南京师范大学学位英语试题

1998年1月ListeningComprehension(20minutes)

SectionA

1.A)Themanwantstoattendtomorrow?sshow.

B)Therearen'tanyticketsleftfortonight'sshow.

C)Therearen'tanyticketsleftfortomorrow'sshow.

D)Themandoesn'twanttoattendtomorrow'sshow.

2.A)Detectivestories.

B)Storiesaboutjailescapes.

C)Lovestories.

D)Storiesaboutroyalfamilies.

3.A)Itwasalonglecture,buteasytounderstand.

B)Itwasnotaseasyasshehadthought.

C)Itwasasdifficultasshehadexpected.

D)Itwasinterestingandeasytofollow.

4.A)Toputhimthroughtothedirector.

B)Tohaveatalkwiththedirectorabouthiswork.

C)Toarrangeanappointmentforhimwiththedirector.

D)Togoandseeifthedirectorcanmeethimrightnow.

5.A)Margaretwantedtoreturnsomemagazinestothewoman.

B)Margaretwantedtolendsomemagazinestothewoman.

C)Margaretwantedtoborrowsomemagazinesfromthewoman.

D)Margaretwantedtogetsomemagazinesbackfromthewoman.

6.A)Hedoesn'tcaremuchaboutit.

B)Heenjoysitverymuch.

C)Hedoesn'tmindeventhoughit'stedious.

D)Hehatesworkingovertime.

7.A)Thewomandoesn'tthinkitexcitingtotravelbyair.

B)They'llstayathomeduringtheholidays.

C)Theyareofferedsomeplaneticketsfortheirholidays.

D)They911beflyingsomewherefortheirvacation.

8.A)Somethingwentwrongwiththebus.

B)Shetooksomebodytohospital.

C)Somethingpreventedherfromcatchingthebus.

D)Shecameonfootinsteadoftakingabus.

9.A)Doherhomework.

B)Cleanthebackyard.

C)Washclothes.

D)Enjoythebeautifulday.

10.A)Themanislookingforaplacetolivein.

B)Themanhasahouseforrent.

C)Thewomanisasecretary.

D)Thetwospeakersareoldfriends.

PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)

PassageOne

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Inbringingupchildren,everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild's

acquisition(学会)ofeachnewskill-thefirstspokenwords,thefirst

independentsteps,orthebeginningofreadingandwriting.Itisoften

temptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningrate,butthis

cansetupdangerousfeelingsoffailureandstatesofworryinthechild:

Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilet

tooearly,ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforehe

knowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.Ontheotherhand,though,if

achildisleftalonetoomuch,orwithoutanylearningopportunities,

heloseshisnaturalenthusiasmforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnew

thingsforhimself.

Patentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnesstowardstheir

children.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters.Othersaresever

overtimesofcominghomeatnightorpunctualityformeals.Ingeneral,

thecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevalues

ofthecommunityasmuchasthechild'sownhappiness.

Asregardsthedevelopmentofmoralstandardsinthegrowingchild,

consistencyisveryimportantinparentalteaching.Toforbidathingone

dayandexcuseitthenextisnofoundationformorality(道德).Also,

parentsshouldrealizethat“exampleisbetterthanprecept”.Ifthey

arenotsincereanddonotpractisewhattheypreach(说教)，theirchildren

maygrowconfused,andemotionallyinsecurewhentheygrowoldenoughto

thinkforthemselves,andrealizetheyhavebeentosomeextentfooled.

Asuddenawarenessofamarkeddifferencebetweentheirparents'

principlesandtheirmoralscanbeadangerousdisappointment.

11.Eagerlywatchingthechild'sacquisitionofnewskills.

A)shouldbeavoided

B)isuniversalamongparents

C)setsupdangerousstatesofworryinthechild

D)willmakehimloseinterestinlearningnewthings

12.Intheprocessofchildren,slearningnewskillsparents.

A)shouldencouragethemtoreadbeforetheyknowthemeaningofthewords

theyread

B)shouldnotexpecttoomuchofthem

C)shouldachieveabalancebetweenpushingthemtoohardandleavingthemon

theirown

D)shouldcreateasmanylearningopportunitiesaspossible

13.Thesecondparagraphmainlytellsusthat.

A)parentsshouldbestrictwiththeirchildren

B)parentalcontrolsreflectonlytheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthe

community

C)parentalrestrictionsvary,andarenotalwaysenforcedforthebenefitofthe

childrenalone

D)parentsvaryintheirstrictnesstowardstheirchildrenaccordingtothe

situation

14.Theword“precept”(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans"”.

A)idea

B)punishment

C)behavior

D)instruction

15.Inmoralmatters,parentsshould.

A)observetherulesthemselves

B)beawareofthemarkeddifferencebetweenadultsandchildren

C)forbidthingswhichhavenofoundationinmorality

D)consistentlyensurethesecurityoftheirchildren

PassageTwo

Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Agoodmodernnewspaperisanextraordinarypieceofreading.Itis

remarkablefirstforwhatitcontains:therangeofnewsfromlocalcrime

tointernationalpolitics,fromsporttobusinesstofashiontoscience,

andtherangeofcommentandspecialfeatures(特写)aswell,from

editorialpagetofeaturearticlesandinterviewstocriticismofbooks,

art,theatreandmusic.Anewspaperisevenmoreremarkablefortheway

onereadsit:nevercompletely,neverstraightthrough,butalwaysby

jumpingfromheretothere,inandnotglancingatonepiece,reading

anotherarticleallthewaythrough,readingjustafewparagraphsofthe

next.Agoodmodernnewspaperoffersvarietytoattractmanydifferent

readers,butfarmorethannayonereaderisinterestedin.Whatbrings

thisvarietytogetherinoneplaceisitstopicality(时事性)，its

immediaterelationtowhatishappeninginyourworldandyourlocality

now,butimmediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalso

thatmuchofwhatpapersinanewspaperhasnomorethantransient(短

暂的)value.Forallthesereasons,notwopeoplereallyreadthesame

paper:whateachpersondoesistoputtogetheroutofthepagesofthat

day'spaper,hisownselectionandsequence,hisownnewspaper.Forall

thesereasons,readingnewspapersefficiently,whichmeansgettingwhat

youwantfromthemwithoutmissingthingsyouneedbutwithoutwasting

time,demandsskillandself-awarenessasyoumodifyandapplythe

techniquesofreading.

16.Amodernnewspaperisremarkableforallthefollowingexceptits

A)widecoverage

B)uniformstyle

C)speedinreportingnews

D)popularity

17.Accordingtothepassage,thereasonwhynotwopeoplereallyread

the“same"newspaperisthat.

A)peoplescanforthenewstheyareinterestedin

B)differentpeoplepreferdifferentnewspapers

C)peoplearerarelyinterestedinthesamekindofnews

D)peoplehavedifferentviewsaboutwhatagoodnewspaperis

18.Itcanbeconcludefromthepassagethatnewspaperreaders.

A)applyreadingtechniquesskillfully

B)jumpfromonenewspapertoanother

C)appreciatethevarietyofanewspaper

D)usuallyreadanewspaperselectively

19.Agoodnewspaperoffers“avariety”toreadersbecause.

A)ittriestoservedifferentreaders

B)ithastocoverthingsthathappeninacertainlocality

C)readersaredifficulttoplease

D)readersliketoreaddifferentnewspapers

20.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe"”.

A)TheImportanceofNewspaperTopicality

B)TheCharacteristicsofaGoodNewspaper

C)TheVarietyofaGoodNewspaper

D)SomeSuggestionsonHowtoReadaNewspaper

PassageThree

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Americansocietyisnotnap(午睡)friendly.Infact,saysDavid

Dinges,asleepspecialistattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolof

Medicine."There'sevenaprohibitionagainstadmittingweneed

sleep."Nobodywantstobecaughtnappingorfoundasleepatwork.To

quoteproverb:"Somesleepfivehours,naturerequiresseven,laziness

nineandwickednesseleven.”

Wrong.Thewaynottofallasleepatworkistotakenapswhenyou

needthem."Wehavetototallychangeourattitudetowardnapping”,says

Dr.WilliamDementofStanfordUniversity,thegodfatherofsleep

research.

LastyearanationalcommissionledbyDementidentifiedanuAmerican

sleepdebt”whichonemembersaidwasasimportantasthenationaldebt,

thecommissionwasconcernedaboutthedangersofsleepiness:people

causingindustrialaccidentsorfallingasleepwhiledriving.Thismay

bewhywehaveanewsleeppolicyintheWhiteHouse.Accordingtorecent

reports,presidentClintonistryingtotakeahalf-hoursnooze(打瞌

睡)everyafternoon.

About60percentofAmericanadultsnapwhengiventheopportunity.

Weseemtohave“amidafternoonquietphase”alsocalled“asecondary

sleepgate.”Sleeping15minutestotwohoursintheearlyafternooncan

reducestressandmakeusrefreshed.Clearly,wewereborntonap.

WeSuperstarsofSnoozedon'tnaptoreplacelostshut-eyeorto

prepareforanightshift.Rather,we“snack”onsleep,whenever,

whereverandatwhatevertimewefeellikeit.Imyselfhavenappedin

buses,cars,planesandonboats;onfloorsandbeds;andinlibraries,

officesandmuseums.

21.ItiscommonlyacceptedinAmericansocietythattoomuchsleepis

A)unreasonable

B)criminal

C)harmful

D)costly

22.TheresearchdonebytheDementcommissionshowsthatAmericans

A)don9tliketotakenaps

B)areterriblyworriedabouttheirnationaldebt

C)sleeplessthanisgoodforthem

D)havecausedmanyindustrialandtrafficaccidents

23.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto.

A)warnusofthewickednessofnapping

B)explainthedangerofsleepiness

C)discussthesideeffectsofnapping

D)convincethereaderofthenecessityofnapping

24.TheAmericansleepdebt”(Line1,Para.3)istheresultof

A)thetraditionalmisconceptiontheAmericanshaveaboutsleep

B)thenewsleeppolicyoftheClintonAdministration

C)therapiddevelopmentofAmericanindustry

D)theAmericans,worryaboutthedangerofsleepiness

25.Thesecondsentenceofthelastparagraphtellsusthatitis.

A)preferabletohaveasoundsleepbeforeanightshift

B)goodpracticetoeatsomethinglightbeforewegotobed

C)essentialtomakeupforcostsleep

D)naturaltotakeanapwheneverwefeeltheneedforit

PassageFour

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Violinprodigies(神童)，Ilearned,havecomeindistinctwavesfrom

distinctregions.Mostofthegreatperformersifthelate19thandearly

20thcenturieswerebornandbroughtupinRussiaandEasternEurope.I

askedIsaacStern,oneoftheworld'sgreatestvioliniststhereasonfor

thisphenomenon."Itisveryclear,“hetoldme."TheywereallJews

(犹太人)andJewsatthetimewereseverelyoppressedandill-treatedin

thatpartoftheworld.Theywerenotallowedintotheprofessionalfields,

buttheywereallowedtoachieveexcellenceonaconcertstage."Asa

result,everyJewishparentJsdreamwastohaveachildinthemusic

schoolbecauseitwasapassporttotheWest.

Anotherelementintheemergenceofprodigies,Ifound,isasociety

thatvaluesexcellenceinacertainfieldtonurture(培育)talent.

Nowadays,themostnurturingsocietiesseemtobeintheFarEast."In

Japan,amostcompetitivesociety,withstrongerdisciplinethanours,”

saysIsaacStem,childrenarereadytotesttheirlimitseverydayinmany

fields,includingmusic.WhenWesternmusiccametoJapanafterWorldWar

II,thatmusicnotonlybecamepartoftheirdailylives,butitbecame

adisciplineaswell.TheKoreansandChineseasweknow,arejustashighly

motivatedastheJapanese.

That,sagoodthing,becauseevenprodigiesmustworkhard.Nextto

hardwork,biologicalinheritanceplaysanimportantroleinthemaking

ofaprodigy.J.S.Bach,forexample,wasthetopofseveralgenerations

ofmusicians,andfourofhissonshadsignificantcareersinmusic.

26.JewishparentsinEasternEuropelongedfortheirchildrentoattend

musicschoolbecause.

A)itwouldallowthemaccesstoabetterlifeintheWest

B)Jewishchildrenarebornwithexcellentmusicaltalent

C)theywantedtheirchildrentoenterintotheprofessionalfield

D)itwouldenablethefamilytogetbettertreatmentintheirowncountry

27.Nurturingsocietiesasmentionedinthepassagerefertosocieties

that,.

A)enforcestrongdisciplineonstudentswhowanttoachieveexcellence

B)treasuretalentandprovideopportunitiesforitsfulldevelopment

C)encouragepeopletocompetewitheachother

D)promisetalentedchildrenhighpositions

28.Japanisdescribedinthepassageasacountrythatattaches

importanceto.

A)all-rounddevelopment

B)thelearningofWesternmusic

C)stricttrainingofchildren

D)varietyinacademicstudies

29.Whichofthefollowingcontributestotheemergenceofmusical

prodigiesaccordingtothepassage?

A)Anaturalgift.

B)Extensiveknowledgeofmusic.

C)Veryearlytraining.

D)Aprejudice-freesociety.

30.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarisesthemainideaofthe

passage?

A)JewishContributiontoMusic

B)TrainingofMusiciansintheWorld

C)MusicandSociety

D)TheMakingofProdigies

1.B2.C3.B4.C5.D6.B7.D8.A9.C10.A

11.B12.C13.C14.D15.A16.B17.C18.D19.A20.B

21.A22.C23.D24.A25.D26.A27.B28.C29.A30.D

1998年6月ListeningComprehension(20minutes)

SectionA

1.A)Theyaretwins.

B)Theyareclassmates.

C)Theyarefriends.

D)Theyarecolleagues.

2.A)ThemanisplanningatriptoAustin.

B)ThemanhasnotbeentoAustinbefore.

C)Themandoesn'tlikeAustin.

D)ThemanhasbeentoAustinbefore.

3.A)Thesizeoftheroom.

B)Longworkinghours.

C)Thehotweather.

D)Thefanintheroom.

4.A)Themanhaschangedhisdestination.

B)Themanisreturninghisticket.

C)ThemanisflyingtoNewYorktomorrowmorning.

D)Themancan'tmanagetogotoNewYorkasplanned.

5.A)Itisdifficulttoidentify.

B)Ithasbeenmisplaced.

C)Itismissing.

D)Ithasbeenborrowedbysomeone.

6.A)Lookingforatimetable.

B)Buyingsomefurniture.

C)Reservingatable.

D)Windowshopping.

7.A)Coldandwindy.

B)Snowwillbereplacedbystrongwinds.

C)Itwillgetbetter.

D)Rainyandcold.

8.A)Itisnolongeravailable.

B)Ithasbeenreprintedfourtimes.

C)Thestoredoesn'thaveitnow,butwillhaveitsoon.

D)Theinformationinthebookisoutofdate.

9.A)Henrydoesn,tlikethecolor.

B)Someoneelsepaintedthehouse.

C)Therewasnoladderinthehouse.

D)Henrypaintedthehousehimself.

10.A)Inacottonfield.

B)Atarailwaystation.

C)Onafarm.

D)Onatrain.

SectionB

Passageone

Questions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

11.A)Theyinvitedhimtoaparty.

B)Theyaskedhimtomakeaspeech.

C)Theygaveaspecialdinnerforhim.

D)Theyinvitedhiswifetoattendthedinner;

12.A)Hewasembarrassed.

B)Hefeltgreatlyencouraged.

C)Hefeltsad.

D)Hewasdeeplytouched.

13.A)Sam,swifedidnotthinkthatthecompanywasfairtoSam.

B)Sam'swifewassatisfiedwiththegoldwatch.

C)Samdidnotlikethegoldwatch.

D)Thecompanyhadsomefinancialproblems.

PassageTwo

Questions14to16arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

14.A)Thenumberofstudentstheytakeinislimited.

B)Theyreceivelittleornosupportfrompublictaxes.

C)Theyareonlyopentochildrenfromrichfamilies.

D)Theyhavetopaymoretaxes.

15.A)Privateschoolsadmitmorestudents.

B)Privateschoolschargelessthanreligiousschools.

C)Privateschoolsrunavarietyofprograms.

D)Privateschoolsallowstudentstoenjoymorefreedom.

16.A)Thechurches.

B)Theprogramdesigners.

C)Thelocalauthorities.

D)Thestategovernment.

PassageThree

Questions17to20arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

17.A)Shewasfoundstealinginabookstore.

B)Shecaughtsomeoneintheactofstealing.

C)Sheadmittedhavingstolensomething.

D)Shesaidshewaswronglyaccusedofstealing.

18.A)Abook.

B)$3,000.

C)Ahandbag.

D)AChristmascard.

19.A)Shewasquestionedbythepolice.

B)Shewasshutinasmallroomfor20minutes.

C)Shewasinsultedbytheshopperaroundher.

D)Shewasbody-searchedbythestoremanager.

20.A)Theyrefusedtoapologizeforhavingfollowedherthroughthetown.

B)Theyregrettedhavingwronglyaccusedherofstealing.

C)Theystillsuspectedthatshewasathief.

D)Theagreedtopayher$3,000damages.

PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)

PassageOne

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

PsychologistGeorgeSpilichandcolleaguesatWashingtonCollegein

Chestertown,Maryland,decidedtofindoutwhether,asmanysmokerssay,

smokinghelpsthemto“thinkandconcentrate.Spilichputyoung

non-smokers,activesmokersandsmokersdeprived(被剥夺)ofcigarettes

throughaseriesoftests.

Inthefirsttest,eachsubject(试验对象)satbeforeacomputer

screenandpressedakeyassoonasheorsherecognizedatargetletter

amongagroupingof96.Inthissimpletest,smokers,deprivedsmokers

andnon-smokersperformedequallywell.

Thenexttestwasmorecomplex,requiringalltoscansequencesof

20identicallettersandrespondtheinstantoneoftheletters

transformedintoadifferentone.Non-smokerswerefaster,butunderthe

stimulationofnicotine(尼古丁)，activesmokerswerefasterthan

deprivedsmokers.

Inthethirdtestofshort-termmemory,non-smokersmadethefewest

errors,butdeprivedsmokerscommittedfewererrorsthanactivesmokers.

Thefourthtestrequiredpeopletoreadapassage,thenanswer

questionsaboutit.Non-smokersremembered19percentmoreofthemost

importantinformationthanactivesmokers,anddeprivedsmokersbested

thosewhohadsmokedacigarettejustbeforetesting.Activesmokers

tendednotonlytohavepoorermemoriesbutalsohadtroubleseparating

importantinformationfrominsignificantdetails.

“Asourtestsbecamemorecomplex,“sumsupSpilich,^non-smokers

performedbetterthansmokersbywiderandwidermargins”Hepredicts,

asmokersmightperformadequatelyatmanyjobs-untiltheygot

complicated.Asmokingairlinepilotcouldflyadequatelyifnoproblems

arose,butifsomethingwentwrong,smokingmightdamagehismental

capacity.”

21.ThepurposeofGeorgeSpilich,sexperimentsis.

A)totestwhethersmokinghasapositiveeffectonthementalcapacityof

smokers

B)toshowhowsmokingdamagespeople'smentalcapacity

C)toprovethatsmokingaffectspeople'sregularperformance

D)tofindoutwhethersmokinghelpspeople'sshort-termmemory

22.GeorgeSpilich'sexperimentwasconductedinsuchawayasto

A)compelthesubjectstoseparatemajorinformationfromminordetails

B)putthesubjectsthroughincreasinglycomplextests

C)checktheeffectivenessofnicotineonsmokers

D)registerthepromptresponsesofthesubjects

23.Theword“bested”(Line3,Para.5)mostprobablymeans.

A)beat

B)envied

C)caughtupwith

D)madethebestof

24.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A)Activesmokersingeneralperformedbetterthandeprivedsmokers.

B)Activesmokersrespondedmorequicklythantheothersubjects.

C)Non-smokerswerenotbetterthanothersubjectsinperformingsimpletasks.

D)Deprivedsmokersgavetheslowestresponsestothevarioustasks.

25.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat.

A)smokersshouldnotexpecttobecomeairlinepilots

B)smokinginemergencycasescausesmentalillness

C)noairlinepilotssmokeduringflights

D)smokersmayproveunequaltohandingemergencycases

PassageTwo

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thereisnodenyingthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingabouthow

computerswork,justasweexpectthematleasttounderstandthatthe

internal-combustionengine(内燃机)hassomethingtodowithburningfuel,

expandinggasesandpistons(活塞)beingdriven.Forpeopleshouldhave

somebasicideaofhowthethingsthattheyusedowhattheydo.Further,

studentsmightbehelpedbyacoursethatconsidersthecomputer?simpact

onsociety.Butthatisnotwhatismeantbycomputerliteracy.For

computerliteracyisnotaformofliteracy(读写能力);itisatradeskill

thatshouldnotbetaughtasaliberalart.

Learninghowtouseacomputerandlearninghowtoprogramoneare

twodistinctactivities.Acasemightbemadethatthecompetentcitizens

oftomorrowshouldfreethemselvesfromtheirfearofcomputers.Butthis

isquitedifferentfromsayingthatalloughttoknowhowtoprogramone.

Leavethattopeoplewhohavechosenprogrammingasacareer.While

programmingcanbelotsoffun,andwhileoursocietyneedssomepeople

whoareexpertsatit,thesameistrueofautorepaidandviolin-making.

Learninghowtouseacomputerisnotthatdifficult,anditgets

easierallthetimeasprogramsbecomemore^user-friendly^.Letus

assumethatinthefutureeveryoneisgoingtohavetoknowhowtouse

acomputertobeacompetentcitizen.Whatdoesthephraseulearningto

useacomputermean?Itsoundslike“learningtodriveacar”,that

is,itsoundsasifthereissomesetofdefiniteskillsthat,onceacquired,

enableonetouseacomputer.

Infact,“learningtouseacomputer“ismuchmorelike“learning

toplayagame”,butlearningtherulesofonegamemaynothelpyouplay

asecondgame,whoserulesmaynotbethesame.Thereisnosuchathing

asteachingsomeonehowtouseacomputer.Onecanonlyteachpeopleto

usethisorthatprogramandgenerallythatiseasilyaccomplished.

26.Tobethecompetentcitizensoftomorrow,peopleshould.

A)trytolayasolidfoundationincomputerscience

B)beawareofhowthethingsthattheyusedowhattheydo

C)learntouseacomputerbyacquiringacertainsetofskills

D)understandthatprogrammingacomputerismoreessentialthanrepairinga

car

27.Inthesecondparagraphviolin-makingismentionedtoshowthat

A)programmingacomputerisasinterestingasmakingaviolin

B)oursocietyneedsexpertsindifferentfields

C)violin-makingrequiresasmuchskillascomputerprogramming

D)peoplewhocanuseacomputerdon'tnecessarilyhavetoknowcomputer

programming

28.Learningtouseacomputerisgettingeasierallthetimebecause

A)programsarebecominglesscomplicated

B)programsaredesignedtobeconvenienttousers

C)programmingisbecomingeasierandeasier

D)programsarebecomingreadilyavailabletocomputerusers

29.Accordingtotheauthor,thephrase"learningtouseacomputerv

(Lines3-4,Para.3)meanslearning.

A)asetofrules

B)thefundamentalsofcomputerscience

C)specificprograms

D)generalprinciplesofprogramming

30.Theauthoryspurposeinwritingthispassageis.

A)tostresstheimpactofthecomputeronsociety

B)toexplaintheconceptofthecomputerliteracy

C)toillustratetherequirementsforbeingcompetentcitizensoftomorrow

D)toemphasizethatcomputerprogrammingisaninterestingandchallenging

job

PassageThree

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelife

equalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingreal

happiness,iffunandpleasureareequaltohappinessthenpainmustbe

equaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue:moreoftenthan

notthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.

Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthatarethesource

oftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthings

asmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religious

co/zz加Z/ez?Z(承担的义务)，self-improvement.

Askabachelor(单身汉)whyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefinds

datingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyou

thatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquite

painful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,excitement.

Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishing

features.

Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight'ssleep

orathree-dayvacation.Idon'tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethe

wordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecide