高中英语必修5讲义Module6Section3

[语法初识]原句感知自主探究1.OnafreezingcolddayinJanuary1994,JiesangSuonandajiefoundwhathewaslookingfor—agroupofpoacherswho/thatwerekillingtheendangeredTibetanantelope.2.Inthebattlewhich/thatfollowedJiesangwasshotandkilled.3.Meanwhile,inthosecountrieswheretheshawlsaresold,policearegettingtoughwiththedealers.4.Sometimesthereweregunfights,liketheoneinwhichJiesangSuonandajiewaskilled.5.Inthe1990stheChinesegovernmentbegantotakeanactivepartinprotectingtheantelopesintheHohXilNatureReserve—thehugenationalparkontheQinghaiTibetanPlateau,whichisthemainhabitatoftheantelopes.6．Oftenworkingatnight,thepoachersshootwholeherdsofantelopesatatime,leavingonlythebabies,whosewoolisnotworthsomuch.7.TheanimalsareskinnedonthespotandthewooltakentoIndia,whereitismadeintotheshawls.1.句1、句2、句3为限制性定语从句，关系词分别在从句中作主语和地点状语；2．句4为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，并在从句中作状语。3．句5、句6、句7为非限制性定语从句，关系词分别在从句中作主语、定语和地点状语。[语法剖析]语法点一引导定语从句的关系词1．引导定语从句的常用关系词的用法关系词指代对象在从句中所作成分关系代词who指人主、宾、表whom指人宾which指物主、宾、表that既指人又指物主、宾、表whose既指人又指物定as既指人又指物主、宾、表关系副词when指时间时间状语where指地点地点状语why指原因原因状语Ishetheboywho/thatsurvivedintheearthquake?他就是那个在地震中幸存的男孩吗？Helivesinabighousewhosewindowfacesthesea.他住在一座窗户朝向大海的大房子里。IoftenthoughtofmychildhoodwhenIlivedonafarm.我经常回想起我的童年，那时我住在一个农场里。Bamboogrowswellintheplacewhereitiswarmandwetalltheyear.竹子在一年四季都温暖潮湿的地方生长得好。Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan'tdothat.我们有好几个理由不那样做。[名师点津]situation,case,point，stage等表示“情况，方面”的名词后可接where引导的定语从句。Ithinkyou'vegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,otherwiseyou'llfail.我认为你应该改变了，否则你会失败。2．定语从句中关系词的选用方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年待过的山村。方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。3．that和which引导的定语从句的区别that和which都是关系代词，都可在从句中作主语或宾语，但两者存在着不同：用that不用which的情况先行词是all,much,few,little,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等不定代词时先行词被all，few，little，much，every,some,no等词修饰或被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等限定词修饰时先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时先行词是序数词或其前有序数词对其进行修饰时先行词既指人又指物时主句是who或which等引导的特殊疑问句时用which不用that的情况在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that介词后用which不用thatWeshoulddoeverythingthatisusefultothepeople.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。WhenwetalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatesintoourmindistheWestLake.我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。Thisisthesmallestputerthatcanbefoundintheworldnow.这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。集中演练11－1.用适当的关系词填空①AreyouwillingtojointhegroupwhosegoalistoprotecttheendangeredanimalsintheUnitedStates?②Ithinkthemethodisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.③Muchtothejoyoftheoldcouple,thedogwhich/thatwaslosthasbeenfound.④TherearenotenoughseedsinAfricatosupplymillionsoffarmerswho/thatneedhelp.⑤Theyhavereachedapointrecentlywherebothsidesshouldsitdownandconductadetailedanalysisofthisproblem.⑥Thereasonwhyhelivedfarawayfromhisparentshasn'tbeenknowntous.⑦ThefilmbroughtthetimebacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthecountrysidebymygrandparents.1－2.单句改错⑧Wewillbeshownaroundsomeplaceswherevisitorsseldomgoto.where→that⑨Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingswhichwecanremember.which→thatIwillneverforgetthoseyearsthatIlivedinthecountrysidewiththefarmers.that→when⑪Thereesatimewhichchildrenneedtolearnmoreaboutfirstaid.which→when语法点二“介词＋关系代词”的用法1．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法。(1)根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。Thewitnesstowhomthepolicemenreferredwaskilledlastnight.警察所提到的那个目击证人昨晚被杀了。(2)根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。Idon'tknowthereasonforwhichhewaslateforschool.我不知道他为何上学迟到。(3)根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom，不用that。I'llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。ThisisthepencilwithwhichIdrawpictures.这是我画画用的那支铅笔。3．关系副词where,when,why可替换成“介词＋which”，介词取决于先行词及介词＋which在从句中的作用。why只可替换forwhich。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.＝ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.这就是两年前我居住的那所房子。4．“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句说明整体中的部分。Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,neitherofwhomwantedtobuyit.上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。5．“the＋名词＋ofwhich”或“ofwhich＋the＋名词”可替换“whose＋名词”，引导定语从句。Thehousethewindowsofwhich/ofwhichthewindows/whosewindowsweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。集中演练22－1.用适当的介词填空①Hisson,towhomhehadbeendevoted,returnedfromtheUSAtotakecareofhim.②Hepaidtheboytendollarstowashthewindows,mostofwhichhadn'tbeencleanedforatleastayear.③Pleasetellmethereasonforwhichyoushouldhaveaholiday.④Wecarefullystudiedthephotos,inwhichwecouldseesignsofplantdisease.⑤Theearthonwhichweliveisaplanet.⑥Robertspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedlawandmedicine.2－2.用适当的关系词合并句子⑦I'mverygratefultoMr.Zhang.Icouldn'thavebeenadmittedtoakeyuniversitywithouthisencouragement.→I'mverygratefultoMr.Zhang,without_whose_encouragementIcouldn'thavebeenadmittedtoakeyuniversity.⑧ImadefriendswithSusanandAliceinthatschool.SusanandAlicewereinterestedinastronomy.→ImadefriendswithSusanandAliceinthatschool,both_of_whomwereinterestedinastronomy.⑨HavethepolicefoundMrs.White?ThegoldringbelongstoMrs.White.→HavethepolicefoundMrs.Whiteto_whomthegoldringbelongs?⑩AnnepaidavisittoMr.Yang.ShecameacrossoneofheruniversityclassmatesinMr.Yang'soffice.→AnnepaidavisittoMr.Yang,in_whose_officeshecameacrossoneofheruniversityclassmates.语法点三限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系密切(删除后影响整个句子意义的表达)和先行词关系不密切(起补充说明的作用，删掉后不影响整个句子意思的表达) 不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开关系代词指物时可用that、which引导不可以用that引导，只能用which只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分

TheGreatWallisoneofthebuildingsthatChinesepeopleareproudof.长城是中国人为之骄傲的建筑之一。(限制性定语从句)YesterdayImetMary,wholookedverytired.昨天我遇到了玛丽，她看上去很累。(非限制性定语从句)2．as/which引导的非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事位置较灵活，可置于所修饰的句子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后一般译为“正如，就像” which修饰主句或主句的一部分定语从句只置于所修饰的句子后一般译为“结果”

Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultohealth.我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。Hefinishedthetaskaheadoftime,whichisveryimportanttous.他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。集中演练33－1.用适当的关系词填空①The12yearoldboywonthegoldmedal,whichcameasasurprisetomanypeople.②Nowadaysteenagersliketogotofastfoodrestaurants,whereeatingdoesn'ttakemuchtime.③Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,which,_ofcourse,madeothersannoyed.④Peter,whomyoumetinLondon,isnowbackinParis.⑤Theman,whoseworkwillbefinishedsoon,feelsrelievednow.⑥Asisknowntoallofus,ProfessorLiisextremelypopularamongstudents.3－2.用as/which引导的定语从句完成句子⑦正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。As_is_reported_in_the_newspapers,_talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.⑧妈妈总把我当小孩子对待，这是我不能忍受的。Mymotheralwaystreatsmelikeababy,which_I_can't_bear．⑨在那么多人面前他有点儿紧张，这是可以理解的。Inthepresenceofsomanypeoplehewasalittletense,which_was_understandable．⑩我想用和你同样的方式来做这件事情。Iwanttodoitinthesamewayas_you_did．[链接高考]单句语法填空1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I'dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthat/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.解析：根据句意和句子结构可知此处是一个定语从句，因为先行词是物，且引导词在定语从句中作主语，所以用that或which引导从句。2.(2015·广东高考语法填空)Whenharvestcamearound,hewasalreadysellingherbs,vegetablesandcottoninthemarketwherepeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.解析：从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导定语从句，修饰先行词market。3.(2015·安徽高考)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskilluponwhichschooleducationdepends.解析：句意：有些专家认为，阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。介词upon被提到了定语从句的引导词之前，引导词作upon的宾语，因此用which。4.(2015·北京高考)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,whereyoucanhearsomelovelymusic.解析：句意：对面是圣保罗大教堂，在那里你可以听到一些美妙的音乐。定语从句中的主谓宾成分齐全，先行词为St.Paul'sChurch,表地点，由此可知定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。5．(2015·江苏高考)Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.解析：句意：正如报道的，烟民的数量仅仅在一年内就下降了17%。6.(2015·陕西高考)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.解析：句意：作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望他能独立的时候。分析句子结构可知所填词引导定语从句，先行词time是表示时间的名词，且定语从句中缺少状语，故用when引导。7.(2015·四川高考)Thebooksonthedesk,whosecoversareshiny,areprizesforus.解析：句意：桌子上那些封面闪亮的书是为我们准备的奖品。该句的主句是“Thebooksareprizesforus.”，此处whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词books。[针对演练]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Afootballfanisapersonwho/thathasastronginterestinfootball.2．Canyoulendmethenovelwhich/thatyoureadtheotherday?3．Ihaveboughtthesamedressassheiswearing.4．Asisknowntoall,thepasswasfirstmadeinChina.5．Sheisoneofthefewgirlswhosegradeisaboveaverage.6．ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.7．IknowthestudentfromwhomIborrowedthebook.8．Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.9．Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwefirstmet?10．Thisisthereasonwhyhedidn'tattendthelecture.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Iwillrememberthemomentwhen_I_was_awardedthefirstprizeincollege.我永远不会忘记在大学里我被授予一等奖的那一时刻。2．Thisistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_failsintheexam.这是这些学生中唯一一个考试失败的学生。3．Weshouldn'tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,most_of_whom_are_healthy．我们不应该把钱花在对这么多人的体检上，