山东大学外国语学院《817专业英语》历年考研真题及详解合集

目录2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2016年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2017年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解2018年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解

2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解PartOneLinguisticsⅠ.Makecommentsonthefollowingdefinitionsoflinguisticterms（Thetermdefinedisunderlined）（20points）:1.Linguisticsisoftendefinedasthescienceoflanguageorasthescientificstudyoflanguage.【答案】Linguisticsisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.Linguisticscanbebroadlybrokenintothreecategoriesorsubfields:thestudyoflanguageform,thatoflanguagemeaning,andthatoflanguageinabroadercontext.Thefirstsubfieldoflinguistics,thestudyoflanguagestructureorgrammar,focusesontheelaborateandformalsystemsofrulesthatarefollowedbyfluentlanguagespeakers.Thissubfieldencompassesmorphology,syntaxandphonology.Thesecondsubfield,thatofmeaning,focusesonhowlanguageusersmaketheinferencesrequiredtofullyunderstandanotherperson’sstatementandhowambiguitycanarise.Thissubfieldencompassessemanticsandpragmatics.Manyothersub-disciplinesoflinguisticstacklelanguagewithinabroadercontext.Theseothersub-disciplinesoflinguisticsinclude:evolutionarylinguistics,historicallinguistics;sociolinguistics;psycholinguistics;neurolinguistics;languageacquisition,anddiscourseanalysis.2.Theminimalunitofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.【答案】Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Morphemesareusuallyarbitrary.Thereisnonaturalconnectionbetweentheirsoundandtheirmeaning.3.Thetechniquefrequentlyusedintheanalysisofthestructureofsentenceswasimmediateconstituentanalysis（ICanalysis）,whichisamethodofanalyzingsentencesintotheircomponentparts.【答案】ICanalysisreferstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents—wordsgroups,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Asanewapproachtosentencestudy,thiskindofpuresegmentationissimplydividingasentenceintoitsconstituentelementswithoutevenknowingwhattheyreallyare.ICanalysisisnotarbitrarysegmentation.Itmustbebasedonasetofprinciples,twoofwhicharebasicones.Thefirstoneisthatdivisionsshouldconformtomeaningfulrelations,i.e.divisionsdependonmeaningfulrelationsbetweenmorphemes.Anotherprincipleisthatdivisionsshouldbecompatiblewithmorphologicalrules,therulesthatdeterminehowmorphemesarecombinedtoformnewwords.4.Presuppositionreferstothecontextfortheintendedmeaningofasentencetoberegardedasacceptable.【答案】Apresuppositionisanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldorbackgroundbeliefrelatingtoanutterancewhosetruthistakenforgrantedindiscourse.Itissomethingthespeakerassumestobethecasepriortomakinganutterance.Soitisthespeaker,notsentence,thathaspresuppositionsandthespeakerassumesitisknownbylisteners.Apresuppositionmustbemutuallyknownorassumedbythespeakerandaddresseefortheutterancetobeconsideredappropriateincontext.Itwillgenerallyremainanecessaryassumptionwhethertheutteranceisplacedintheformofanassertion,denial,orquestion,andcanbeassociatedwithaspecificlexicalitemorgrammaticalfeature（presuppositiontrigger）intheutterance.5.Coherenceistherelationshipwhichlinksthemeaningofutterancesorsentencesinadiscourse.【答案】Coherenceiswhatmakesatextsemanticallymeaningful.Itisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax,anditreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anddefinesitasatext.Discoursal/textualcoherencecanberealizedbyemployingcariouscohesivedevices:conjunction,ellipsis,lexicalcollocation,lexicalrepetition,reference,substitution,etc.Ⅱ.Analyzethefollowing（15points）:1.Althoughwordsarethesmallestofthelinguisticunitsinspeechandwriting,theyhaveaninternalstructure.Thatis,theyaresaidtobemadeupofmeaningfulunitsoftheirown,asexemplifiedinthefollowing.Analyzethestructureofthesewords.careful→care＋fulsadness→sad＋nessrealize→real＋ize【答案】（1）careful→care＋fulTheword“careful”canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:“care”and“-ful”,inwhich“care”isafreeroot,abasepartofword“careful”.What’smore,itcanalsobeusedwithoutbeingaddedtoanyothermorphemes.“-ful”isregardedassuffix,asitisplacedattheendofthewordandmeanwhileitcanonlybeusedtogetherwithothermorphemes.Fromtheaboveword,onecanworkoutarule:anewwordformofadjectivecanbecreatedbyadding“-ful”toanoun,suchas“meaningful”or“helpful”.（2）sadness→sad＋nessTheword“sadness”canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:“sad”and“-ness”where“sad”isafreeroot,abasepartofword“sadness”,anditcanalsobeusedwithoutbeingaddedtoanyothermorphemes.“-ness”isregardedassuffix,asitisplacedattheendofthewordandmeanwhileitcanonlybeusedtogetherwithothermorphemes.Fromthisword,onecanworkoutarule:anewwordformofnouncanbecreatedbyadding“-ness”toanadjective,suchas“happiness”or“brightness”.（3）realize→real＋ize

Theword“realize”canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:“real”and“-ize”where“real”isafreeroot,abasepartofword“realize”,anditcanalsobeusedwithoutbeingaddedtoanyothermorphemes.“-ize”isregardedassuffix,asitisplacedattheendofthewordanditcanonlybeusedtogetherwithothermorphemes.Accordingtothisword,onecanworkoutarule:anewwordformofverbcanbecreatedbyadding“-ize”toanadjective,suchas“modernize”or“visualize”.2.Ambiguityinvolvesexpressionswithmorethanonenormalinterpretation.Disambiguatethefollowingsentence.“Flyingplanescanbedangerous.”【答案】（1）Theambiguitycomesfrom“flyingplanes”.Itcanbedecipheredas“theplanesthatareflying”or“toflyplanes”.Thus,thegivensentencecanbeinterpretedas“Theplanesthatareflyingcanbedangerous.”or“Toflyplanescanbedangerous.”Asfortheabovetwomeanings,theyhavethesamesurfacemeanings,buttheydifferindeepmeanings,whichcanbeclearlyshownbytheirtreediagrams.（2）Thetreediagramofthefirstmeaning:

（3）Thetreediagramofthesecondmeaning:Ⅲ.Distinguishthefollowinglinguisticspairs（20points）:1.denotationandconnotation【答案】Denotationreferstotheliteralmeaningofaword,the“dictionarydefinition.”Forexample,ifyoulookuptheword“snake”inadictionary,youwilldiscoverthatoneofitsdenotativemeaningsis“anyofnumerousscaly,legless,sometimesvenomousreptiles,havingalong,taperingandcylindricalbodyandfoundinmosttropicalandtemperateregions.”Connotation,ontheotherhand,referstotheassociationsthatareconnectedtoacertainwordortheemotionalsuggestionsrelatedtothatword.Theconnotativemeaningsofawordexisttogetherwiththedenotativemeanings.Theconnotationsfortheword“snake”couldincludeevilordanger.2.syntheticlanguageandanalyticlanguage【答案】Asyntheticlanguageisalanguagewithahighmorpheme-per-wordratio,asopposedtoalowmorpheme-per-wordratioinwhatisdescribedasanisolatinglanguage.Thislinguisticclassificationislargelyindependentofmorpheme-usageclassifications（suchasfusional,agglutinative,etc.）,althoughthereisacommontendencyforagglutinativelanguagestoexhibitsyntheticproperties.Ananalyticlanguageisalanguagethatconveysgrammaticalrelationshipswithoutusinginflectionalmorphemes.Agrammaticalconstructioncansimilarlybecalledanalyticifitusesunboundmorphemes,whichareseparatewords.Ⅳ.Makecommentsonthefollowingstatement（s）andexplainhowfaryouagreeordisagreewithit（them）（15points）:ChineseistypicallyanintonationlanguagewhileEnglishisatonelanguage.【答案】Intonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.Inatonelanguage,differenttones（likeinmusic,butnotasmany）willchangethemeaningofthewords,evenifthepronunciationofthewordisthesameotherwise.

ItisimpropertosaythatChineseistypicallyanintonationlanguagewhileEnglishisatonelanguage.Onthecontrary,it’sbettertoconcludethatChineseistypicallyatonelanguagewhileEnglishisanintonationlanguage.Inatonelanguage,asismentionedabove,tonechangesareusedinadifferentway,affectingthemeaningsofindividualwords.InChinesePutonghua,asyllablesuchas[pa]canhaveatleastfourmeaningsdependingonthetoneonwhichitisspoken.Moremeaningsarefoundifweconsiderthedifferentcharacterswiththesamepronunciationandtoneform.Solanguage,likeChinese,isknownastonelanguage.However,inEnglish,therearenotonesexistinginawordwhichcandistinguishmeaningsofthatword.SoEnglishcannotberegardedasatonelanguage.Asintonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,inEnglish,forexample,thefall-risetonetypicallyinvolvesthemeaningofacontrastwithinalimitedsetofitemsstatedexplicitlyorimplicitly.Thedifferenceintonechangesthemeaningofagroupofwordsand,whenthishappens,itiscalledadifferenceinintonation.Therisingtoneattheendofanutteranceisoftenusedforaskingyes-noquestionsandshowingpolitenessorsurprise,whereasthefallingtonesometimesleadstorudenessandabruptness.Thus,it’sbettersayingthatEnglishisanintonationlanguage.PartTwoBritishLiteratureⅠ.Identifytheauthorsofthefollowingliteraryworks（10points）:1.RomeoandJuliet

【答案】WilliamShakespeare2.OfStudies【答案】FrancisBacon3.CaptainSingleton【答案】DanielDefoe4.AModestproposal【答案】JonathanSwift5.ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard【答案】ThomasGray6.MyHeart’sintheHighlands【答案】RobertBurns7.DonJuan【答案】GeorgeGordonByron8.MansfieldPark【答案】JaneAusten

9.WutheringHeights【答案】EmilyBronte10.TotheLighthouse【答案】VirginiaWoolfⅡ.Definethefollowingliteraryterms（6points）:1.EnlightenmentMovement【答案】TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressivemovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ItwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefromthe14thtothe17thcentury.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Itcelebratedreasonsorrationality,equalityandscience.TheeighteenthcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEuropeknownastheEnlightenmentMovement.2.Ode【答案】Odeisatypeoflyricalstanza.Aclassicodeisstructuredinthreemajorparts:thestrophe,theantistrophe,andtheepode.Itisanelaboratelystructuredpoempraisingorglorifyinganeventorindividual,describingnatureintellectuallyaswellasemotionally.Therearethreetypicalformsofodes:thePindaric,Horatian,andirregular.PindaricodesfollowtheformandstyleofPindar.HoratianodesfollowconventionsofHorace;the

odesofHoracedeliberatelyimitatedtheGreeklyricistssuchasAlcaeusandAnacreon.Irregularodesuserhyme,butnotthethree-partformofthePindaricode,northetwo-orfour-linestanzaoftheHoratianode.Ⅲ.IdentifyANDcommentonthefollowingliterarytext（9points）:【答案】（1）ThisisanexcerptofthemonologuebyHamletinHamletwrittenbyWilliamShakespeare.Thismonologuereflectsakindofdilemma.Itevokesaquestion:isthereanymeaningofman’sexistenceafterdeath?HamletreflectsShakespeare’shumanistspirit.Hamlet’spersonalityofhesitationcauseshistragedy.（2）ThisexcerptisasoliloquyofHamlet.ItgivesexpressionstoacomplicatedstateofmindfeelingofHamletandprovidesapointofviewontheeventsoftheplay.Itseemsthatdeathisabetterchoicebecauseitcanputanendtoallsorrowsandmisfortunes.Butonhissecondthought,hewaswonderingaboutwhatwouldhappenafterdeath,becauseinhiseyes,deathisamysteriouskingdom,whichmightbemoreterriblethanthisworld.Fromthisexcerpt,itcanbeseenthatHamletisfullofangerandresentmentandpointedouttheevilsandcorruptioninthecountry.Theworldwasfullof“slingsandsorrows”,lifewasnothingbutaseaoftroubles:peopleareboundtosufferfromthousandnaturalshocks,sotheyweregroaningandtoiling.Ⅳ.Essayquestion（15points）:PleasediscussthecausesforTess’stragedyinTessofthed’Urbervilles.【答案】（1）Theexternalfactorsinclude:theimpoverishmentanddecayofsmallfarmers,AlecandClare,Tess’signorantfatherandmotherandVictorianhypocriticalmoralvalue.ThisnovelhasforitssettingtheagriculturalregionofthesoutherncountriesofEngland.①Thewritertruthfullydepictstheimpoverishmentanddecayofsmallfarmerswhobecomehiredfieldhandsandroamthecountryinsearchofseasonaljob.Theselaborersaremercilesslyexploitedbytherichlandowners.Inthisnovel,wecanseeclearlythatoneoftherealreasonsthatleadtoherexterminationisherimpoverishment.②Then,inthisnovel,HardydescribeshowTesswaskilledbythetimesshelivedinclearly.TherearetwopersonswhoareverycloselyrelatedtoTess’sfate.She,adaughterofpoorpeasantshadbeenreducedtoawagelaborer,soAlec—theviciouscapitalistpoweroftheVictorianTimesandClare—therepresentativeofliberalbourgeoisiekilledhercruellyandwithoutmercy.ItseemedthatAlecwastheprimeculpritofTess,butinfact,itwasClarewhokilledTessmorecruelly.③Thirdly,theattitudesofherparentsdeterminedTess’stragedyendinalagerproperty.Tess’sfatherisalazypeddler,andhehatedtoworkhard.

Hermotherwasawomanwithasimplerambitionthatshewantedherdaughtertoriseintheworldbymakingasuccessfulmarriage.Forthesetwofacts,sheknewhergreatresponsibilitytoworkhardtosupportthewholefamily.IfTesswasnotborninthispoorfamilyorherfamilywasalsoanobleonethen,ifshewasnotsoresponsibleforherdutyandshewasnotsokind,maybeherlifewoundnotendupinthisway.④Thelastbutnottheleast,VictorianhypocriticalmoralvalueisalsoamaincausetoTess’stragedy.InMid-Victoriansocietybeliefsabouttheroleofwomenwerefirmlyfixed.Awomanwasconsideredtobemuchinferiortothemaleandwaslookuponashisproperty.Inlawthechildrenofthefamilywerealsothepropertyofthehusband.Sointhisnovel,deeplyinfluencedbythisvalue,asTess’sfatherdidn’tworkhardtosupporttheirfamily,Tesstooktheresponsibilityfirmly,thusleadinghertoawayoftragedy.（2）Theinternalfactoristheweaknessofhercharacter.Besidesthoseexternalreasons,itistheweaknessofhercharacterthatleadshertoasadfate.Tesswasabletofightagainsttheunfairnessofthesociety.Shecouldfacevariousdifficultiesinlifebravely,yetshecouldn’textricateherselffromtraditionalmoralprinciples.Shewasawarethatshewasthevictimofsocialviolenceandmoralprinciples.Ontheotherhand,thoughshedaredtobeatbacktheunjustness,shecouldn’tbreakwithtraditionalmoralitycompletely.PartThreeAmericanLiteratureⅠ.Identifytheauthorsofthefollowingliteraryworks（10points）:

1.TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg【答案】MarkTwain2.Typee【答案】HermanMelville3.Israfel【答案】EdgarAllanPoe4.TheLastTycoon【答案】F.ScottFitzgerald5.Sartoris【答案】WilliamFaulkner6.TheGiftoftheMagi【答案】O.Henry7.MiniverCheevy【答案】EdwinArlingtonRobinson8.TheDeerslayer

【答案】JamesFenimoreCooper9.TheSeaWolf【答案】JackLondon10.TheDivinitySchoolAddress【答案】RalphWaldoEmersonⅡ.Definethefollowingliteraryterms（6points）:1.satire【答案】Satireisagenreofliterature,andsometimesgraphicandperformingarts,inwhichvices,follies,abuses,andshortcomingsarehelduptoridicule,ideallywiththeintentofshamingindividuals,corporations,governmentorsocietyitself,intoimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobehumorous,itsgreaterpurposeisoftentoconstructsocialcriticism,usingwittodrawattentiontobothparticularandwiderissuesinsociety.Afeatureofsatireisstrongironyorsarcasm,andparody,burlesque,exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,analogy,anddoubleentendreareallfrequentlyusedinsatiricalspeechandwriting.2.puritanism【答案】Puritanism,inthe16thand17thcentury,amovementforreformintheChurchofEnglandthathadaprofoundinfluenceonthesocial,

political,ethical,andtheologicalideasofEnglandandAmerica.PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ⅲ.IdentifyANDcommentonthefollowingliterarytext（9points）:Shroudedinathindroopingveilofmist,ithoveredforamomentintherainbowair;andthenfellswampingbackintothedeep.Crashedthirtyfeetupwards,thewatersflashedforaninstantlikeheapsoffountains,thenbrokenlysankinashowerofflakes,leavingtilecirclingsurfacecreamedlikenewmilkroundthemarbletrunkofthewhale.【答案】（1）ItisfromHermanMelville’sJohnMilton’sMobyDick.（2）MobyDickisnatural,beautifulandelegant.Itisagentlejoyousness—amightymildnessofreposeinswiftness,investedtheglidingwhale.NotthewhitebullJupiterswimmingawaywithravishedEuropeclingingtohisgracefulhorns;hislovely,leeringeyessidewaysintentuponthemaid;withsmoothbewitchingfleetness,ripplingstraightforthenuptialbowerinCrete;notJove,notthatgreatmajestySupremedidsurpasstheglorifiedWhiteWhaleasheswamsodivinely.

（3）Moby-DickembodiesthestarkforcesofNature;heisthesymbolofimaginativelife,oflifewhichsurpassesitselfandcontinuesbeyondintorealmswherefewmendarefollow;andhisstrangewhitenessisboththesignandveilofhismystery.CriticsalsopointsoutthatthewhitenessofMoby-Dickaddshimsosurpassingabeauty,somalevolentacunning.ItsufficestostatethatthewhitenessofMoby-DickmakeseveryoneinsaneandfearfulbecauseMelvillesaysinessence“whitenessisnotsomuchacolorasthevisibleabsenceofcolor”.Andatthesametimetheconcreteofallcolors.Ⅳ.Essayquestion（15points）:DiscussthethematicconcernsandartisticfeaturesofTheWasteLand.【答案】（1）TheWasteLandisa434-linemodernistpoembyEliotpublishedin1922.Ithasbeencalled“oneofthemostimportantpoemsofthe20thcentury.”Despitethepoem’sobscurity—itsshiftsbetweensatireandprophecy,itsabruptandunannouncedchangesofspeaker,locationandtime,itselegiacbutintimidatingsummoningupofavastanddissonantrangeofculturesandliteratures—thepoemhasbecomeafamiliartouchstoneofmodernliterature.（2）ThestyleoftheworkinpartgrowsoutofEliot’sinterestinexploringthepossibilitiesofdramaticmonologue.TheWasteLandisnotasinglemonologue.Instead,itismadeupofawidevarietyofvoices（sometimesinmonologue,dialogue,orwithmorethantwocharactersspeaking）.（3）Thestyleofthepoemoverallismarkedbythehundredsof

allusionsandquotationsfromothertexts（classicandobscure;high-browandlow-brow）thatEliotpepperedthroughoutthepoem.Inadditiontothemany“high-brow”referencesandquotesfrompoetslikeBaudelaire,Shakespeare,Eliotalsoincludedacoupleofreferencesto“low-brow”genres.AgoodexampleofthisisEliot’squotefromthe1912popularsong“theShakespearianRag”bylyricistsHermanRubyandGeneBuck.Therewerealsoanumberoflow-browreferencesintheopeningsectionofEliot’soriginalmanuscript,buttheywereremovedfromthefinaldraftafterEliotcutthisoriginalopeningsection.Inaddition,TheWasteLandisnotableforitsseeminglydisjointedstructure,indicativeofthemoderniststyleofJamesJoyce’sUlysses.Inthemoderniststyle,Eliotjumpsfromonevoiceorimagetoanotherwithoutclearlydelineatingtheseshiftsforthereader.Healsoincludesphrasesfrommultipleforeignlanguages.（4）Asforthetheme,TheWasteLandisprimarilyregardedasapoemthatepitomizesthechaoticlifeofbothindividualsandsocietyinthe20thcentury.Thematically,itreflectsthedisillusionmentanddespairofthepost-WorldWaronegeneration.TheWorldthatEliotportraysinhispoemisoneinwhichfaithindivinelyorderedeventsandarationallyorganizeduniversehasbeentotallylost.Thereissterilityandwasteeverywherethathasreplacedtraditionalorderandfertility.Thepoemisnotjustareflectionofindividualhopelessnessanddespair,butapanoramicviewofthetotalspiritualexhaustionthathasovertakenthemodernworld.Thesterile,modern-dayhumansocietywaitsindiredistressforarevivalorregenerationthatmaynevercome.BoththevegetationmythsandtheGrailRomancesthatarefrequentlyreferredtointhepoemservestounderscoreEliot’smaintheme—thequestforspiritualsalvationormoralregeneration.

2016年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解PartOneLinguisticsⅠ.Makecommentsonthefollowingdefinitionsoflinguisticterms（Thetermdefinedisunderlined）（20points）:1.Theminimalunitofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.【答案】Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Morphemesareusuallyarbitrary.Thereisnonaturalconnectionbetweentheirsoundandtheirmeaning.2.Syntaxisthestudyofhowwordscombinetoformsentences.【答案】Inlinguistics,syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.Therefore,it’strue.3.Predicationanalysisisanimportantapproachtotheanalysisofsententialmeaning.【答案】PredicationanalysiswasproposedbytheBritishlinguistG.Leech,whichappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogativeforms.It’sawaytoanalyzethemeaningofsentences.4.AccordingtothePolitenessPrinciple（PPforshort）,oneneedstominimize（otherthingsbeingequal）theexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.【答案】PolitenessPrincipleshowsthatonenotonlyneedstominimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefsbutalsotomaximizetheexpressionofpoliteones.Thus,thedefinitiongivenisnottotallycorrect.5.Languageisthesystematic,conventionaluseofsounds,signs,orwrittensymbolsinahumansocietyforcommunicationandself-expression.（DavidCrystal）【答案】Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Andlanguageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Thus,thedefinitiongivenisnottotallycorrect.Ⅱ.Analyzethefollowing（15points）:1.Commentonthewordformationprocessasillustratedinthefollowingtable.【答案】Allthewordsformedinthetablebelongtothecompositionaltypeofthewordformation.Thatmeanstheyusuallyconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorphemeorjusttwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.Accordingtothetable,thecompoundscanbeformedwithdifferentclasses.Forexample,nouncompoundscanbeN＋N,V＋N,Adj＋N,V＋N;verbcompoundscanbeN＋V,adjectivecompoundscanbeN＋Adj,Adj＋Adj.【答题思路】本题考查英语构词法的相关知识。表格中的单词都可视为复合词，即由一个以上词汇语素构成的词，或者由两个独立的词连接起来构成新的形式。2.Whatarethesenserelationsinthefollowingpairsofwords?Explain.【答案】（1）“big”and“small”aregradableantonymyFirstly,themembersofapairdifferintermsofdegreeandusuallytheycanbemodifiedby“very”.Secondly,antonymsofthiskindaregradedagainstdifferentnorms.Lastly,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthehigherdegree,servesasthecovertermwhichisusuallyunmarked.（2）“single”and“married”arecomplementaryantonymyThemembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Thatis,theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheother.Thatmeans,“notsingle”equals“married”andit’salsorighttheotherwayaround.（3）“parent”and“child”areconverseantonymyThemembersofthispairshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.That’stosay,XistheparentofYmeansthesameasYisthechildofX.Itisthesamerelationshipseenfromtwodifferentangles.【答题思路】本题考查“反义关系”。反义关系可分成等级反义关系、互补反义关系及反向反义关系。Ⅲ.Distinguishthefollowinglinguisticspairs（20points）:1.voicelessandvoicedsounds【答案】（1）SpeechsoundswhichareproducedwiththevocalCORDSvibratingarecalled“voiced”.Suchvibrationcanbefeltwhentouchingthe

neckintheregionoftheLARYNX.Forexample,vowelsareusuallyvoiced,and,inEnglish:①the/d/in/den/denisavoicedstop;②the/z/in/ziŋk/zincisavoicedfricative.（2）Speechsoundswhichareproducedwithoutvibrationofthevocalcordsarecalled“voiceless”.Forexample,inEnglish:①the/t/in/tin/tinisavoicelessstop;②the/s/in/sæd/sadisavoicelessfricative.（3）Whenaspeechsoundwhichisnormallyvoicedispronouncedwithoutvibrationoronlyslightvibration,thisiscalleddevoicing.DevoicingofvoicedconsonantsoftenoccursinEnglishwhentheyareattheendofaword.【答题思路】本题考查清音和浊音的区别。答题时，需引用例子来辅助说明什么是清音及什么是浊音。2.dialectandregister【答案】（1）Traditionally,thenotion“dialect”isrestrictedtothekindoflanguageshowingvariationinspace.Itisdifferentfromlanguageinthatitisconsideredadistinctentity,yetnotdistinctenoughfromotherdialectsofthelanguagetoberegardedasadifferentlanguage.Today,theinterpretationofdialectismultidimensional.Ittakesintoaccountallvariationsarisingfromdifferencesamongusers,namely,thespace,thetemporalfactorandthesocialdistance.（2）Registerisaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupation（e.g.doctors,lawyers）orthesame

interests（e.g.stampcollectors,baseballfans）.Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromoth