworld.InEurope,itcanbetracedasfarbackasthe16thCenturywhennaturalmin-eralwaterwassoldinglassbottlesandwasconsideredaluxurybeverageforspecialoccasions(Brei2018,Hawkins2017).Thefirstbottledmineralwaterforpublicconsump-tionintheUSAwasinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury(Hawkinsetal.2015,Pandal2020),andindustriallycarbon-atedwaterwaspatentedin1806(Jainꢀetal.2019).MineralwaterinsachetcontainersoldinYaounde,Cameroon.ByStreetVJ,ShutterstockDespitethedecreaseinthecostofglass,bottledwaterconsumptionremainedrelativelylowuntilthemiddleofthe20thcentury(BreiandTadajewski2015,Foltz1999,Hawkins2017,Marty2005,Spar2008).Thisbegantochangeinthelate1960sand1970swiththeemerginginterestingeneralfitnessandtheincreasedEuropeanmineralwaterimportstotheUSA(Hawkins,2017,Jainetal.2019).Theintroductionofpolyethyleneterephthalateplastic(PET)inthelate1970sfurtheracceleratedbottledwatersales(Hawkins2017).Inthe1980s,bigfoodandbev-eragecorporationssuchasNestléandDanoneseizedtheopportunitytodiversifytheirbeverageproductsbyprodu-cing“water”andinthe1990s,PepsiCoandCoca-Colaalsoenteredthemarket(Green2014,Hawkinsꢀ2017).2018,Greene2014).Atthesametime,bottledwaterrarelyfacedthesamerigorouspublichealthandenvironmentalregulationsastapwater(Brei2018,Hawkins2017).Atpresent,theglobalmarketforallnon-alcoholicpack-agedbeveragesgeneratesrevenuesofover$1,225ꢀbillion.Bottledwatermakes17–24%ofthisnumberdependingonhow“beveragemarket”and“bottledwater”aredefined(Ross2021,Statista2022b).Withsuchsignificant“weight”,thebottledwatersectorcanplayamajorroleinglobalsus-tainabledevelopmentprocesses,particularlyconsideringhowcriticalwateristohumans.Atthesametime,thecontroversysurroundingbottledwaterisalsosignificant,andtheoverarchingquestioninthiscontextiswhetherthebottledwatersectoralreadycontributestosuchdevelopment,andifso,where,how,andtowhatextent.Consequently,thereportmakesanattempttodevelopacomprehensivelookatthebottledwatersec-torglobally.Accordingly,thereportobjectivesꢀareto:Thefollowingdecadesweremarkedbyarapidglobalmar-ketexpansion,productdiversification(e.g.,“functionalwater”or“vitaminwater”)andeventhereplacementoftapwaterwithbottledwaterasthemaindrinkingwatercommodityinsomecountries.Theseprocessesoccurredsimultaneouslywithageneralunderinvestmentinpublicwatersupplyanddistributionsystems(CohenandRay2018)andincreasinglynegativeperceptionsoftapwaterqualityandconcernsoveritsimpactsonhealth(JaffeeandNewman2013,Rodwan2018,Wilk2006).Beveragecorpor-ationsmarketedbottledwaterasa‘safealternative’totapwateranddrewconsumers’attentiontowaterquality(Opel1999,Wilk2006)byusingisolatedpublicwatersystemfail-uressuchasthecholeraoutbreakinMexico(1985)andthecryptosporidiumcrisisinSydney(1998)(CohenandRay•Evaluatethecurrentstateofandtrendsintheglobalbottledwatermarket.•Examinetheexistingknowledgeandquantitativelysum-marizethekeyhealthandenvironmentalimpactsofthebottledwaterindustry.•Determineifandhowtheabovebottledwatermarketmeasures,trends,anddriversononehand,andbottledwaterimpactsontheother,affecttheachievementoftheSDGsandwater-relatedones–inꢀparticular.GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrends3BOTTLEDWATERMARKET:STATUSANDTRENDSNaturalmineralwater(Figure1).Thiswatercomesfromgroundwatersourceswherethewaterisnaturallyprotectedfrompollutionandischaracterizedbythepresenceofmineralsandtraceelements.Thecompositionofelementsvarieswiththegeographicallocationandgivesthewateracharacteristictasteandcommercialname(e.g.,Evian,FijiNaturalArtesian).Thereꢀisnoclearconsensus,however,ontheconcentrationofmineralsatwhichthewateriscon-sidered‘mineral’.Forinstance,TheInternationalBottledWaterAssociation(IBWA)standardis250ppm,whilethatoftheEuropeanFederationofBottledwateris50ppm.Itiscriticalformineralbottledwaterthatitsmineralcompos-itionremainsunchangedfromthesourcetotheconsumerandreceivesnotreatment.Itsmineralcomposition,origin,andsourceshouldbeclearlyindicated.(Intherestofthisreport,“naturalmineralwater”isreferredtosimplyas“mineral”ꢀwater).BottledwatertypesThemarkettodaycontainsawiderangeofbottledwatertypes.Definitionsofthesetypesprovidedbyvariousinter-nationalandgovernmentalsources,suchastheCodexAlimentariusCommission(FAOandWHO,2007),theInter-nationalCouncilofBottledWaterAssociations(ICBWA,2022),theInternationalBottledWaterAssociation(IBWA2022b),theDrinkingWaterResearchFoundation(DWRF2022)andothersvarysignificantly.However,themaincri-teriaforthemostcommoncategorizationappeartoincludegeologicalorigin(wherethewateriscollected),chemicalcomposition(whetheritꢀcontainsmineralsandiftheyarestable),andcarbonation(whetherornotwaterhascarbondioxideinit)andhence,whetheritissparklingorstill.Inaddition,allwatersthatarebottledcanessentiallybeseparatedintotwolargecategories–naturalandtreated,althoughsuchasimplecategorizationalonemaynotbereflectiveofthewiderangeofbottledwatertypes.Thisreportconsideredprimarilythosebottledwatertypesthathavelittleornodifferenceintastefromtapwaterprovidedbymunicipalwatersupply.Suchtypescanbegroupedintothreemainꢀcategories.Othernaturalwater.Waterinthiscategorycomespre-dominantlyfromgroundwatersourcessuchaswellsandsprings.Glacierwaterisalsoincludedinthiscategory(Figure1).Thewatersourcegivestheproductitstasteandcommercialname.Theproductshouldbefreeofpollutants,shouldnotbesubjectedtoanymajortreatment,andmayormaynotcontainminerals.Othernaturalwaterdiffersfromnaturalmineralwaterinseveralways:i)forwellandspringwater,themineralcompositiondoesn’tneedtobeconstantfromsourcetotheconsumer:ii)packagingcanbedonefarfromthesource,andiii)listingmineralcompositionisnotrequiredeventhoughbottledwatercompaniesoftendosoforcommercialpurposes.Intherestofthisreport,“othernaturalwater”isreferredtosimplyas“natural”water.4%6%Treatedwater.Treatedwaterissometimescalledpurified,prepared,processed,ortablewater.Itsoriginisnotrel-evanttoitsbrandingandtherearenolegalobligationstodisclosethisinformation.Itcouldcomefromamunicipalorcommunitywatersystem,asurfacewatersource,oranunconfinedaquifer.Thiswaterissubjectedtorequiredtreatmentsanddisinfection,includingchlorination,tomakeitsafeforconsumption.Treatmentmaybebyreverseosmosis,distillation,deionization,orotherprocesses.18%42%20%10%Bottledwaterinanycategorycanbe‘still’or‘sparkling’(i.e.,carbonated,eithernaturallyorindustrially).Toensureconformityininterpretationsandcomparisonsbetweentapandbottledwater,onlystillwaterisconsideredinthisreport.Sparklingwaterconstitutesonly10%ofthebottledwatermarket(Figure1)anditstastediffersfromtapwater.Bottledwatersthathavebeenmodifiedbytheadditionofminerals,flavors,orsupplementsarenotconsideredinthisreportastheyareconsiderablydifferentfromregulartapwaterandrepresentasmallportionofthebottledwatermarketꢀ(Brei2018).TreatedWaterSpakling/CarbonatedWaterMineralWaterSpringWaterWellandArtesianWellWaterGlacierWaterFIGURE1.Marketstructurebyvolumeofbottledwaterꢀtypeꢀ(2021)4GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrendsMarketsize,structure,andgeography2%9%Theglobalmarketfortheabovethreemaintypesofbottledwaterisestimatedtobealmost270billionUS$fromsalesof350billionlitersin2021.Themarkethasincreasedby73%duringthelastdecade,makingitoneofthefastest-growingmarketsintheworld(Statista2020).11%49%Currentbottledwatertotalsalesvarysignificantlybetweenmajorgeographicalregions(Figure2).TheAsia-Pacificregionrepresentsthelargestregionalmarketbothindollartermsandliters(consumption),followedbyNorthAmer-icaandEurope.TheGlobalSouthcombined(Asia-Pacific,Africa,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean)representsaround60%oftheglobalsalesbothindollarsꢀandliters.29%Asia-PacificNorthAmericaEuropeTreatedwaterwasthelargestmarketcomponentin2021byvolume,representingalmosthalfofallbottledwaterconsumedglobally(47%),followedbymineralwater(33%)(Figure3,right).Asimilarpatternhasbeenobservedasconfirmedbyothermarketanalyses(GrandViewResearch2022,Statista2020).However,thecategory“naturalwater”appearstobethemostprofitablemarketsegment(Figureꢀ3,left).LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanAfricaFIGURE2.Globalbottledwatermarketstructurebymajorgeographicalregionin2021(percentofglobalUS$revenue)28%22%33%47%USDVOLUME20%50%MineralNaturalTreatedFIGURE3.Globalbottledwatermarketstructurebythreemainwatertypesin2021(percentofglobalUS$revenueandconsumptionvolumeinliters)GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrends5Thebottledwatermarketcomprisesarangeofcompan-iesfrommultinationaltolocal.PepsiCo,Inc.,Coca-ColaCompany,NestléS.A.,DanoneS.A,andPrimoCorporationarethefivecompanieswithashareoftheglobalmarketexceeding2%eachandhavecombinedsalesof$65billion(over25%ofthetotalmarketbysales,Figure4).Collect-ively,smallerlocalbusinesseshaveasignificantinfluenceoverthesector.Over70%ofbottledwaterproductsareproducedlocallyandtransportedregionally,althoughsomelargenationalmarketsliketheUSAandChinaimportsometimesmillionsoflitersofbottledwater(Ross2021,UNComtrade2021).GermanyisthebiggestmarketinEurope,MexicointheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion(LAC),andSouthAfricainAfrica(Figure5).Althoughbothhigh-incomecoun-tries(HIC)andlowandmiddle-incomecountries(LMIC)appearamongthetop50biggestbottledwatermarkets,themarketvalueforaspecificcountrycanberelatedtoeitherahighpriceperunitsoldorahighquantitysold.Forinstance,thepriceforaunitofbottledwaterinNorthAmericanandEuropeancountriesisaround$2.5perunitonaverage,whichismorethandoublethatinAsia,AfricaandLAC($0.80,$0.90and$1respectively).Australia,thefifthlargestmarket,hasthehighestpriceperunitonaver-age($3.57)(Statista2020,2022a).Onacountrylevel,thelargestmarketistheUSAwithtotalrevenueofaround$64billion,followedbyChina(almost$50billion)andIndonesia(almost$22billion)(Figure5andFigure6).Thesethreecountriescombinedearnhalftheglobaltotalrevenue(24%,18%and8%ꢀrespectively).TotalconsumptionofbottledwaterinlitersfollowsasimilarpatterntosalesinUS$,withtheUSA,China,andꢀIndonesiabeingthelargestconsumers,collectivelyaccountingfornearly40%oftheglobalbottledwatervolume.Figure7showsthetop50countriesbytotalbottledwatercon-sumedwhileillustratingthestructureofꢀthisconsumptionbythethreemainwatertypes.7.2%7.0%PepsiCoInc.(Aquafina)TheCocaColaCompany(Dasani)NestléWaters4.9%DanonePrimoWaterCorporationHangzhouWahahaGroupCo.,LtdPolandSpring3.1%2.9%2.0%2.0%1.9%62.2%IcelandicGlacialInc.AJEGroupSuntoryBeverage&FoodLtdNongfuSpring1.9%1.7%1.7%1.7%NiagaraBottling,LLCOthersmallcompanies(lessthan1.5%)FIGURE4.Globalbottledwatermarketstructurebycompanyin2021(percentofglobalUS$revenue)6GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrendsBillionUSD>205–202–50.25–0.50.1–0.250.05–0.10–0.051–20.5–1NoDataFIGURE5.Bottledwatermarketsize(billionUS$)bycountry(2021)Bottledwatersalespercapitarevealadifferentpicture(Figure8).SingaporeandAustraliaemergeasthelead-ersinbothannualrevenueandvolumeofbottledwatersold(Singapore:1,129litersand$1,348percapitain2021;Australia:504litersand$386percapitathesameyear).ThereisalargedropinbothindicatorsbetweenSingaporeandAustralia,afterwhichthepercapitanumbersaremuchlower(Figures9and10).TheUSA,Indonesia,andparticu-larlyChina,rankmuchlowerintermsofbothpercapitabottledwaterconsumptionandrevenuecomparedtotheircorrespondingtotalnumbers.Marketgrowthdiffersbybottledwatertype.Treatedandnaturalmineralwaterarethefastest-growingmarketssince2018(10%and12%respectively)whereasthemarketfornaturalwaterisgrowingataslowerrateataround5%forthesameperiod(BlueWeave2022).Table1liststhetop10fastest-growingcountrymarketsbywatertype.Egypthasthefastest-growingtreatedwatermarketoverall(40%).SevenothercountriesfromtheGlobalSouthareinthetop10fastest-growingtreatedwatermarketswithgrowthratesof10–17%(Algeria,Brazil,Indonesia,UAE,India,MoroccoandSaudiArabia).India(27%),Egypt(18%)andAlgeria(17%)areamongthetop10fastest-growingmarketsofmineralwater,competingwithSouthKorea(28%),Japan(24%),France,Peru,SouthAfricaandMalaysia(13–16%).Fornaturalwaters,thelead-ersareallfromEurope(Belgium,Netherlands,UK,andFrance)witharangeof6–9%),wherespringwateristhemostappealingbottledwaterproduct(NMWE2021).Atacompoundannualgrowthrateof5.2%since2021(UNꢀStats2021),thebottledwatermarkethasbeengrow-ingfasterthanotherbeveragemarketssuchascoffee(3.5%)duringthesameperiod(Statista2021a,2022a).From2022,themarketisprojectedtoincreaseatanevenfasterrateofapproximately7%andreach$500billionby2025–2030.Thisgivesbottledwaterthehighestgrowthpotentialamongallsoftdrinkproducts(BlueWeave2022,GrandViewResearch2022,Statista2021aand2022b).GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrends7FIGURE6.Top50countriesin2021bytheirbottledwatersales(US$million)8GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrendsFIGURE7.Top50countriesin2021bytotalbottledwaterconsumptionandcompositionbywatertype.(“Noꢀdataontypes”indicatescaseswhereonlytotalsareavailable)GlobalBottledWaterIndustry:AReviewofImpactsandTrends9USD/Capita>20020–3010–205–10100–20050–10040–5030–401–5NoDataFIGURE8.BottledwatersalesinUS$percapita(2021)Keydrivers•Convenienceandlifestyleaspects:bottledwateriseasytopurchaseandcarryandthebottlesareeasytoꢀdisposeꢀof.Bottledwatermarketdriversvarysignificantlybycountry.Inhigh-incomecountries,bottledwaterconsumptionisoftenhighdespitewell-developeddomesticwatersupplysystems,andasignificantpercentageofthepopulationprefersbottledwater.About31%and38%ofCanadiansandAmericansusebottledwaterastheirprimarydrinkingsource(JohnstoneandSerret2012,Vieuxetal.2020).InFrance,bottledwateraccountsfor64%ofthesoftdrinksmarket,eventhoughbottledwatercanbealmost350timesmoreexpensivethantapwater(Brei2018).Bottledwaterappearstobethemaindrinkingwatersourceforaround60%ofItalians(JohnstoneandSerret2012)andKoreans(ChaandLee2020).Accordingtomultiplesources(Brei2018,Clarke2007,Hawkinsetal.2015,Opel1999,Stoler2017)highbottledwaterconsumptionintheGlobalNorthcountriesisrelatedto:Someoftheaboveperceptionsareoverrated(asthenextsectionofthisreportwillillustrate)andoverall,basedontheabove,itmaybearguedthatinhigh-incomecountriesbottledwaterislargelya“luxurygood”.Inmid-andlow-incomecountries,bottledwatercon-sumptionislinkedtopoortapwaterqualityandoftenunreliablepublicwatersupplysystems.Theseproblemsareoftencausedbycorruptionandchronicunderinvestmentinpipedwaterinfrastructure(Greene2014,Hawkins2017,JaffeeandCase2018,Pacheco-Vega2019).InMexico,distrustintapwaterincreasedsignificantlyafterseveralcholeraoutbreaksfollowingthe1985Mexico-cityearthquakethataffectedpublicwaterutilitiesandpeopleturnedtobottledwater(Greene2014).Onlyabout20%ofMexicansaresatisfiedwiththequalityofpubliclysuppliedtapwater,withover90%ofthosecitinghealthconcerns.About80%ofthepopulationusebottledwaterand10%home-purifiedwaterastheirprimarydrinkingwatersource(JohnstoneandSerret2012).IntheDominicanRepublic,60%ofhouseholds