新视野大学英语3阅读

(1)

Thehorseprecedemanonearth.Althoughtheearliestremainsofprimitivehorseshavebeenfound

ontheNorthAmericancontinent,manyscientistsbelievethissmallspeciestraveloveralandmassin

theBeringSeatofoundthebeginningsofthemodemhorseinAsia.ItbecameextinctinAmerica.

OtherscientistsbelievethatthehorsemayhaveoriginatedinAsia.Inanyeventtheanimalsoon

spreadintoChina,Europe,andtheMiddleEast.Thefirstmodernhorsestobeintroducedintothe

AmericancontinentcamewiththeearlySpanishexplorers.Horseswerebredintomanytypes.The

heavyhorsesdevelopedinthelowcountriesofEuropeandwereusedforworkandbythemedieval

knightstoholdthemandtheirheavyarmor.Theoldesthorsesleftinthe20thcenturyarefoundin

Mongolia.Horsesaresaidtorateinintelligenceaftertheape,elephant,anddog.Theyhaveexcellent

memoriesandcansometimesfindtheirwayhomewhenlost,andsensedangerbetterthantheir

masters.Theearlycivilizationsofmanthathadandmadeuseofthehorsedevelopedmorerapidly

thanthosewhichdidnot.

1.ThemodernhorsewasintroducedintotheAmericancontinentby.

A)AsianslongagoB)somescientists

C)theAmericanexplorersD)theSpanishwhofirstwentthere

2.Whataresomeofthecharacteristicsofthehorse?

A)Poormemories.B)Greatloyalty

C)Moreintelligentthanthedog.D)Forsomeabilitiestheysurpassthoseofman

3.Wherewerethehorsesbelievedbysomepeopletooriginate?

A)IntheMiddleEastB)InEurope

C)OntheNorthAmericancontinentD)InSpain

4.Whatwastheprimaryuseofthehorseformaninancienttimes?

A)ForfoodB)Forprestige

C)TobetradedD)Toworkforhim

5.Whatcanbesaidaboutthevarietiesofhorses?

A)Theearlyhorseswerelargerthatthemodembreeds.

B)Theonlytruewildhorsesleftinthe20thcenturyareintheMiddleEast.

C)ThemodemhorsnwasfirstbredinArabia.

D)Medievalknightspreferredfast,activehorse.

DDCDC

(3)

Duringtherestofsleep,thefatigueofthebodydisappearsandrecuperation(复原)begins.The

tiredmindgathersnewenergy;thememoryimproves;andannoyanceandproblemsareseencorrectly.

Someadultsrequirelittlesleep,othersneedeighttotenhoursineverytwenty-four.Infantssleep

sixteentoeighteenhoursdaily,theamountgraduallydecreasingastheygrowolder.Youngstudents

mayneedtwelvehours;universitystudentsmayneedten.Aworkerwithaphysicallydemandingjob

mayalsoneedten,whereasanexecutiveworkingundergreatpressuremaymanageonsixtoeight.

Manyfamouspeoplearewellknowntohaverequiredlittlesleep.NapoleonBonaparte,Thomas

Edison,andCharlesDarwinapparentlyaveragedonlyfourtosixhoursanight.

Whateveryourindividualneed,youcanbesurethatbytheageofthirtyyouwillhavesleptfora

totalofmorethantwelveyears.Bythatageyouwillalsohavedevelopedasleeproutine:afavorite

hour,afavoritebed,afavoriteposture(姿势)，andaformulayouneedtofollowinordertorest

comfortably.

Investigatorshavetriedtofindouthowlongapersoncangowithoutsleep.Severalpeoplehave

reachedmorethan115hours--nearlyfivedays.Whateverthelimit,itisabsolute.Animalskept

awakeforfromfivetoeightdayshavediedofexhaustion.Thelimitforhumanbeingsisprobably

aboutaweek.

1.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.

A)alightsleepisasrefreshingasadeepone

B)memoryisgreatlyimprovedduringsleep

C)famouspeopleneedlesssleepthanordinarypeople

D)sleepisimportantforgoodmentalandphysicalhealth

2.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheamountofsleeprequired.

A)dependsonthebedonesleepsin

B)variesgreallyfromoneindividualloanother

C)canbepredictedfromthetypeofjobonehas

D)iscloselyrelatedtotheamountofpressureonesuffers

3.Theword“formula"(line3,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.

A)aprescription

B)amathematicalrule

C)afixedmethodorapproach

D)anexpressionoftheelementsofacompound

4.Apersonshouldinordertosleepwell.

A)gotobedearly

B)followhissleeproutine

C)sleepasmuchashecan

D)doaphysicallydemandingjob

5.Thelongesttimeahumanbeingcansurvivewithoutsleepisprobably

A)fivedaysB)sevendaysC)tendaysD)twelvedays

DBCBB

(2)

Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofalargepopulationhavelongbeenasubjectofdiscussion

amongeconomists.Ithasbeenarguedthatthesupplyofgoodlandislimited.Tofeedalarge

population,inferiorlandmustbecultivatedandthegoodlandworkedintensively.Thus,eachperson

produceslessandthismeansaloweraverageincomethancouldbeobtainedwithasmallerpopulation.

Othereconomistshavearguedthatalargepopulationgivesmorescopeforspecializationandthe

developmentoffacilitiessuchasports,roadsandrailways,whicharenotlikelytobebuiltunlessthere

isabigdemandtojustifythem.

Oneofthedifficultiesincarryingoutaworldwidebirthcontrolprogramliesinthefactthat

officialattitudestopopulationgrowthvaryfromcountrytocountrydependingonthelevelof

industrialdevelopmentandtheavailabilityoffoodandrawmaterials.Inadevelopingcountrywherea

vastlyexpandedpopulationispressingharduponthelimitsoffood,spaceandnaturalresources,it

willbethefirstconcernofgovernmenttoplacealimitonthebirthrate,whatevertheconsequences

maybe.Inahighlyindustrializedsocietytheproblemmaybemorecomplex.Adecreasingbirthrate

mayleadtounemploymentbecauseitresultsinadecliningmarketformanufacturedgoods.Whenthe

pressureofpopulationonhousingdeclines,pricesalsodeclineandthebuildingindustryisweakened.

Facedwithconsiderationssuchasthese,thegovernmentofadevelopedcountrymaywellpreferto

seeaslowlyincreasingpopulation,ratherthanonewhichisstableorindecline.

1.Alargepopulationmaymean.

A)higherproductivity,butaloweraverageincome

B)lowerproductivity,butahigheraverageincome

C)higherproductivityandahigheraverageincome

D)lowerproductivityandaloweraverageincome

2.Alargepopulationmayoffermorescopeforthedevelopmentof.

A)economy

B)extensivecultivation

C)transportation

D)agriculture

3.Inhighlyindustrializedcountries,unemploymentmayresultfrom.

A)adecreasingbirthrate

B)anincreasingbirthrate

C)astablebirthrate

D)abirthcontrolprogram

4.Whatmaythegovernmentofadevelopedcountryprefer?

A)Arapidlyincreasingpopulation.

B)Aslowlyincreasingpopulation.

C)Arapidlydecreasingpopulation.

D)Aslowlydecreasingpopulation.

5.Whyisitdifficulttocarryoutaworldwidebirthcontrolprogram?

A)Becauseitwilldoharmtothenationaleconomyinmostcountries.

B)Becauseitwillleadtocomplexsocialproblemsindevelopingcountries.

C)Becausepeopleareunwillingtopracticebirthcontrol.

D)Becausedifferenlgovernmentshavedifferenlopinions.

DCABD

(6)

Thewholeindustrialprocess,whichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinour

dailylives,isboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentbalance,orthe

ecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedof

sensibly,butclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplex,therewillbenew,

dangerouswastestobedisposedof,forexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.Many

people,therefore,seepollutionasonlypartofalargerandmorecomplexproblem,thatis,thewhole

processofindustrialproductionandconsumptionofgoods.Othersagainseetheproblemmainlyin

connectionwithagriculture,wherenewmethodsarehelpingfarmersgrowmoreandmoreontheirlandto

feedoureverincreasingpopulations.However,thelanditselfisgraduallybecomingwornoutasitisbeing

used,insomecases,tooheavily,andartificialfertilizerscannotrestorethebalance.

Whateveritsunderlyingreasons,thereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolled

ifonlycompanies,individualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobvious

needtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobe

disposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesa

litterproblem,butalsoisagreatwasteofresources,intermsofglass,metalsandpaper.Advertisinghas

helpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneed,butalsoto

throwawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelpto

solvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuying,excessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuse

inourdailylives.(61.4%)

1.Whatdoyouthinkwilldestroytheenvironmentbalance?

A)Wasteproducts.

B)Thewholeindustrialprocess.

C)Manyofthegoodsweuse.

D)Somemachinesweneedanduseinourdailylife.

2.Thewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstationsare.

A)newandcomplexB)newanddangerous

C)hardtobedisposedofD)easytobedisposedof

3.Problemsinagriculturearecausedby.

A)theuseofartificialfertilizers

B)thelanditselfwhichisbecomingwornout

C)thelandwhichisbeingusedtooheavily

D)theintroductionofnewfarmingmethods

4.Foodpackages,bottlesandtinsfordrinkscancause.

A)airpollutionB)bothalitterproblemandawasteofnsources

C)excessconsumptionD)unnecessarybuying

5.Whichofthefollowingisnotsuggestedinthepassage?

A)Peoplehavebeenbuyingtoomanythings.

B)Peopleconsumefartoomanythingsthanarenecessary.

C)Peopleputawaywasteproductscarelessly.

D)Noonecanhelptosolvetheproblemofpollutionandwaste.

4-46(0.68)DABAC

Boxingwaslongviewedsickly.Generallyforbiddenbylawintheearlierdays,the

fightingwasusuallydonewithbarefists,andmatchesoftenlastedfortyorfiftyrounds.

In1882JohnL.Sullivan,afighterofgreatpower,wontheworldheavyweight

championshipfromPaddyRyaninabarefistedbattlemarkedbyhitting,scratching,and

bitingwithoutanyrule.Fiveyearslater,whilefightingPatsyCardiffatMinneapolis,

Sullivanbrokehisrightarminthethirdround,buthecontinuedfightingtothesixth

roundandwon.In1889,SullivandefeatedJadeKiIrainwithhisbarefistsinanother

championshipfight,winningtwentythousanddollarsandadiamondprizemedal.His

admirerstalkedofrunninghimforthenextgovernor,buthetraveledtoAustraliafora

boxingtourinstead,comingbackonlytolosehistitleinatwenty-one-roundmatchwith

ayoungCaliforniannamedJamesJ.Corbett.

"GentlemanJames“victoryinthismatchmarkedaturningpoint,foritshowed

scientificboxingwasoverstrength.ButCorbett'stitleendedin1897,whenanother

boxer,BobFitzsimmons,inlessthanthreeseconds,achievedhisfeatsandthen

FitzsimmonsknockedoutanIrishman,wontheheavyweightchampionshipoftheworld,

andinventedtheterrible“solarplexuspunch.^^

1.Boxingmatchesintheearlydayswere.

A)shortandbloodyB)usuallyspare-time

competitions

C)governedbystrictrulesD)cruel

2.Sullivanheldtheworld'sheavyweighttitlefor.

A)atleastsevenyearsB)onlyayear

C)fiveyearsD)twenty-oneyears

3.Sullivan'sfightwithKiIrainwas.

A)thefirstboxingchampionshipmatch

B)abare-fistedchampionshipfight

B)thelastboxingmatchtobefoughtbare-fisted

D)asix-roundmatch

4.Sullivanwassopopularthathisadmirers.

A)encouragedhimtobeagovernor

B)raisedtwentythousanddollarsforhim

C)advisedhimtotakeboxingtourofAustralia

D)refusedtobelievehecouldbedefeated

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsis

true?A)Boxingwaslongviewedinteresting

B)Sullivaninventedtheterrible“solarplexuspunch.^^

C)Thefightingwasusuallydonewithbarefistsintheearlyyears.

D)WhilefightingPatsyCardiffatMinneapolis,Sullivanbrokehisleftarminthe

thirdround.

4-52(0.69)CCDBA

TheUnitedStatespopulationisgrowingolder.In1987,12percentofAmericans

were65yearsoldorolder,comparedwith8percentin1950.Populationexpertsat

theU.S.BureauoftheCensusexpectthispercentagetocontinuetorisegradually,

reaching14percentin2010,thentoskyrocketduringthenext20years,reaching21

percentby2030.This"grayingofAmerica^^hasgeneratedconcernsaboutwhether

thebestreallyisyettobe,abouthowwellofftomorrow'selderlywillbe.Therealso

arequestionsabouttheimpactofanagingpopulationontherestofsociety.

ThegrayingofAmericahastwocauses.First,advancesinmedicalcarehave

enablepeopletolivelonger.IntheUnitedStatesin1900,theaveragelifeexpectancy

atbirthwas47.7years.By'1985,thelatestyearforwhichfiguresareavailable,ithas

climbedto74.7years.

Second,theU.S.birthrateroseinthemid-1900s,interruptingalong,slowdecline.A

dramaticincreaseoccurredduringthisbriefrise.From1945to1947,theratejumped

from20.4birthsforevery1,000peopleto26.6.In1957,thebirthratewasstillhigh-

25.3-butthenbegantodecline.Thebirthratedroppedtothe1933levelof18.4in

1966,andby1985,was15.7.Mostexpertsseelittlechangeinthedownwardtrendof

thebirthrateintheforeseeablefuture.

1.Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinthepassage?C

A)Tobringattentiontotheneedsoftheelderly.

B)Tocontrastbirthratesandlifeexpectancyrates.

C)ToexplainhowandwhytheAmericanpopulationisaging

D)Toshowthepercentagesofagegroupsingeneralpopulation

2.DuringwhichperiodoftimewillthepercentageofAmericans65yearsoldorolder

increasethemost?C

A)1970-1990B)1990-2010

C)2010-2030D)2030-2050

3.Inthefirstparagraph,thephrase“thisgrayingofAmerica^^referstoD—.

A)theuncertaintyofthefutureforolderAmericans

B)theeffectsofpopulationonthehealthoftheelderly

C)statisticsreleasedbytheU.S.BureauoftheCensus

D)theincreasingnumberofelderlypeopleinthepopulation

4.Abouthowlongdidittakethebirthratetoreturntothe1933level?B

A)20yearsB)30years

C)40yearsD)50years

5.Whichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutthebirthrateissupportedbythepassage?

A

A)Thelong-rangedeclineinthebirthratewillcontinueinthenextcentury.

B)Anotherdramaticincreaseinthebirthratewilloccurbeforethe21,century.

C)Thebirthratewillcontinuetovarygreatly.

D)Anincreaseinthebirthratedependsmainlyonadvancesinmedicalcare.

4-53(0.67)ADBCD

ThesurfaceoftheEarthistheshoreofthecosmicocean.Fromitwehave

learnedmostofwhatweknowaboutspace.Recently,wehavewadedalittleoutto

sea,enoughtodampenourtoesor,atmost,wetourankles.Thewaterseems

inviting.Theoceancalls.

Thedimensionsofthecosmosaresolargethatusingfamiliarunitsofdistance,

suchasmetersormiles,chosenfortheirutilityonEarth,wouldmakelittlesense.

Insteadwemeasuredistancewiththespeedoflight.Inonesecondabeamoflight

travels186,000miles,nearly300,000kilometers,orseventimesaroundtheEarth.

IneightminutesitwilltravelfromtheSuntotheEarth.WecansaytheSuniseight

light-minutesaway.Inayear,itcrossesnearlytentrillionkilometers,aboutsix

tr