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International
Labour
organization
ILOCountrystudy
February/2024
Theemploymenteffectsof
industrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector
Authors/KieraCrowePetterssonandRiaanRossouwa
Theemploymenteffectsof
industrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector
Authors/KieraCrowePetterssonandRiaanRossouwa
2ILOCountrystudy-SouhtAfrica
©InternationalLabourOrganization2024
Firstpublished2024
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Attribution–Theusermustindicateifchangesweremadeandmustcitetheworkasfollows:KieraCrowePetterssonandRiaanRossouw,TheemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector,Geneva:InternationalLabourOffice,2024.©ILO.
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TheemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector3
Foreword
Theworldofworkiscurrentlyexperiencingmajortransformationsrelatedtotechnology,innovation,de-mography,organizationofworkandproduction,andenvironmentalprotection,allofwhichareredefiningtheroleofworkinsociety.Accordingly,theILOResearchDepartmentdeemsitessentialtoexamineandanalysethesechangesatthegloballevel,andinparticulartheireffectsonemployment.
Overthepastfewyears,productionandtechnologicalinnovationhaveplayedapivotalroleinthegrowthof“green”industriesandhavecontributedtotheadvancementoftheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsbypromotingthecirculareconomy.Onemanifestationofthecirculareconomyis“industrialsymbio-sis”,whichreferstothecomingtogetheroftraditionallyseparateentitiesinacollectiveapproachinordertoexploitandmaximizethecompetitiveadvantagearisingfromthephysicalexchangeofmaterials,energy,waterandby-productsinproductionprocesses.
Theeconomicandenvironmentalimpactsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworkshavebeenthoroughlyexamined,whereastheireffectsonemploymenthavereceivedratherlessattention.Theresearchpresentedinthisreportoffersaninnovativeapproach:itisoneoftheveryfirststudiestoanalysetherelationshipbetweenemploymentandindustrialsymbiosisinAfrica.Itsfindingsarethereforelikelytobeofinterestnotonlytoresearchersdealingwiththeimplicationsofajusttransitionandgreenjobsatthegloballevel,butalsotoworkers’andemployers’organizationsandtoleadersandpolicymakerswhoareresponsibleforthedesignofnationalpoliciesonemploymentandenvironmentalprotection.
ThepresentstudyonSouthAfricawaspreparedunderthetechnicaldirectionofMariaSabrinaDeGobbioftheILOResearchDepartmentinGeneva,incollaborationwiththeILODecentWorkTeamforEasternandSouthernAfricaandCountryOfficeforSouthAfrica,Botswana,LesothoandEswatini(hereafter“ILOPretoriaOffice”).ThisreportispartofabroaderresearchprojectontheemploymentimpactsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksinAfricaandLatinAmerica.
WeextendourdeepappreciationtotheformerDirectoroftheILOPretoriaOffice,JoniMusabayana,forthelogisticalassistanceprovided.Thisstudycouldnothavebeencompletedwithouttheinvaluabletech-nicalsupportfromseveralcolleaguesattheILOheadquartersinGeneva:MetteGrangaardLund,JuniorProfessionalOfficeronGreenJobs;ChristophErnst,TeamLeadforInvestments,SectoralStrategiesandTransitions;LukeCarroll,JuniorTechnicalOfficerontheCircularEconomy;andTahminaMahmud,JuniorProgrammeTechnicalOfficer.JoaquínEtorenaHormaeche,ILONationalCoordinatorfortheUnitedNationsPartnershipforActiononGreenEconomy(PAGE)inArgentinaalsoprovidedveryusefulfeedback.
Lastbutnotleast,appreciationisduetotheexternalcollaborators,KieraCrowePetterssonandRiaanRossouw,withoutwhomthepreparationofthisstudywouldnothavebeenpossible.
RichardSamans
DirectorILOResearchDepartment
4ILOCountrystudy-SouhtAfrica
Contents
Executivesummary
6
Definitionofterms
8
Listofabbreviations
9
1.Introduction
10
2.Literaturereview
11
2.1.SocialandeconomicimpactofindustrialsymbiosisinSouthAfrica
12
2.2.PolicyandregulatoryframeworkinSouthAfrica
12
2.3.Challengesandconstraints 13
2.4.Nexusbetweenenvironmentalsustainability,economicresilienceandemploymentgeneration
14
2.5.Broadoverviewofexistingindustrialsymbiosisnetworks 14
3.OverviewofindustrialsymbiosisintheSouthAfricantextileandconstruction
sectors
17
3.1.Descriptionofthesymbiosisnetworksineachsector 17
3.2.Insightsfromsurveyresponses 18
4.Methodology
4.1.Researchdesign
4.2.Datacollection
4.3.Surveysforthecasestudies
4.4.Assessingtheimpact
4.4.1.Quantitativeimpact
4.4.2.Qualitativeimpact
4.4.3.Limitations
18
18
19
20
20
20
21
22
5.Resultsanddiscussion 23
5.1.Textilesector 23
5.1.1.Briefcharacterizationofthesector 23
5.1.2.Descriptionoftheindustrialsymbiosisnetwork 25
5.2.Constructionsector 32
5.2.1.Briefcharacterizationofthesector 32
5.2.2.Descriptionoftheindustrialsymbiosisnetwork 34
5.2.3.Quantitativeimpact 36
5.2.4.Directeffect 37
5.2.5.Indirecteffect 37
5.2.6.Inducedeffect 38
5.2.7.Qualitativeimpact 39
5.2.8.Compositioneffect 40
TheemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector5
6.Conclusionsandrecommendations41
References43
6ILOCountrystudy-SouhtAfrica
Executivesummary
AdeepdiveintoindustrialsymbiosiswithinSouthAfrica’sinformaleconomy,particularlyintheprovincesofGautengandtheWesternCape,unveilsacomplexinterplaybetweenemploymentdynamics,formalizationandsustainability.Thisstudyfocusesspecificallyonvaluechainsinthetextileandconstructionindustries,withprimaryandsecondarydatasourcedataregionallevelfromGautengandtheWesternCapecoveringthedimensionsofrace,skilllevelandgender.
Analysisofthisprimaryandsecondarydata,conductedtodeterminethesubstitutioneffectalongwithdi-rect,indirectandinducedemploymenteffects,revealsineachcaseapositiveimpactofindustrialsymbiosisonjobcreationinthetextileandconstructionsectors.Inthetextilesector,thesymbiosisnetworkreplaced110individuals,resultinginanemploymentbaseof2,851workers.Thesubstitutioneffectherecontributedtothecreationof605directjobs,whiletheactivityeffectfurtherexpandedtheworkforcebyanadditional107positions.Allinall,thistranslatesintoasubstantial25percentincreaseintotalemploymentbetween2018and2022.Inthetextilesector,thesubstitutioneffectistheprimarydriverofthepositiveimpactofindustrialsymbiosisonemployment,astheprocessofutilizingtextilewastecreatesasurgeindemandforlabour,goodsandservices.
Thepositiveimpactofindustrialsymbiosisisevenmorepronouncedintheconstructionsector.With26individualsreplaced,thebasescenarioyieldedanemploymentbaseof2,071workers.Thesubstitutioneffecthereresultedinthecreationof514directjobs,whiletheactivityeffectcontributedanadditional57positions.Thistranslatesintoanimpressive28percentincreaseintotalemploymentbetween2018and2022.Intheconstructionsector,theactivityeffectplaysagreaterroleindrivingpositiveimpacts.Thisisduetothenatureoftheconstructionindustry,whereactivitiesrelatedtobuildingandinfrastructuredevel-opmentinherentlyleadtoincreasedeconomicactivity,owingtotheneedforskilledlabour,materialsandservices.Nevertheless,thesubstitutioneffectalsoplaysasignificantroleinthissector,contributingtothepositiveimpactsonemploymentandeconomicactivity.Thiscanbeascribedtotheprocessesinvolvedinrepurposingconstructionwaste,whichcreatesadditionaldemandforlabour,goodsandservices,ultimatelyleadingtoapositiverippleeffectthroughouttheeconomy.
Around15percentoftheworkforceinthetextilesectorand37percentintheconstructionsectorareininformalemployment.Whereasthelevelofemployment(bothformalandinformal)intextileshasbeendecreasingoverthepastfewyears,theconstructionsectorremainsacornerstoneoftheSouthAfricaneconomyandexertsconsiderableinfluenceoverbothemploymentandeconomicoutput.In2022,thesectorexhibitedapromisingincreaseinitsemployment-to-outputratio,signallingapotentialgrowthtrajectory.Inbothsectors,industrialsymbiosisnetworksleveragetheexistingwastestreamstounlockeconomicpotential.Byreusingandrepurposingwastematerials,thesenetworksaddressenvironmentalconcernsandstimulateeconomicgrowth.Thisdualbenefitofreducingwasteanddrivingeconomicactivityexemplifiestheabilityofindustrialsymbiosistofostersustainableandresilientindustries.
Reflectingashifttowardsformalization,organizationslikeTakingCareofBusinessarecomingtoplayanintegralroleinthebalanceofformalandinformalwork.Thisorganization,whichisactiveinthetextilesector,iscreatinganenablingenvironmentfortraditionallyinformalworkersandentrepreneurstogrowtheirbusinesses.Atthesametime,itishelpingtodevelopamoresystematizedemploymentinfrastructure.Primarydatafromworkersurveysindicatesahighlevelofcontentmentamongworkers,whichcanbeexplainedbygreateroccupationalstability,opportunitiesforskillsacquisitionandimprovedremuneration.Nonetheless,manyworkersareconcernedaboutincomeinstabilityandtheever-risingcostofliving.
Theinformalconstructionsectorpresentsamoreheterogeneouspicture.Intheirresponsestothesurvey,informalworkersinthatsectorsharedaspirationsrangingfromtheacquisitionoftangibleassetstotheadoptionofmeasuresforaddressingoccupationalhazards.Arecurrentthemewasthedesireforopera-tionalstabilityandcareergrowth.
TheemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector7
Acomparativeanalysisoftheprimarydatacollectedforthetextileandconstructionsectorsprovidesinsightsintotheimpactofindustrialsymbiosisonemploymentdynamics.Thetextilesector,forexample,hasahighleveloffemaleparticipation,withwomenaccountingfor87percentoftheworkforce.Furthermore,theconsiderablerepresentationofindividualswithoutasecondaryeducation,whomakeup21percentoftheworkforce,isinlinewitheffortstopromotebroad-basedinclusivity.Instarkcontrast,theconstructionsectorischaracterizedbyamodestleveloffemalerepresentation,withwomenaccountingforjust31percentoftheworkforce,andbytheabsenceofindividualswithoutasecondaryeducation.Thishighlightstheneedforasector-specificapproachtoformalizationinitiatives.
ExaminationoftheregionalemploymentdynamicswithinGautengandtheWesternCapeturnsupaddi-tionallayersofcomplexity.Inparticular,womenaccountfor47percentoftheunemployedinGautengandfor49percentintheWesternCape.Moreover,inbothGautengandtheWesternCape,9percentofunemployedwomenlackasecondaryeducation.
SouthAfrica’sadoptionofindustrialsymbiosisintheinformaleconomyisaprocessaccompaniedbydi-versechallenges,opportunitiesandaspirations.Thetextileindustryexemplifiesthepotentialofsymbiosistopromoteinclusivity,employmentgrowthandformalization,whiletheconstructionsectorservesasareminderofpersistingdisparitiesandchallenges.Theinsightspresentedherecanhelppolicymakerstonavigatethisterrain.Inparticular,itisclearthatfosteringinclusivity,prioritizingsafetyandrecognizingpossiblelimitstoformalizationarekey.Theoverarchinggoalshouldbetocreateastructured,inclusiveanddynamicemploymentlandscapethatallowsthepowerofindustrialsymbiosistobefullyharnessed.
。ILOCountrystudy-SouhtAfrica
Definitionofterms
Term
Definition
Decentwork
TheILOdefinesdecentworkas“productiveworkforwomenandmeninconditionsoffreedom,equity,securityandhumandignity”.
Ingeneral,workisconsideredasdecentwhen:
▶itpaysafairincome;
▶itguaranteesasecureformofemploymentandsafeworkingconditions;
▶itensuresequalopportunitiesandtreatmentforall;
▶itincludessocialprotectionforworkersandtheirfamilies;
▶itoffersprospectsforpersonaldevelopmentandencouragessocialintegration;
▶workersarefreetoexpresstheirconcernsandtoorganize.
Employment
Totalemploymentcomprisesbothformalandinformalemployment.Theemployedpopulationisdefinedasthenumberofpeopleagedbetween15and65yearscurrentlyworking.Workisdefinedasanyactivity
carriedoutbytherespondentforpay,profitorhouseholdgainduringthereferenceweek(where“householdgain”includesunpaidfamilymembershelpingoutinafamilybusiness).
Employment
multipliers
Theconceptofanemploymentmultiplierisusedinmultiplieranalysis.Itreferstotheratioofthechangeintotalemploymentofworkersinallsectorsofaneconomytothechangeinemploymentofworkersdirectlyengagedinaparticularsector(Fjeldsted1990).
Exports
ExportsofgoodsandservicesfromSouthAfricatotherestoftheworld.
Formallabour
Alloccupationsintheformalsector,includinghigh-skilled,skilledandsemiskilledlabour.
Gross
domestic
productat
marketprices
Thetotalmonetaryormarketvalueofallthefinishedgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry’s
bordersinaspecificperiod.Asabroadmeasureofoveralldomesticproduction,itservesasacomprehensive“scorecard”ofacountry’seconomichealth.Usingtheincomeapproach,itmaybedefinedas“thesumofallincomesearnedintheprocessofproducinggoodsandservices(paymentofsalaries,grossoperatingmarginandmixedincome)plustaxesonproductionandimportsandminussubsidies”(France,INSEE2021).
Grossvalue
addedatbasicprices
Grossvalueadded(GVA)measuresthevalueofgoodsandservicesproducedinanarea,industryorsectorofaneconomy.GVAatbasicpriceshasinmanycasesreplacedgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)atfactorcostasanindicatorofoutput.Ifthevalueaddedoftheagriculture,industryandservicessectorsiscalculatedatpurchaservalues,GVAatbasicpricesisderivedbysubtractingnetproducttaxesfromGDP.(WorldBank,n.d.)
Industrial
symbiosis
Asystemofsymbioticexchangesofproductionwastes,by-productsandutilities,togetherwithotherformsofcollaboration,amongco-locatedtraditionallyseparateindustrialentities.
Informaljobs/labour
Informalemploymentreferstopeopleinprecariousemploymentsituations,irrespectiveofwhetherthe
entityforwhichtheyworkisintheformalorinformalsector.Informalemployment,therefore,comprisesallworkersintheinformalsector,employeesintheformalsectorandpeopleworkinginprivatehouseholdswhoarenotentitledto,orwhodonotreceive,basicbenefitssuchasapensionorhealthinsurancecontributionsfromtheiremployer,andwhodonothaveawrittencontractofemployment.Thedatausedformodellingiscollectedbypublicentities,anditoftenfailstocapturegroupssuchaswastepickersintheinformalsector.
(StatisticsSouthAfrica2010)
Informal
sector
Theinformalsectorconsistsof:
▶employeesworkinginestablishmentsthatemployfewerthanfiveemployeesanddonotdeductincometaxfromtheirsalaryorwage;and
▶employers,own-accountworkersandpeoplehelpingunpaidinahouseholdbusinesswhoarenotregisteredforeitherincometaxorvalue-addedtax.
Input–outputanalysis
Input–outputanalysisisaformofmacroeconomicanalysisbasedontheinterdependenciesbetweendifferenteconomicsectorsorindustries.Thismethodiscommonlyusedforestimatingtheimpactsofpositiveor
negativeeconomicshocksandanalysingtherippleeffectofthesethroughoutaneconomy.
TheemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector9
Listofabbreviations
GDP
grossdomesticproduct
GISP
GautengIndustrialSymbiosisProgramme
SALDRU
SouthernAfricaLabourandDevelopmentResearchUnit
TAB
TheApplianceBank
TCB
TakingCareofBusiness
WISP
WesternCapeIndustrialSymbiosisProgramme
10ILOCountrystudy-SouhtAfrica
1.Introduction
Thisreportdealswiththeintricatedynamicsofemploymenteffectswithinindustrialsymbiosisnetworks,specificallyfocusingontheinformalsectorintheSouthAfricanprovincesofGautengandtheWesternCape.Rootedintheprinciplesofthecirculareconomy,industrialsymbiosisfosterscollaborationamongtraditionallydistinctindustriesandpresentsasignificantopportunityforeconomicgrowthindevelopingcountrieslikeSouthAfrica.Thecirculareconomy,whichischaracterizedbytherecycling,repairandreuseofproductsandmaterials,hasgainedprominenceindevelopingcountriesinrecentyears(Lahmeetal.2020).Centraltothisparadigmisindustrialsymbiosis,acollaborativeapproachthatpromotestheexchangeofmaterials,energy,waterandby-productsamongindustries(Chertow2000).Whiletheenvironmentalandeconomicimpactsofindustrialsymbiosisarewelldocumented,thesocialdimensions,particularlyitseffectsonemploymentandjobquality,remainunder-explored(Nevesetal.2020).ThepresentstudyaddressesthisgapbyexaminingtheemploymentdynamicsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformaleconomy.
Theinitialscopingforthereportwasframedbyaseriesofcriticalquestions:
1.Whatarethenuancedemploymenteffects,bothquantitativeandqualitative,ofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformaleconomy,withaccounttakenofthechallengesinachievingdecentwork?
2.Howdothesenetworkspositivelyinfluenceinformaljobsandenterprises,andwhatinsightscanbegainedfromtheseeffects?
3.Howdolargeformalenterprisesinteractwithsmallerinformalfirmswithinthesenetworks,andwhataretheunintendedconsequences,ifany?
4.Whatcriticalsuccessfactorsdrivepositiveemploymentoutcomesinindustrialsymbiosis,especiallyintermsofformalizingjobsandempoweringwomen?
5.Whatbarriersimpedetherealizationofpositiveemploymentresults,particularlyasregardsformalizinginformaljobs?
6.Whatrecommendationscantheprivatesectorandnationalandlocalgovernmentsadopttofosterjobcreation,theformalizationofemploymentandtheenhancementofjobqualitywithinindustrialsymbiosisnetworks?
7.ArespecificskillsetsrequiredforjobscreatedthroughindustrialsymbiosisintheSouthAfricanlabourmarket,andaretheskillsinquestionreadilyavailable?
Thisstudyreliesonbothquantitativeandqualitativemethods.Itbeginswithareviewofthenationalandinternationalliterature,drawingonthefoundationaldefinitionofindustrialsymbiosisbyChertow(2000).Acasestudy,theWesternCapeIndustrialSymbiosisProgramme,offersinvaluableinsightsintoemploymentimpactsandopportunitiesforjobformalization.ThereportfocusesontwovaluechainsinSouthAfrica,namelytextilesandconstruction,whichwerechoseninviewoflocaldataavailabilityandaccess,andalsobearinginmindglobalconcernsovertheenvironmentalimpactandwastemanagementchallengesofbothsectors.
Thecollectionofprimarydatawascarriedoutthroughstructuredinterviewswithfiveenterprisemanag-ersandrepresentativesofemployers’organizationsacrossinformalandformalenterprises.Additionally,surveysweredistributedamongworkersininformaljobsandenterprises,providinganessentialfirst-handperspectiveonjobqualityandformalization.Atotalof18workerswereinterviewed.Itisworthnotingthat,inmanycases,thelinebetweenoperatingasaninformalworkerandentrepreneurshipisblurred,assuchworkersoftenhaveotherpeopleintheiremployonaninformalbasis.
Whileitwasfeasibletoconductinterviewswiththemanagersofmoreformalenterprisesbydigitalmeansofcommunication,therewereseveralobstaclesingatheringinsightsfromworkers(bothformalandinformal),
TheemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosisnetworksintheSouthAfricaninformalsector11
includingwidespreadpublictransportstrikesandflooding.Owingtotime-andaccess-relatedconstraints,representativesofworkers’organizationsandtradeunionswerenotinterviewed.
Linkageswereidentifiedamongtheorganizationsincludedintheanalysisofthetextilevaluechain,involvingtheexchangeofmaterialsfromautomotiveupholsteryproducersandotherindustrialtextilemanufacturersthataresubsequentlyusedtocreatenewfabricsandproductsfurtherdownthevaluechain.Overandabovethat,oneorganizationengagedinindustrialsymbiosis–specificallyinreceivingmaterialsandby-productsfromarangeofmanufacturersasfeedstockinreplacementofrawmaterialsforthecreationofsaleableproducts–alsoprovidesskillstraining.Thosereceivingsuchtrainingareadditionallytaughthowtorunenterprisesoperatingontheprinciplesofareclaim-andrepair-basedeconomy.Severaloftheseindividualshavegoneontoruntheirownsmallbusinessesusingtextileby-products–someformal,othersinformal.Withregardtotheconstructionvaluechain,linkageswerelargelyanchoredarounddemolition,theex-changeofmaterialsandtimberuse.Again,thesematerialsareusedinreplacementofrawmaterialsforbusinesscreationthroughsecondarysectordevelopment,andsuchactivitiesarehighlydependentonlogisticsandtransport.Inmostcases,materialsfeedbackintothebuiltenvironment,thoughthereisalsosomeactivityatthebottomofthevaluechain,assawdustfromtimberisusedinsmall-scaleagricultureformulchandcomposting.Aswiththetextilevaluechain,thereisabalanceofinformalandformalenterprises,withmostobservationsinourstudyreferringtosmallfirmsandmicroenterprises.
Forthegreaterpart,thisreportconsistsof:
1.Anexplorationofexistingindustrialsymbiosisnetworks,particularlythoseinvolvedintheWesternCapeIndustrialSymbiosisProgramme.Thissectionlooksattheoriginsandcharacteristicsofsuchnetworks,thememberenterprisesand,mostimportantly,theintricateemploymentdynamicsarisingfromindustrialsymbiosis.
2.Adetailedexaminationofemploymenteffects,theaimbeingtoprovideanoverviewofjobcreation,theskillsetsrequired,workers’perceptionsofworkingconditions,andformalizationeffortswithinmemberenterprises.Moreover,thissectionconsidersthebroadervaluechain,unravellingtheindirectemploymenteffectsofindustrialsymbiosis.
ThisstudyprovidesanuancedunderstandingoftheemploymentlandscapeinSouthAfrica’sinformalsector,sheddinglightontheinteractionsbetweenindustryandlabour.
2.Literaturereview
Industrialsymbiosisisanemergingapproachthatpromotescollaborationandresource-sharingamongindustries,aimingtoenhanceenvironmentalsustaina
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