报关与国际货运专业英语Module One

报关与国际货运专业英语Contents

ModuleOneBackgroundIntroductionofInternationalTradeModuleTwoInspectionDeclarationUnit1IntroductiontoEntry-ExitInspectionandQuarantineUnit2WorkingContent,Procedure,ProcessofEntry-ExitInspectionandQuarantineUnit3InspectionUnitUnit4InspectionDeclarerUnit5TheInspectionofEntry&ExitGoodsModuleThreeCustomsDeclarationUnit1CustomsDeclarationandCustomsManagementUnit2CustomsDeclarationUnitsandCustomsDeclarerUnit3GoodsunderCustomsControlandCustomsDeclarationProcedureUnit4GoodsunderTariffReductionandExemption

Unit5GoodsTemporarilyApprovedforImportandExportModuleFourInternationalFreightForwardingUnit1InternationalFreightForwardingUnit2InternationalOceanTransportForwardingBusinessUnit3InternationalRailandRoadFreightServicesUnit4InternationalAirFreightForwardingServiceUnit5InternationalMultimodalTransportForwardingUnit6InternationalFreightForwardingLogisticsServiceModuleFiveRelatedDocumentsUnit1ApplicationofInspectionandQuarantineonOutboundandInboundGoodsUnit2CustomsDeclarationBillofEntryUnit3BillofLadingDocumentsUnit4AirWaybillUnit5InsuranceDocumentsBibliographyModuleOneBackgroundIntroductionofInternationalTradeⅠ.BriefIntroductionofInternationalTrade

Internationaltrade,alsoknownasforeigntrade,overseastradeorworldtrade,istheexchangeofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossnationalbordersorterritories.Itconsistsofimporttradeandexporttrade.Itmanifeststheeconomicallyinterdependentrelationsbetweendifferentcountriesorregions.Internationaltradetakesplaceformanyreasons.

Internationaltradeemergesanddevelopsinsomecertainhistoricconditions.Thedevelopmentofsocialproductivitygeneratesthesurplusofproducts.Peoplebegantotradethesurplus.Gradually,theforeigntradeoccurswhenthetransactionproceedsacrossnationalborders.Inaddition,underthecomplexeconomiccircumstancenowadays,noindividualorsinglecountrycanbeself-sufficient.Countrieshavedifferentnatural，human,andcapitalresourcesandthewaysofcombiningthemvarygreatly.Theyarenotequallyefficientatproducingthegoodsandservicesthattheirresidentsdemand.Peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisalsothefoundationofinternationaltradeandeconomicactivities.

一、国际贸易简介国际贸易也叫对外贸易、世界贸易，是指不同国家（和/或地区）之间的商品、服务和资金的交换活动。国际贸易由进口贸易和出口贸易两部分组成。它反映了不同国家（和/或地区）之间的相互依存的关系。而国际贸易的产生有很多原因。

国际贸易是在一定的历史条件下产生和发展起来的。社会生产力的发展导致可供交换的剩余产品的出现，人们开始交易劳动剩余产品。这些剩余商品在国与国之间交换，就逐渐地产生了国际贸易。此外，在当今复杂的经济形势下，没有一个人或一个国家可以自给自足。每个国家有不同的自然资源、人力资源和资本资源，组合这些资源的方式各异。它们生产满足国内居民需要的产品和服务的效率也就不同。人们培养了不同的技能。这也是国际贸易和经济活动的基础。Ⅱ.InternationalTradeProcedure

Thebasicprocedureofinternationaltradeincludesthefollowingstages:preparation,negotiation,makingoutacontractandimplementationofthecontract.

Atthestageofpreparation,marketresearchisveryimportant.Itisnormalandnecessarytospendseveralweeksormonthslearningabouttheproducts,targetmarketanditsprofitpotentialwhenseekingforpartnersorclients.Besidescollectingrelevantinformation,atradermaywinorloseasaleaccordingtohis/hernegotiationability.Negotiationrequiresspecializedskills,tactics,communicationcompetenceandteamworkspirit.

Afterpreparation,thetradercanmoveonthenextstep,negotiation.Negotiationincludesenquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptanceandconclusionofcontract.Enquiry/Inquirymeanstheinitiationofapotentialtransaction.Thetraderneedstoobtainthenecessaryinformationofthetargetproductandpartner,whichcontainsname,quality,quantity,size,packaging,shipping,deliverydateandinsuranceandsoon.Offercanbemadebyasellerorabuyer.Itexpressesaproposaloftermsandconditionsstatedinapotentialtransaction—price,termofpaymentandtimeofshipment，forexample.Whenanoffereeissatisfiedwiththetermsandconditionsoftheoffer,theoffereecanmakeastatementoranactofacceptance.Whenanoffereeraisesanobjection,theoffereemayoffersomenewtermsforthetransaction,whichiscalledcounter-offer.Afterreachinganagreement,bothpartiessetupacontract.Thecontractmustinvolvethetermsandconditionsmentionedintheofferandacceptance.Otherwise,itisinvalid.Thecontactislegallyenforceable.Bothpartiesshouldundertaketheobligationtoimplementthecontract.

二、国际贸易流程国际贸易的基本流程包括以下几个步骤：前期准备，商务谈判，制作合同及合同的履行。在前期准备阶段，市场调查是非常重要的。当寻找合作伙伴或客户时，通常花费几周或者几个月了解产品、目标市场和产品的市场潜力，这非常有必要。除了收集相关信息，贸易商的成败也取决于他的谈判能力。商务谈判需要专业的技能、技巧、沟通能力和合作精神。

经过前期准备，贸易商进入下一阶段——商务谈判。商务谈判包括询盘、发盘、还盘、接受和订立合同。询盘意味着潜在交易的开始。贸易商需要获取目标产品和合作伙伴的必要信息，包括名称、品质、数量、规格、包装、装运、装运日期及保险等。发盘可由卖方或买方发出。他向受盘人提出潜在交易的条件和要求，比如价格、支付方式和装运日期等。当受盘人对发盘人提出的条件和要求满意时，他可以发出声明表示接受。当受盘人提出反对意见时，受盘人可以提出新的条件，这也被称作还盘。达成协议后，双方制定合同。合同必须包含发盘和接受当中提到的条件和要求，否则合同无效。这份合同具有法律强制性。双方应该履行义务，实施合同。Ⅲ.RelevantDepartmentsInvolvedinForeignTradeBusiness

Ashasdiscussedabove,foreigntradebusinessisnotasimpleoreasytasktohandle.Itcoversaseriesofcomplexformalitiesforthetradecompanytogothrough.Duringthewholeprocess,thetraderneedstodealwithseveraldepartmentswhichcanbewithinorbeyondthecompanyitself.

Regardingtheinternaldepartments,itreferstothedifferentsectorsinthetradecompanythatparticipateintheforeigntradebusiness.Eachsectorplaysanimportantpartandifanyofthemfailedtocompletetheassignedwork,thebusinesswouldbesuspended.Generallyspeaking,theinternaldepartmentsusuallyincludesalesdepartment,purchasedepartment,productiondepartment,financialdepartmentandsoon.Thissituationmayvaryaccordingtodifferentmanagementsystemsincompaniesaswellasdifferentkindsofbusinesses.

Besidesthecommunicationswithdepartmentswithinthetradecompany,manygovernmentorgansorenterprisesalsoengageinforeignbusiness,whicharealsocalledexternaldepartments.Herearesomenecessarilymentioned.

Owingtothequalityofforeigntrade,thecompanyconcernedshouldgothroughasetofstatutoryformalities.ThebranchoftheMinistryofCommerceorthelocalDepartmentofCommerce(knownasforeigntradebureau)istheplacewherethecompanyappliesforforeigntradeoperationright,import&exportlicenseandquota.Thecommodityinspectiondepartment,alsoreferringtotheinspectionandquarantinebureau,takeschargeoftheinspectiononthegoodsandtheissuanceofofficialinspectioncertificateorcertificateoforigin,ifthetradepartiesmakesuchrequirements.Customsisresponsibleforsupervisingandexaminingallthecommoditiesoritemsinandoutofacountry,andcollectingdutiesaccordingtocorrespondentregulations.TheStateAdministrationofTaxationisinchargeofcollectionoftaxesandenforcesthestaterevenuelaws.Fortheforeigntradecompanies,thepoliciesonrefundofVATandExciseTaxonimportsandexportsshouldbeespeciallyconsidered.Moreover,speakingofthespecificproceduresintheinternationaltradepractice,therearethreetypesofenterprisesbasicallyreferredto:theshippingcompanyforthetransportationofthegoods,theinsurancecompanytoreducetheriskofloss,andbanksfortakingcareofthepaymentsettlement.

三、外贸业务中涉及的相关部门

如前所述，外贸业务处理起来并不简单容易。它包含了一系列复杂的手续，这些都需要外贸公司去办理。在整个过程中，贸易商需要同一些部门进行交涉，这些部门既可以是公司内部部门，也可以是公司外部部门。内部部门指的是外贸公司在进行外贸业务时参与其中的不同部门。每个部门的作用都很重要。如果其中之一没有完成分配的任务就会导致整个业务的中断搁置。一般来说，内部部门通常包括销售部、采购部、生产部、财务部等。由于不同公司的管理系统的差异以及不同业务的差异，内部部门的种类也会因此不同。除了与贸易公司内部的部门进行交流之外，很多政府机构和企业也参与到外贸业务中，这也就是所说的外部部门。下面列举几个需要提及的部门。由于外贸的自身性质特点，相关公司应该办理一系列法定手续。商务部的分支机构或当地的商务厅（也叫外贸局）均可申办外贸经营权，申请进出口许可证或配额。商检部门，是指检验检疫局，负责进行产品的检验，出具官方检验证书或原产地证书。海关，承担出入国境的一切商品和物品的监督，检查工作并照章征收关税。国家税务总局负责征收税费，并执行国家财政收入相关法律条款。对于外贸公司来说，应当着重注意进出口增值税及消费税的退税政策。此外，在国际贸易实务中的具体流程中，一般还会涉及三类企业：运输货物的船运公司、降低货物损失的保险公司以及办理业务结算的银行。Ⅳ.CustomsDeclarationandInternationalFreight

Customsdeclarationandinternationalfreight(themaintopicofthisbook)bothplayanessentialroleininternationaltrade.Customsdeclarationisgenerallyperformedbytheownerofgoodsortheagent.Itmayalsobecompletedbythepersonhavingcontroloverthegoods.Thepersonmaybeindividualsorcompanies,aswellascertainassociationsofpersons.Theobjectsofcustomsdeclarationrefertomeansoftransportandgoodsorarticles.Theproceduresofcustomsdeclarationvaryaccordingtothedifferentpropertiesoftheobjects.Thegoodscannotbeimportedorexportedsuccessfullywithoutgoingthroughtheformalitiesofcustomsdeclarationappropriatelyandcorrectly.Thequalityofcustomsdeclarationdirectlyaffectsthespeedofcustomsdeclaration,theoperatingcostsandperformanceofcompanies,andadministrativeefficiencyofCustoms.Astheactofcustomsdeclarationiscloselyrelatedtothepoliciesandrulesofforeigntrade,theimplementationofcustomsdeclarationbusinessesispolicy-related,professional,technicalandoperational.Internationalfreightnormallyinvolvescarrier,cargoowner,andagents(shippingbroker,shippingagent,freightforwarder,andconsultativeagent)andsoon.Manypartiesneedtoworktogethertoprocessinternationalshippingwhichhasasignificantinfluenceonpayment.Theunsatisfactoryshipmenttendstogiverisetofailuresinsatisfactorypayment.Noonewouldliketopayforgoodsthatdonotarrive,orarriveindamagedcondition.Shipmentandpaymentissuesarethemaintransactionalelementsthatdistinguishinternationaltradefromdomesticsales.Thedisputesbetweentradersoftenhappeninthesetwofields;soacompleteknowledgeofshippingcontractsandtermsoftradeisessentialtoproperlyunderstandfinanceandpaymentissues,andtodealwiththedisputes.Thisbookmainlyintroducestherelevantknowledgeofcustomsdeclarationandinternationalfreight,whichaimstogiveafavorandguidancetoanypersonwhoneedstheprofessionalknowledgeinthisfield.Inaddition,thisbookisveryinformativeandhelpfulforthepersonwhointendstotaketheprofessionalcertificatessuchasCustomDeclaration/ClearanceLicense,QuarantineClearanceLicenseandsoon.四、报关与国际货运报关与国际货运（本书的主题）在国际贸易中扮演着至关重要的角色。报关是指进出口货物收发货人、进出境运输工具负责人、进出境物品所有人或者他们的代理人向海关办理货物、物品或运输工具进出境手续及相关海关事务的过程。由于报关对象的性质不同，其报关程序各异。报关是履行海关进出境手续的必要环节之一。报关业务的质量直接关系着进出口货物的通关速度、企业的经营成本和经济效益、海关的行政效率。由于报关活动与国家对外贸易政策法规的实施密切相关，报关业务有着较强的政策性、专业性、技术性和操作性。国际货运通常涉及承运人、货主和运输代理等。运输代理又包括租船代理、船务代理、货运代理和咨询代理。各方需要共同合作处理国际货运。国际货运对于付款有着重大的影响，令人不满意的货运往往会导致付款的失败。没有人愿意为没有运到或运到后破损的货物付款。货运和支付问题是区分国际贸易与国内交易的主要交易要素。贸易商经常在这两部分产生纠纷，所以全面掌握货运合同制定和贸易条款的知识对于合理了解财务、支付问题和处理纠纷尤为必要。本书主要介绍报关与国际货运的相关知识，旨在帮助和指导需要这方面专业知识的人。另外，本书对于要考取相关专业证书的人提供了有用的信息。许多岗位要求从业者具有报关证和报检证等专业证件。WordsandExpressions

interdependentadj.相互依存的，相互依赖的emergev.出现，逐渐形成productivityn.生产率，生产能力surplusn.剩余self-sufficientadj.自给自足的territoryn.领土，领地，地区enquiry/inquiry