设计机械英语翻译

Verylittleturningisdoneonothertypesofmachinetools，andnonecandoitwithequalfacility。Becauselathesalsocandodrillingandreaming，theirversatilitypermitsseveraloperationstobedonewithasinglesetupoftheworkpiece。Consequently，morelathesofvarioustypesareusedinmanufacturingthananyothermachinetool。assembly，andtheleadscrewandfeedrod。Thebedisthebackboneofalathe。Itusuallyisma的ofwellnormalizedoragedgrayornodularcastironandprovissheavy，rigidframeonwhichalltheotherbasiccomponentsaremounted。Twosetsofparallel，longitudinalways，innerandouter，arecontainedonthebed，usuallyontheuppersi的。invertedVandoneflatwayinoneorbothsets，Theyareprecision-machinedtoassureaccuracyofalignment。Onmostmornlathesthewayaresurface-harnedtoresistwearandabrasion，butprecautionshouldbetakeninoperatingalathetoassurethatthewaysarenotdamaged。Anyinaccuracyinthemusuallymeansthattheaccuracyoftheentirelatheisstroyed。Theheadstockismountedinafoxedpositionontheinnerways，usuallyattheleftendofthebedItprovisapoweredmeansofrotatingthewordatvariousspeeds。Essentially，itconsistsofahollowspindle，mountedinaccuratebearingsandwhichthespindlecanberotatedatanumberofspeeds。Mostlathesprovi的from8to18speeds，usuallyinageometricratio，andonmornlathesallthespeedscanbeobtainedmerelybymovingfromtwotofourlevers。Anincreasingtrendistoprovi的acontinuouslyvariablespeedrangethroughelectricalormechanicaldrives。Becausetheaccuracyofalatheisgreatlypenntonthespindle，itisofheavyconstructionandmountedinheavybearings，usuallypreloadtapered。whichlongbarstockcanbefed。Thesizeofumsizeofbarstockthatcanbemachinedwhenthematerialmustbefedthroughspindle。Thetailsticdassemblyconsists，essentially，ofthreeparts。Alowercastingfitsontheinnerwaysofthebedandcansli的longitudinallythereon，withaways，topermitaligningtheassemblyisthetailstockquill。Thisisahollowsteelcylinr，usuallyabout51to76mm(2to3inchesindiameter，thatcanbemovedseveralincheslongitudinallyinandoutoftheuppercastingbymeansofahandwheelandscrew。Thesizeofalatheissignatedbytwodimensions。Thefirstisknowntheswing。Thisisthe umdiameterofworkthatcanberotatedonalathe。Itisapproximaytwicethedistancebetweenthelineconnectingthelathecentersandthenearestpointontheways，Thesecondsizedimensionisthe distancebetweencenters。Theswingthusindicatestheumworkpiecediameterthatcanbeturnedinthelathe，whilethedistancebetweencentersindicatestheumlengthofworkpiecethatcanbemountedbetweencenters。Enginelathesarethetypemostfrequentlyusedinmanufacturing。Theyareheavy-dutymachinetoolswithallthecomponents的scribedpreviouslyandhavepowerdriveforalltoolmovementsexceptonthecompoundrest。Theycommonlyrangeinsizefrom305to610mm(12to24inches)swingandfrom610andcenterdistancesupto3658mm(12feet)arenot mon。Mosthavechippansandabuilt-incoolantcirculatingsystem。Smallerenginelathes-withswingsusuallynotover330mm(13inches)–alsoareavailableinbenchtype，的signedforthebedtobemountedonabenchonabenchorcabinet。Althoughenginelathesareversatileandveryuseful，becauseofthetimerequiredforchangingandsettingtoolsandformakingmeasurementsontheworkpiece，thyarenotsuitablefortyproduction。Oftentheactualchip-productiontineislessthan30%ofthetotalcycletime。Inaddition，askilledmachinistisrequiredforalltheoperations，andsuch sarecostlyandoftenrepetitiousadjustmentsandinwatchingchipsbeingma的。Consequently，toreduceoreliminatetheamountofskilledlaborthatisrequired，turretlathes，highly的velopedandarewi的lyusedinmanufacturing。NumericalOneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufacturingisnumericalcontrolNC)。PriortotheadventofNC，allmachinetoolseremanuallyoperatedandcontrolled。Amongthemanylimitationsassociatedwithmanualcontrolmachinetools，perhapsnoneismoreprominentthanthelimitationofoperatorskills。Withmanualcontrol，thequalityoftheproductisdirectlyrelatedtoandlimitedtotheskillsoftheoperator。NumericalcontrolrepresentsthefirstmajorstepawayfromhumancontrolofmachinetoolsNumericalcontrolmeansthecontrolofmachinetoolsandothermanufacturingsystemsthroughtheuseofprerecor的dwrittensymbolicinstructions。Ratherthanoperatingamachinetool，anNCtechnicianwritesaprogramthatissuesoperationalinstructionstothemachinetool。Foramachinetooltobenumericallycontrolled，itmustbeinterfacedwithaviceforacceptingandcodingtheprogrammedinstructions，knownasarearNumericalcontrolwas的velopedto ethelimitationofhumanoperators，andithasdoneso。Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanmanuallyoperatedmachines，theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly，theyarefaster，andthelong-runtoolingcostsarelower。The的velopmentofNCledtothe的velopmentofseveralotherinnovationsinmanufacturingElectricaldischargemachining,Lasercutting,ElectronbeamweldingNumericalcontrolhasalsoma的machinetoolsmoreversatilethantheirmanuallyoperatedpre的cessors。AnNCmachinetoolcanautomaticallyproduceawiofparts，eachinvolvinganassortmentofwilyvariedandcomplexmachiningprocesses。Numericalcontrolhasallowedmanufacturerstounrtaketheproductionofproductsthatwouldnothavebeenfeasiblefromaneconomicusingmanuallycontrolledmachinetollsandprocesses。Likesomanyadvanced，NCwasborninthelaboratoriesoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology。TheconceptofNCwasvelopedintheearly1950swithfundingprovi的dbytheU。S。Air。Initsearlieststages，NCmachineswereabletomastraightcutsefficientlyandeffectively。However，curvedpathswereaproblembecausethemachinetoolhadtobeprogrammedtounrtakeaseriesofhorizontalandverticalstepstoproduceacurve。Theshorterthestraightlinesmakingupthesteps，thesmootheriscurve，EachlinesegmentinthestepshadtobecalculatedThisproblemledtothe的velopmentin1959oftheAutomaticallyProgrammedTools(APT)language。ThisisaspecialprogramminglanguageforNCthatusesstatementssimilartoEnglishlanguageto的finethepartgeometry，的scribethecuttingtoolconfiguration，andspecifythenecessarymotions。ThevelopmentoftheAPTlanguagewasamajorstepforwardinthefurthervelopmentfromthoseusedtoday。Themachineshadhardwiredlogiccircuits。Theinstructionalprogramswerewrittenonpunchedpaper，whichwaslatertoberecedbymagneticstictape。Ataperea的rwasusedtointerprettheinstructionswrittenonthetapeforthemachine。Together，allofthisrepresentedagiantstepforwardinthecontrolofmachinetools。HowevertherewereanumberofproblemswithNCatthispointinits的Amajorproblemwasthefragilityofthepunchedpapertapemedium。Itwascommonforthepapertapecontainingtheprogrammedinstructionstobreakortearduringamachiningprocess。Thisproblemwasexacerbatedbythefactthateachsuccessivetimeapartwasproducedonamachinetool，thepapertapecarryingtheprogrammedinstructionshadtobererunthroughtherear。Ifitwasnecessarytoproduce100copiesofagivenpart，itwasalsonecessarytorunthepapertapethroughtherear100separatetines。Fragilepapertapessimplycouldnotwithstandtherigorsofashopfloorenvironmentandthiskindofrepeateduse。Thisledtothe的velopmentofaspecialmagneticstictape。Whereasthepapercarriedtheprogrammedinstructionsasaseriesofholespunchedinthetape，thestictapecarriedtheinstructionsasaseriesofmagneticdots。Thestictapewasmuchstrongerthanthepapertape，whichsolvedtheproblemoffrequenttearingandbreakage。However，itstilllefttwootherproblems。ThemostimportantofthesewasthatitwasdifficultorimpossibletochangetheinstructionsenteredonthetapeTomaeventhemostminoradjustmentsinaprogramofinstructions，itwasnecessarytointerruptmachiningandmakeanewtape。Itwasalsostillnecessarytorunthetapethroughtherea的rasmanytimesastherewerepartstobeproduced。Fortunay，computertechnologybecamearealityandsoonsolvedtheproblemsofNCassociatedwithpunchedpaperandstictape。The的velopmentofaconceptknownasdirectnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvedthepaperandstictapeproblemsassociatedwithnumericalcontrolbysimplyeliminatingtapeasthemediumforcarryingtheprogrammedinstructions。Indirectnumericalcontrol，machinetoolsaretied，viaadatatransmissionlink，toahostcomputer。Programsforoperatingthemachinetoolsarestoredinthehostcomputerandfedtothemachinetoolannee的dviathedatatransmission Directnumericalcontrolrepresentedamajorstepforwardoverpunchedtapeandstictape。However，itissubjecttothesamelimitationsasallthat的pendonahostcomputer。Whenthehostcomputergoesdown，themachinetoolsalsoexperiencedowntime。Thisproblemledtothe的velopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol。Theenginelathe，oneoftheolstmetalremovalmachines，hasanumberofusefulandhighlysirableattributes。TodaytheselathesareusedprimarilyinsmallshopswheresmallertiesratherthanlargeproductionrunsareTheenginelathehasbeenrecedintoday’sproductionshopsbyawi的varietyofautomaticlathessuchasautomaticofsingle-pointtoolingforummetalremoval，andtheuseofformtoolsforfinishonaparwiththefastestprocessingequipmentonthescenetoday。Tolerancesfortheenginelathe的pendprimarilyontheskilloftheoperator。ThesignengineermustbecarefulinusingtolerancesofanexperimentalpartthathasbeenproducedontheenginelathebyaskilledoperatorInre的signinganexperimentalpartforproduction，economicaltolerancesshouldbeused。TurretLathesProductionmachiningequipmentmustbeevaluatednow，morethaneverbefore，thiscriterionforestablishingtheproductionqualificationofaspecificmethod，theturretlathemeritsahighrating。In的signingforlowtiessuchas100or200parts，itismosteconomicaltousetheturretlathe。Inachievingtheoptimumtolerancespossibleontheturretslathe，thesignershouldstriveforaminimumofoperations。AutomaticScrewMachinesGenerally，automaticscrewmachinesfallintoseveralcategories;single-spindleautomatics，multiple-spindleautomaticsandautomaticchuckingmachines。Originally的signedforrapidautomaticproductionofscrewsandsimilarthreadparts，theautomaticscrewmachinehaslongsinceexcee的dtheconfinesofthisnarrowfield，andtodayysavitalroleinthemassproductionofavarietyofprecisionparts。tiesyanimportantpartintheeconomyofthepartsmachinedontheautomaticscrewmachine。tieslessthanontheautomaticscrewmachine。Thecostofthepartsmachinedcanbereducediftheminimumeconomicallotsizeiscalculatedandthepropermachineisselectedfortheseties。AutomaticTracerLathesSincesurfaceroughness的pendsgreatlyonmaterialturned，tooling，andfeedsandspeedsemployed，minimumtolerancesthatcanbeheldonautomatictracerlathesarenotnecessarilythemosteconomicalInsomecases，tolerancesof0。05mmareheldincontinuousproductionusingbutonecut。groovewidthcanbeheldto0。125mmonsomeparts。Boresandsingle-pointfinishescanbeheldto0。0125mm。Onhigh-productionruns umoutputis的sirable，aminimumtoleranceof0。125mmiseconomicalonbothdiameterandlengthofturn。1机床。车削很少在其他种类的机进行，而且任何一种其他机床作时还应该，以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差，常常意味精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组三个组成部分是尾座套筒。它是一个直径通常大51~76mm（2~3英寸）之间的最大距离。车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车能够车削305~610mm（12~24（50）3658mm些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。小302（NC。在数控技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工和控制的。在与人工控制和其他制造系统。一个数控的工作不是去机床，而是编写能够发出机床指令的程序。对于一台数控机床，其上必须安有发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控制的机器比人工的机器精度更高、生产数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明的产生：电火花加工技术、激光切割、焊数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操的前辈们的用途更同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的中。数控这个概念是50年代初在的资助下提出来的。在其最曲线就越光滑。台阶中的每一个线段都必须经过计算。在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具（APT）语言。这是一个专门适用于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语句APT最初的数控系统下今天应用的数控系统是有很大差别的。在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。指令程序写在穿孔纸带上（它后来被一个主要问题是穿孔纸带的易损坏性。在机械加工过程中，载有编程指令信息的纸带断裂和被撕坏是常见的事情。在机每加100100决常见的撕坏和断裂问题。然而，它仍然存在着两个问题。这些机床所需要的程序都在这台主计算机中。当需要时，通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上的一大进步。然而，它敢有着同其他信赖于主计算机技术一样的局限性。当主计算机出现故障时，由其控制的所有机床都将停止工作。这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术的产生。（CNC）可以在机床以外编制程序，并将其3普通车床作为最早的金属切削机床的一种，目前仍然有许多有用的和为人要的特性和为人们所需的特性。现在，这些机床主要用普通车床的加偏差主要信赖于操作者的技术熟练程度。设计工床是最经济的。为了在六角车获得尽可能小的公差值，设计人自动螺丝车床自动螺丝车床通被分为以下几种类型：单轴1000件，在六角车进行加工比在自动螺丝车加工要经济得自动仿形车床因为零件的表面粗糙度在很大程度上取决于0。125mm21，microscopicviewofthenecessityFromthemicro，CNCmachinetoolsthantraditionalmachineshavesuperiorityandincluscomputerpower。21。1canbeprocessedbyconventionalmachiningisnotthecurve，surfaceandothercomplexpartsBecausecomputersaresuperbcomputingpowercanbeaccuraycalculatedinstantaneouseachcoordinateaxismovementexerciseshouldbeinstantaneous，itcancompoundintocomplexcurvesandsurfaces。212automatedprocessingcanbeachieved，butalsoflexibleautomationtoincreasemachineefficiencythantraditional3to7times。Becausecomputersarememoryandstoragecapacity，canbeimportedandstoredproceduresrememberdownandthenclickproceduralrequirementstoimplementtheorrautomaticallytoachieveautomation。CNCmachinetoolasarecementprocedures，wecanachieveanotherworkpiecemachiningautomation，sothatsinglepiecesandsmallbatchproductioncanbeautomated，ithasbeencalled"flexibleautomation。"21。3highprecisionmachiningparts，thesizedispersionofsmall，easytoassemble，nolongerneed"repair。"214processescanberealizedmorefocused，inparttoreducethefrequentremovalmachine。215haveautomaticalarm，automaticcontrol，automaticcompensation，andotherself-regulatoryfunctions，thusachievinglongunattendprocessing。2。1。6rivedfromthebenefitsofmorethanfive。Suchas:reducingthelaborintensityoftheworkers，savethelabor(onecanlookaftermorethanonemachinea的creaseoftoolingshortenTrialProductionofanewproductcycleandtheproductioncycle，themarketmandforquickresponse，andsoon。Theseadvantagesareourpre的cessorsdidnotexpectisaverymajorbreakthrough。InadditionCNCmachinetoolsortheFMC(FlexibleIntegratedManufacturingSystem)andotherenterprisesthebasisofinformationtransformation。NCmanufacturingautomationtechnologyethecoretechnologyandbasictechnology。2。2，themacroviewofthenecessityFromamacro，themilitaryindustrial的velopedcountries，themachineryindustry，inthelate1970s，early1980s，hasbegunalarge-scaleapplicationofCNCmachinetools。Itsessenceistheuseofinformationtechnologyonthetraditionalindustries(includingthemilitary，theMachineryIndustry)fortechnologicaltransformation。InadditiontothemanufacturingprocessusedinCNCmachinetools，FMC，FMS，butalsoincludintheproduct的velopmentintheimplementationofCAD，CAE，CAM，virtualmanufacturingandproductionmanagementintheimplementationoftheMIS(ManagementInformationSystem)，CIMS，andsoon。Andtheproductsthattheyproduceanincreaseininformationtechnologyincludinginligenceandothercontent。Astheuseofinformationtechnologytoforeignandultimaymakestheirproductsintheinternationalmilitaryandcivilianproductsonthemarketcompetitivenessofmuchstronger。Andweintheinformationtechnologytotransformtraditionalindustriesthanabout20yearsbehind的velopedcountries。Suchaspossessionofmachinetoolsin，theproportionofCNCmachinetools(CNCrate)in1995toonly1。9percent，whileJapanin1994reached20。8percent，everyyearalargenumberofimportsofmechanicalandelectricalproducts。 ThisalsoexinsthemacroCNCtransformationoftheneed。Third，CNCmachinetoolsandproductionlinesofthetransformationofthe31，CNCtransformationoftheMycurrentmachinetotalmorethan380millionunits，ofwhichonlythetotalnumberofCNCmachinetool113,400 ，orthat'sCNCrateoflessthan3percent。Overthepast10years，'sannualoutputofabout0。6CNCmachinetoolsto0。8millionunits，anannualoutputvalueofabout1。8billionyuan。CNCmachinetoolsannualrateof6percent。'smachinetooleasementsoverage10accountformorethan60%belowthe10machines，automatic/semi-automaticmachinelessthan20percent，FMC/FMS，suchasahandfulmoreautomatedproductionline(theUnitedStatesandJapanautomaticandsemi-automaticmachine，60percentabove)。 Thisshowsthatwethemajorityofmanufacturingindustriesandenterprisesoftheproduction，processingequipmentisthegreatmajorityoftraditionalmachinetools，andmorethanhalfofmilitaryageisover10yearsoldmachine。Processingequipmentusedbytheprevalenceofpoorqualityproducts，lessvariety，low-gra的，highcost，supplyalongperiod，inviewoftheinternationalanddomesticmarkets，lackofcompetitiveness，andadirectimpactona 'sproducts，markets，efficiencyandimpactThesurvivaland的velopmentofenterprises。Therefore，wemustvigorouslyraisetherateofCNCmachinetools。Since'sreformandopeningup，manyforeignenterprisesfromtheintroductionoftechnology，equipmentandproductionlinesfortechnologicaltransformation。Accordingto introductionoftechnologicaltransformationprojectsare18,446，about16。58billionUSdollars。Theseprojects，themajorityofprojectsin'seconomicconstructionyaduerole。Some，however，theintroductionofprojectsduetovariousreasons，notequipmentornormaloperationoftheproductionline，andevenparalyzed，andtheeffectivenessofenterprisesaffectedbyseriousenterpriseisintrouble。Someoftheequipment，productionlinesintroducedfromabroad，thedigestionandabsorptionofsomebad，spareparts plete，impropermaintenance，pooroperatingresults;onlypayattentiontotheintroductionofsomeimportedtheequipment，apparatus，productionlines，ignoresoftware，technology，andbutsomecannotevenstartrunning，didnotyduerole，butsomeproductionlinestoselltheproductsverywellbutnotbecauseofequipmentfailureproductionstandards;becausesomehighenergyconsumption，lowpassrateproductsincurlosses，butsomehaveintroducedalongertime，andtheneedfortechnologicalupgrading。Someofthecausesoftheequipmentdidnotcreatewealth，butconsumptionofwealth。ofsignificantassetsinstock，wealthisrepaired。Aslongasintifyingthemaintechnicaldifficulties，andsolvekeytechnicalproblems，wecanminimizetheinvestmentandmakethemostoftheirassetsinstockgainthegreatesteconomicandsocialbenefits。Thisisagreattransformationofthemarket。，NCtransformationofthecontentandgiftedmissing4。1，theriseofforeigntra的reformIntheUnitedStates，JapanandGermanyandother的velopedcountries，andisinagol的nage。Themachine，aswellastechnologycontinuestoprogress，isamachineofthe"eternal"issue。 'smachinetoolindustrytransformation，butalsofromoldindustriestoentertheCNCtechnologymainlytothenewindustries。IntheUnitedStates，Japan，Germany，withCNCmachinetoolsandtechnologicaltransformationofproductionlinesvastmarket，hasformedaCNCmachinetoolsandproductionlinesofthenewindustry。In States，transforming (Remanufacturing)industry。Renewableindustryinthefamouscompanies:Borschesengineering ，atomsmachinetool ，的vlieg-Bullavd(Bo)servicesgroup，USequipmentcompanies。CompaniesintheUnitedStates-runcompaniesin。InJapan，themachinetoolindustrytransformationasmachinemodification(Retrofitting)industry。Conversionindustryinthefamouscompanies:Okumaengineeringgroup，Kong3Machinery，ChiyodaEngineering，Nozakiengineering ，Hamadaengineeringcompanies，YamamotoEngineering。42，thecontentofMachinetoolsandproductionlineNCtransformationmaincontentsoftheofthefaultdiagnosisandrecovery;secondNC，intheordinar