实用英语写作(基本技能讲义)

1实用英语写作

基本技能训练

2010-9雅思写作课程简介授课教师:

():用户名：njenglish@163.com密码：nj.english

学分：2学时：321.本课程的地位与作用2.本课程的教学目标3.本课程的基本要求课程简介3一、课程的地位与作用写作是英语学习中较为重要也有一定难度的技能，它对阅读、听力、口语都有促进作用，在日常工作、生活中也有实用需求。本课程的开设便是为了更好地贯彻大学英语新教学大纲的要求，使学生在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行书面信息交流，提高综合文化素养，以适应我国经济发展和国际交流的需要。该课程以英语基本写作技巧训练为基础，结合日常生活的实际语言需要，强化学生应用文写作的能力，以全面提升学生的语言实际应用能力，并为今后更好地运用英语进行学习、工作打下良好的基础。本课程实用性强，有利于开阔学生的视野。本课程分为基础写作与应用文写作两大部分，从基础训练起步，介绍英语写作步骤和技巧，如篇章结构、思想组织等，从而教写段落、全文；在应用文部分，通过大量的应用文实例，逐步了解并学会写各类实用英语，如通知、便条、请柬、证明、申请信函、个人简历、推荐信等，以期在实际生活中熟练地用英语传递信息、交流思想。本课程以提高学生综合运用能力为目标，有利于学生培养实际能力，做到学以致用，因此实用性强，对将来考研、就业、出国的英文应用都有很大裨益。1.教学目标本课程以课堂讲授、课堂讨论及课内外操练等为主要教学手段，同时利用内容新颖、丰富多样的例段及范文进行讲解和分析，让学生学习、模仿和参照，加强学生对每种文体写作的理解和应用，从而掌握书面表达的基本方法和手段。《实用英语写作》旨在使学生了解并学习英语写作的步骤、基本原则和技巧，以及应用文的写作模式及方法。通过该课程的学习，学生不仅可以了解各类实用英语文书的写作要求和技巧，而且还可以更好地了解各类英语文书应用的工作环境，掌握有效的沟通技巧，全面提高实用英语写作能力。基本要求1）了解英语写作的理论框架及基本知识；2）通过基本功的训练，掌握英语写作的段落、提纲、全文方面最基本的写作步骤和技巧，写出主题较为明确、内容较为完善、语言较为通顺、格式符合要求的的文章；3）学会撰写个人简历、通知、便条、请柬等应用文。章次章名学时第1章第2章第3章第4章第5章第6章第7章第8章第9章第10章第11章第12章第13章第14章第15章第16章

2222222222222222三、学时分配

写作基本技能训练实力+技巧掌握丰富的词汇和掌握多变的句型注意中外文化的差异，注意中外写作思路的不同9选词造句篇章完整作文1011DictionDiction

isthechoiceandtheuseofwords12Howtomakeagooddiction?By:UsingtheAppropriateWord

—Levelofwords

UsingtheExactWord

—MeaningofwordsUsingFigurativeLanguage

—Figuresofspeech13LevelsofWordsWordsaregenerallyclassifiedintofourgroupsaccordingtodifferentlevelsofusageorformality:FormalStandardorcommonColloquialorinformalSlang14FormalWordsFormalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,or“big”words.MostofthemareofGreekofLatinorigin.Formalwordsaremorecommonlyusedonaddresses,eulogies颂词,颂文,articlesforscholarlyjournals,technicalreports,legaldocuments,etc.FormalEnglishavoidscontractions缩略词andcolloquialexpressionsandthereforesoundsdifferentfromthewayaveragepeoplespeak.15Example:Thereisnothingnewintherecognition,withinagivenlanguage,ofadistinctionbetweencommonusageandusesofthelanguageformorerestrictedpurposesandoftenenough,perhapscharacteristically,moreelevatedpurposes.ThemonolithicnatureofEnglishisnotquestionedwhenliteraryessayistslikeEmersoncontrastpoetryandcommonspeech.ThelatterisrecognizedinAmericantobethepropersubjectfortheinvestigationofLinguistswho,however,nowshowsomeincipient开始的,初期的inclination

toinvestigatepoetry,too,andothernoncasual

utterancesinagivenlanguage.16Note:Recognition(formal)knowing(common)seeing(common)characteristically(formal)typically(relativelycommon)elevated(formal)better(common)higher(common)monolithic(formal)inseparable,unchangeable(relativelycommon)investigation(formal)research,study(common)incipient(formal)early(common)beginning(common)noncasual(formal)special(common)serious(common)careful(common)inclination(formal)preference(relativelycommon)liking(common)utterance(formal)speaking(common)17StandardorCommonWordsStandardorcommonwordsarethoseusedbythewidestgroupofeducatedspeakersandwriters.Commonwordsarepopularincollegewriting,andareoftenemployedinnewspaper,textbooks,non-fiction,bestsellers,etc.CommonEnglishiseasytounderstand,andcomplieswellwiththewrittenlanguage.18Example:WhenIwasakid,andreadingeverysciencefictionbookinthelocallibrary,Iusedtowonderexactlyhowthefuturewouldhappen.BythatIdon’tmeanwhatthefuturewouldbelikesciencefictionalreadytoldmethatbutratherhowwe’dactuallygetthere.Sciencefictionbooksseemedtoagree,forexample,thatinthefuturetherewouldbenomoneyalltransactions可疑的wouldbemadeviaidentitycardsandcentralizedcomputers.Butthatseemeddubious

tome:how,Iwondered,areyougoingtogeteverybodytogiveupmoneyinthefirstplace?19Note:kid(colloquial)child(common)

transaction(alittleformal)business/trade(common)dubious(alittleformal)doubtful/unlikely(common)20ColloquialorInformalWordsColloquialorinformalwordsareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonorigin.Colloquialorinformalwords

areoftenusedinspokenlanguageandinwritingaimedforaconversationaleffect.21Example:Youhaveyourtension.Sometimesyoucomeclosetohavinganaccident,thatupsetsyou.Youjustescapemaybebyahairorso.Sometimesmaybeyougetadisgruntledpassengeronthere,andstartsabigargument.Traffic.Youhavesomeonewhocutsyouofforstopsinfrontofthebus.There’salotoftensionbehindthat.Yougotto

watchallthetime.You’re

watchin’thedrivers,you’rewatchin’othercars.Mostofthetimeyouhavetodrivefortheotherdrivers,toavoidhittingthem.Soyoutakethetensionhomewithyou.22Note:byahairorso:byalittlechanceonthere:Therecutsyouoff:makeyousuddenlystopThere’s:Thereisgotto

:MustYou’re:Youarewatchin’:watching23SlangWordsSlangreferstonovelandcolorfulexpressionsthatreflectacertaingroup’sspecialexperiencesandsetthegroupofffromothersSlangisusedbyalmostallgroupsofpeople,frommusiciansandcomputerscientiststovegetariansandgolfers,oruneducatedspeaker.Slangdisplaysendlessinventiveness.Itmaybevividandinteresting,butisimpreciseforeffectivewriting,andisgenerallyinappropriateforcollegeorbusinesswriting.24Example:I’llattendtothatmyselfinth’mornin’.I’lltakekeero’’im.Heain’tfromthiscountrynohow.I’llgodownthereinth’mornin’andsee’im.Lettin’youleaveyourbooksandgallivantalloverth’hills.Whatkindofaschoolisitnohow!Didn’tdothat,myson,whenI’s

alittleshaver

inschool.25Note:th’mornin’:

themorning

takekeero’’im:

takecareofhimsee’im:

seehim

Lettin’:

Letnohow:

anyhow

I’s:

Iwasalittleshaver:

alittleboy26Exercise1Pleaseexplaintheunderlinedwordswithsomemorecommonwords.1.AbizarreexperimentintheUnitedStateshasdemonstratedthatpsychiatristscannotdistinguisheffectivelybetweenpeoplewhoarementallydisturbedandthosewhoaresane.2.AttheendoftheinterviewtheytoldmethatIwouldbenotifiedofanyvacanciessuitabletomyexperienceandqualifications.3.Averytrivial

circumstancewillservetoexemplifythis.4.Theabsenceofvariationintheresultofourexperimentsgaveusconfidenceinthescientificlaw.5.Inascientificinquiry,afallacy,greatorsmall,isalwaysofimportanceandissuretobe,inthelongrun,productiveof

mischievousresults.271.AbizarreexperimentintheUnitedStateshasdemonstratedthatpsychiatristscannotdistinguisheffectivelybetweenpeoplewhoarementallydisturbedandthosewhoaresane.bizarre(formal) demonstrate(formal) mentallydisturbed(formal)strange(common) prove(common);mad(common)odd(common); show(common)282.AttheendoftheinterviewtheytoldmethatIwouldbenotifiedofanyvacanciessuitabletomyexperienceandqualifications.notify(formal)vacancy(formal)tell(common)job(common)293.Averytrivial

circumstancewillservetoexemplifythis.trivial(formal) circumstance(formal)common(common) incident(common)small(common)thing(common)304.Theabsenceofvariationintheresultofourexperimentsgaveusconfidenceinthescientificlaw.absence(formal) variation(formal)lack(common) difference(common)315.Inascientificinquiry,afallacy,greatorsmall,isalwaysofimportanceandissuretobe,inthelongrun,productiveofmischievousresults.fallacy(formal) beproductiveof(formal) mischievous(formal)mistake(common) produce(common);harmful(common)cause(common)32Exercise2Identifythelevelofthefollowingsentences?Whenhisdaddied,Petehadtogetanotherjob.Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.Pete’soldwomanhittheroofwhenhecamehomewiththatdollfromthedisco.Peter’swifewasveryangrywhenhecamehomewiththegirlfromthediscotheque.33Whenhisdaddied,Petehadtogetanotherjob.(collo.)Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.(com.)Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.(fml.)Pete’soldwoman

hittheroofwhenhecamehomewiththatdollfromthedisco.(colloquial,impolite)Peter’swife

wasveryangrywhenhecamehomewiththegirlfromthediscotheque.(common)34UsingtheExactWordTheexactwordsuitstoyourpurpose,yourmeaning,andyourreader’sbackground,interests,andexpectations.Tochoosetheexactword,youmustbeclearaboutthedenotationandconnotationofaword,thedifferencesbetweengeneralandspecificwords,abstractandconcretewords,andhaveagoodmasteryofEnglishidioms.35TheMeaningofWordsDenotation:isthespecific,direct,andexplicitmeaningofaword.ThedenotativemeaningofawordcomesdirectlyfromitsreferentandismostlygainedfromadictionaryConnotation:istheassociativeorsuggestivemeaningofaword.Theconnotativemeaningispersonalandmostlydeducedfromone’sexperience.36TheSemanticTriangleof“Winter”Reference/Concept(Connotation):desolate,icy,dead,treeless,bitter,barren,snow,cold,chill,whiteSymbol(word)winterReferent(thing/denotation):thecoldestseasonoftheyear,includingthemonthsofDecember,January,andFebruarye.g.Laughterdriveswinterfromthemind.Sheisinthewinterofherlife.37Example:country:anareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernmentnation:thepeopleofacountrystate:thegovernmentorpoliticalorganizationofacountryland:(emotive:motherland,homeland)EnglandisasmallercountrythanChina.ThePresidentspokeonradiotothenation.Shouldindustrybecontrolledbythestate?Chinaismynativeland.38SynonymsSincetheconnotationsofwordsmayvaryalonganumberofdimensions,itisdifficulttofindtwowordsthatareexactlythesameinmeaninganduse(structure).Theymaybeidentical,buttheywillneverbeequivalent.Usually,thecommondimensionswillbefrom“informal”to“formal”,from“weak”to“strong”,from“emotionless”to“emotional”,from“favorable”to“unfavorable”orformdifferentcollocations.39Example:informal-formalask:informalquestion:askmanyquestionsinterrogate:suggestingthatthepersonisbeingheldbyforceandaskedquestionswhichtheyareunwillingtoanswer.Heaskedabouthisnewjob.Twomenarebeingquestionedbythepoliceinconnectionwiththerobbery.TheJapaneseofficerswereinterrogatedasprisonersofwar.40Example:informal-formaltime:aperiod;aperiodinhistoryage:aparticularperiodinhistoryepoch:longperiodinhistory,markedbyimportanteventsItwilltakeyoualongtimetolearnFrenchproperly.Inancienttimes,peopleworeclothesmadeoffur.Hehasreachedhisretirementage.TheywerelivingintheStoneAge/IronAge.Thefirstflightintospacemarkedanewepochinthehistoryofmankind.Thesteam-enginewasanepoch-makingevent.41Example:informal-formalrise:goup;gethighermount:formalgoup;climbascend:

formalgotoahigherlevel,climbSmokerosefromthefactorychimneys.Theoldladymountedthestairswithdifficulty.Heascendedthestairs.Victoriaascendedthethrone.(becamequeen)42Example:weak-strongbig:biglarge:unusuallybighuge:extremelylarge

emphatic(formal)Putthebooksinthebigbox.Wuhanisabig/largecityinCentralChina.Theteamhasgotahugemanovertwometerstall.43Example:emotionless-emotionalsmall:(emotionless)little:(implyingafeelingoffondness)Theylivedinasmalltown.(describingthearea)IcanneverforgetthelittletownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood.(Ilikeit.)44Example:favorable-unfavorablemodest:notproud(avirtue,laudatory/favorable)humble:havingalowopinionofoneself(derogatory/unfavorable)Modestandhardworking,hemadeveryquickprogressatschool.ClearlyGomperswasoverawedbyWilson.Hisfacetookonaservilelook;hisvoicewashumble.45Example:synonymsproud:showingproperandreasonablerespectforoneself;havingtoohighopinionofoneselfarrogant:unpleasantlyproud,withanunreasonablestrongbeliefinone’sownimportancehaughty:seemingtoconsideroneselfbetterormoreimportantthanothers;arrogantinsolent:showingdisrespectfulrudenessTheyarepoorbuttooproudtoacceptmoneyfromthestate.Thearrogantofficialdidnotlistentopeople’sprotest.Thehaughtylookoftheyoungladymadeeveryonekeptadistancefromher.Theinsolentchildrenrushedintothehousewithoutgreetingtheguests.46NotNecessarilySynonymsDonottaketheChineseequivalentofanEnglishwordasitsexactmeaning,orunderstandingthemeaningofanEnglishwordfromitsChineseequivalent.EnglishwordsthatmaybetranslatedintothesameChineseexpressionarenotnecessarilysynonyms.BecauseusuallyanEnglishwordhasnoexactChineseequivalentandithastobetranslatedindifferentwaysindifferentcontexts.47Example:Family:agroupofpeople,includingparents,children,grandparents,uncles,aunts,livingtogetherhome:theplacewhereonelives(denotation)warmth,safety,comfort,love/coldness,burden(connotation)

ThewholefamilycametovisitusatChristmas.Ileftmyexercisebookathome.48Example:except:leavingout;notincludingbesides:inadditionto;aswellasWeweretiredexcept/besidesJohn.strict:exactrigid:stiff,inflexible,difficulttochangeWeshouldobeytheregulationsstrictly.Weshouldn’tobeytheregulationsrigidly.49GeneralandSpecificWordsGeneralwords

nameclassesorgroupsofthings.ThesewordsareneededinclassificationanddefinitionSpecificwordsrefertoexamplesofagroup.Specificandconcretenounsexpressmeaningmorevividlythangeneralorabstractones.

50Generalandspecificarerelativeterms,becausetherearedegreesofgenerality.

e.g.ProfessionalScientists Chemists Building House Logcabin ClothesSwimmingsuitBikinigeneralspecific51Example:housemansion:alargehouse,usu.belongingtoawealthyperson宅第,公馆;大厦Theoldmansionwasbuiltin1850.这座古宅建于1850年。ShelivesinGuilinMansion.她住在桂林大厦。52Example:housevilla:apleasantcountryhouseinitsowngarden,oftenusedforonlypartoftheyearforholidays,esp.insouthernEurope别墅,公馆;<英>(城郊)住宅MagnificentvillasarefoundthroughoutItaly.在意大利到处可看到豪华的别墅Chateau:acastleorlargecountryhouseinFrance(法国封建时代的)城堡;(尤指法国的)别墅,庄园ThehousewasmodelledonaFrenchchateau.这房子是模仿一座法国大别墅建造的。53Example:housebungalow:ahousewhichisallononelevel〈英〉平房〈美〉单层小屋;多于一层的小屋cabin:3.asmallroughlybuiltusu.woodenhouse〈美〉小木屋Theylivedinalittlelogcabin.hut:asmallsimply-madebuilding小屋,棚屋Theylivedinamudhut/awoodenhut.54Example:houseshack:asmallroughlybuilthouseorhut窝棚,简陋的小屋shanty:asmallroughlybuiltusu.woodenormetalhouse简陋的小木屋,铁皮棚屋shed:alightlybuiltsingle-flooredbuilding,oftenwooden,usedesp.forstoring:棚,库atoolshed/cattleshed/gardenshed/anairplaneshedbarn:afarmbuildingforstoringcropsandfoodforanimals,orforkeepinganimals仓房;牲口棚

55Example:laughbeam:tosmilebrightlyandhappily:面露喜色Hebeamed(acheerfulwelcome)asheopenedthedoor.guffaw:tolaughloudly,andperhapsrudely大笑,狂笑chortle:v.n.(togive)alaughofpleasureandsatisfaction哈哈大笑HechortledwithdelightwhenItoldhimmynews.56Example:laugh

chuckle:tolaughquietly:轻声地笑Icouldhearhimchucklingtohimselfashereadhisbook.snigger:derog.Tolaughquietlyandsecretlyinadisrespectfulway:暗笑,窃笑Thechildrensniggeredattheoldlady’sstrangehat.57Example:laughgiggle:tolaughquietlyinasillychildishuncontrolledway:咯咯地笑Stopgiggling,girls;thisisaseriousmatter.grin:tomakeawidesmile露齿而笑Shegrinnedwithdelight.她高兴地咧开嘴笑。Hewasgrinningproudly,delightedwithhisachievements.他为自己的成就感到喜悦,自豪地咧着嘴笑。58Exercise1Arrangethefollowingnounsaccordingtodegreesofgenerality:1.Germanshepherdanimalcreaturedog2.flowerstulipsplantcreaturenature3.transportvehicleplaneBoeing757man-madedevice4.acoldillnesstroublething5.AuntSallyarelativepeopleacquaintance6.novelPrideandPrejudiceliteraturewriting7.scientistsprofessionalschemistsbiochemists59IdiomsAnidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.Usually,problemsinidiomarecausedbycollocation,especiallythecollocationofprepositionsandverbsoradjectives60Example:phrasalverbsputupwith:informaltosuffer(somethingannoyingorunpleasant)withoutcomplaining

Ican’tputupwithyourrudenessanymore;leavetheroom.Thatwomanhasalottoputupwith.(=hasmanytrouble)turnout:1.Tostoptheoperationof(alight)byturningaswitchTurnthelightout.2.(turnsomebodyout)toforcetoleave;sendawayHerfatherturnedherout(ofthehouse)whenshebecamepregnant.61Example:phrasalverbsputupwith:informaltosuffer(somethingannoyingorunpleasant)withoutcomplaining

Herfatherturnedherout(ofthehouse)whenshebecamepregnant.3.tocomeoutorgather(asif)forameeting,publicevent,etc.Enormouscrowdsturnoutfortheprocession.4.(turnoutsomething)informaltoproduce;makeThisfactorycanturnout100carsaday.62Example:phrasalverbsputupwith:informaltosuffer(somethingannoyingorunpleasant)withoutcomplaining

5.(turnoutsomething)toclearoremptythecontentsof(acupboard,drawer,etc.)Thepolicemantoldhimtoturnouthispockets.6.tohappentobe,orbefoundtobe,intheend.It’sturnedoutniceandsunnyagain.Thepartyturnedoutasuccess.(=althoughwethoughtitmightnotbe)

Tooursurprisethestrangerturnedouttobe(=wediscoveredthathewas)anoldfriendofmymother’s.Hisstatementturnedouttobefalse.63Example:phrasalverbsLookforwardto:toexpectwithpleasureI’mreallylookingforwardtoyourparty.Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourreplyassoonaspossible.64Example:phrasalverbscarryon:〈非正〉继续进行1.tocontinue,esp.inspiteofaninterruptionordifficultiesWecancarryonourdiscussionafterlunch.2.Informaltobehaveinafoolish,excited,oranxiousmannerYoushouldhaveheardhercarryingonwhenwetoldherthenews.Iwishyou’dstopcarryingon(=complaining)aboutit.65Example:n.+prep.+n.Astrawinthewind:asignofwhatmayhappen征兆,迹象,苗头ThesestoriesofarmsThesestoriesofarmsbuild-upalongtheborderarestrawsinthewind.Theappleofone’seye:informalone’sfavoritepersonorthinglikeafishoutofwater:uncomfortablebecauseoneisinastrangeplaceinaworldofone’sown66Example:phrasalverbscomeacross:1.tomeet,find,ordiscover,esp..Bychanceshecameacrosssomeoldlettersinthecourseofhersearch.2.tobeeffectiveandwellreceivedYourspeechcameacrossverywell.67Example:prep.+n.inkind:性质上1.(ofpayment)usinggoodsornaturalproductsratherthanmoney2.withthesametreatment以实物偿付Ipaidhimbackinkindforcheatingme.=(Icheatedhim)ontheair:broadcasting广播Weshallbeontheairinfiveminutes.68Example:prep.+n.atlength:充分地;详尽地1.(formal)usingmanywords;ingreatdetailShespokeatlengthaboutthedisadvantageofinternet.2.lit.afteralongtime;atlast最后,终于Atlengthhereturned.Withflyingcolors:verysuccessfully;splendidly出色地Hepassedhisexamswithflyingcolors.69Example:v.+n.Won’tholdwater:seemnottrue,reasonable,orbelievable

(理论、计划等)证明正确合理,说得通Hisexplanationofwherehegotthemoneyfromjustdoesn’tholdwater.Slipone’smind:beoutofone’smemoryItslippedmymind.(=Iforgotit.)70Example:v.+n.killtwobirdswithonestone:togettwogoodresultsfromoneaction一举两得SinceWendylivesnearmymother,I’llcallinonheraswellandkilltwobirdswithonestone.gotothedogs:tobecomeruined,esp.tochangefromabettertoaworsemoralcondition.堕落,潦倒;灭亡“Thiscountry’sgoingtothedogs!”saidtheoldman.71Example:fixedstructureaseasyaspie:informalveryeasyasbigaslife:notabletobemistaken;realI’dthoughthewasinAmerican,butwhenIturnedround,therehewas,bigaslife.分明就是他asdifferentasnightanddayaspoorasachurchmouse72Example:fixedstructurewearandtear:thedamagingeffectsofordinaryuseoveralongperiod损坏,损耗Whenyoucalculatethevalueofthecaryoumustallowforwearandtear.highanddry:inahelplesssituation孤立无援,处于困境Theytookallthemoneyandleftushighanddry.73Example:fixedstructuretouchandgo:risky;ofuncertainresult一触及发的形势Itwastouch-and-gowhetherthedoctorwouldgetthereintime.inblackandwhite:inwriting白纸黑字Iwantthisagreementinblackandwhite.74UsingFigurativeLanguageFIGURESOFSPEECH1.Simile 2.Metaphor 3.Personification4.Metonymy 5.Synecdoche6.Euphemism7.Irony 8.Overstatementandunderstatement9.Transferredepithet10.Oxymoron11.Alliteration75SimileSimile:itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.Omylove’slikeared,redrose.RobertBurnsThatmancan’tbetrusted.He’sasslipperyasaneel.Theoldman’shairisaswhiteassnow.76Patternsofsimile1.XislikeY.(Xstandsfortheliteralterm/tenor,whileYstandsforthefigurativeterm/vehicle.)Mywife’snewhatislikealighthouse.Themanwalkedawaylikeaduck.2.X…asY.Youcannothopetomoveme,asyoucannotexpectthesuntoriseinthewest.Ihavesquanderedmylifeasaschoolboysquandersatip.77Patternsofsimile3.X…(as)…asY:Theyareasidleasapaintedshipuponapaintedocean.4.AsY…(,)soX…:Ascoldwatertoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.78Patternsofsimile5.XistoAwhatYistoB:Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.6.X…asif(asthough)Y:HetalkedasifhewerethepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Thegirlscreamedasthoughshehadseenaghost.7.Xis…thanY:Sheisfarsweeterthantheflower.8.XsurpassesY:Inclearness,theriverwatersurpassesthepurestcrystal.

79MetaphorMetaphor:itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.Itisalsoacomparison,butthecomparisonisimplied,notexpressedwiththewordasorlike.Thepictureofthosepoorpeople’sliveswascarvedsosharplyinhisheartthathecouldneverforgetit.Therewasamedievalmagnificenceaboutthebigdinning-hall.Thestreetfadedintoacountryroadwithstragglinghousesbyit.80MetaphorTherewereafewlordlypoplarsbeforethehouse.Allhisformerjoywasdrownedintheembarrassmentandconfusionhewasfeelingatthemoment.Heoftenprefacedhisremarksby“Ican’thelpthinking…”thecharcoalfireglowedanddimmedrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows.81PatternsofmetaphorFull-lengthmetaphor1.X(tenor)isY(vehicle):life’sbutawalkingshadow,apoorplayer.Shakespeare2.YofX:I’veclimbedthatdamnedladderofpolitics,andeverystephasbeenrough.U.S.VicePresidentHubertHumphrey82PatternsofmetaphorFull-lengthmetaphor3.X,Y(inapposition):“youlittleMexicanrat,”hissedfrombetweenDanny’slips.4.XorY(asmodifier):Thelovelygirlhasarosycheek.83Patternsofmetaphor“Compressed”metaphor:themetaphorstatesonlyonetermofthecomparison,leavingtheotherimplicit.Leavesgotupinacoilandhissed,Blindlystruckatmykneeandmissed.84PatternsofmetaphorExtendedmetaphor:ametaphorwhichisdevelopedbyanumberofdifferentfigurativeexpressions,extendingperhapsoverseveralclausesorsentences,andinvolvingseveraltenorsandvehicles.Alltheworld’sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:Theyhavetheirexistsandtheirentrances;Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts.Shakespeare85PersonificationPersonificationistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Youthishotandbold,Ageisweakandcold,Youthiswild,andAgeistame.ShakespeareThematchwillsoonbeoveranddefeatisstaringusintheface.Thistimefatewassmilingtohim.86PersonificationThunderroaredandapouringrainstarted.Duskcamestealthily.Thestormwasragingandanangryseawascontinuouslytossingtheirboat.Thefallingleavesaredancinginthewind.Onefineday,fortunesmiledonGrandfather.Thewindsobbedinthetrees.87Metonymy转喻Metonymy

issubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Swordandcrossinhand,theEuropeanconquerorsfellupontheAmericas.Whenthewarwasover,helaiddowntheswordandtookupthepen.Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.88Synecdoche提喻法Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitute