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大学英语四级真题试卷含答案
资料仅供参考
6月四级试题
PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)
PassageOne
Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowing
passage:
Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12
spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthours
morethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmore
householdworkandparticipatedinmoreof
suchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet(芭
蕾舞).Involvementinsports,inparticular,rose
almost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspend
anaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports;
girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,
children'sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthe
dayin1981to25%.
“Childrenareaffectedbythesametime
crunch(危机)thataffectstheirparents,"says
SandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudy
ofchildren'stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,
isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethe
home.(Nevertheless,childreninboth
资料仅供参考
double-incomeand“malebreadwinner”
householdsspentcomparablemountsoftime
interactingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22
hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspent
only9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)
Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsome
verymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerful
wayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabout
himself,99saysT.BerryBrazelton,professorat
HarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplay
encouragesindependentthinkingandallowsthe
youngtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeir
peers,butkidsages3to12spentonly12hoursa
weekengagedinit.
Thechildrensampledspentaquarterof
theirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watching
television.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneof
thefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.
Ifthey9respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTV
set,however,kidsaren'treplacingitwith
reading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmore
interestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustover
资料仅供参考
anhouraweekreading.Lefsfaceit,who'sgot
thetime?
21.Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch99(Line
1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans.
A)childrenhavelittletimetoplaywith
theirparents
B)childrenarenottakengoodcareofby
theirworkingparents
C)bothparentsandchildrensufferfrom
lackofleisuretime
D)bothparentsandchildrenhavetrouble
managingtheirtime
22.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenby
SandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis.
A)quiteconvincing
B)partiallytrue
C)totallygroundless
D)ratherconfusing
23.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelops
betterif.
A)hehasplentyoftimereadingand
资料仅供参考
studying
B)heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhis
ownway
C)hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschool
activities
D)heisfreetointeractwithhisworking
parents
24.Theauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthat
Americankids.
A)areengagedinmoreandmore
structuredactivities
B)areincreasinglyneglectedbytheir
workingmothers
C)arespendingmoreandmoretime
watchingTV
D)areinvolvedlessandlessinhousehold
work
25.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.
A)extracurricularactivitiespromote
children'sintelligence
B)mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwith
TVsetsswitchedoff
资料仅供参考
C)effortstogetkidsinterestedinreading
havebeenfruitful
D)mostparentsbelievereadingtobe
beneficialtochildren
PassageTwo
Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowing
passage:
HenryFord,thefamousU.S.inventorand
carmanufacturer,oncesaid,6Thebusinessof
Americaisbusiness.99Bythishemeantthatthe
U.S.wayoflifeisbasedonthevaluesofthe
businessworld.
FewwouldarguewithFord'sstatement.A
briefglimpseatadailynewspapervividlyshows
howmuchpeopleintheUnitedStatesthink
aboutbusiness.Forexample,nearlyevery
newspaperhasabusinesssection,inwhichthe
dealsandprojects,financesandmanagement,
stockpricesandlaborproblemsofcorporations
arereporteddaily.Inaddition,businessnews
资料仅供参考
canappearineveryothersection.Mostnational
newshasanimportantfinancialaspecttoit.
Welfare,foreignaid,thefederalbudget,andthe
policiesoftheFederalReserveBankareall
heavilyaffectedbybusiness.Moreover,business
newsappearsinsomeoftheunlikeliestplaces.
Theworldofartsandentertainmentisoften
referredtoas“theentertainmentindustry"or
“showbusiness.99
ThepositivesideofHenryFord's
statementcanbeseenintheprosperitythat
businesshasbroughttoU.S.life.Oneofthe
mostimportantreasonssomanypeoplefromall
overtheworldcometoliveintheUnitedStates
isthedreamofabetterjob.Jobsareproduced
inabundance(大量地)becausetheU.S.
economicsystemisdrivenbycompetition.
Peoplebelievethatthissystemcreatesmore
wealth,morejobs,andamateriallybetterway
oflife.
ThenegativesideofHenryFord's
statement,however,canbeseenwhentheword
资料仅供参考
businessistakentomeanbigbusiness.Andthe
termbigbusiness-referringtothebiggest
companies,isseeninoppositiontolabor.
ThroughoutU.S.historyworkingpeoplehave
hadtofighthardforhigherwages,better
workingconditions,andtherighttoform
unions.Today,manyoftheoldlabordisputes
areover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.
Downsizing-thelayingoffofthousandsof
workerstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshigh—
createsfeelingsofinsecurityformany.
26.TheunitedStatesisatypicalcountry
A)whichencouragesfreetradeathomes
andabroad
B)wherepeople'schiefconcernishowto
makemoney
C)whereallbusinessesaremanaged
scientifically
D)whichnormallyworksaccordingtothe
federalbudget
资料仅供参考
27.TheinfluenceofbusinessintheU.S.is
evidencedbythefactthat.
A)mostnewspapersarerunbybig
businesses
B)evenpublicorganizationsconcentrate
onworkingforprofits
C)Americansofallprofessionsknowhow
todobusiness
D)evenartsandentertainmentare
regardedasbusiness
28.Accordingtothepassage,immigrantschoose
tosettleintheU.S.,dreamingthat.
A)theycanstartprofitablebusinesses
there
B)theycanbemorecompetitiveinbusiness
C)theywillmakeafortuneovernightthere
D)theywillfindbetterchancesof
employment
29.HenryFord'sstatementscanbetaken
negativelybecause.
A)workingpeoplearediscouragedtofight
资料仅供参考
fortheirrights
B)therearemanyindustriescontrolledby
afewbigcapitalists
C)thereisaconflictingrelationship
betweenbigcorporationsandlabor
D)publicservicesarenotrunbythe
federalgovernment
30.Acompany'seffortstokeepexpenseslow
andprofitshighmayresultin.
A)reductioninthenumberofemployees
B)improvementofworkingconditions
C)fewerdisputesbetweenlaborand
management
D)ariseinworkers9wages
PassageThree
Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowing
passage:
ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35
people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofall
theirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnight.
Whenhecametoanalysetheirembarrassing
资料仅供参考
lapses(差错)inascientificreport,hewas
surprisedtofindthatnearlyallofthemfellinto
afewgroupings.Nordidthelapsesappeartobe
entirelyrandom(随机的).
Oneofthewomen,forinstance,onleaving
herhouseforworkonemorningthrewherdog
herearringsandtriedtofixadogbiscuitonher
ear.“Theexplanationforthisisthatthebrainis
likeacomputer,99explainstheprofessor.66People
programmethemselvestodocertainactivities
regularly.Itwasthewoman'scustomevery
morningtothrowherdogtwobiscuitsandthen
putonherearrings.Butsomehowtheactiongot
reversedintheprogramme.99Aboutonein
twentyoftheincidentsthevolunteersreported
werethese“programmeassemblyfailures/9
Altogetherthevolunteerslogged433
unintentionalactionsthattheyfoundthemselves
doing-anaverageoftwelveeach.Thereappear
tobepeakperiodsinthedaywhenweareatour
zaniest(荒谬可笑的).Thesearetwohourssome
timebetweeneighta.m.andnoon,betweenfour
资料仅供参考
andsixp.m.withasmallerpeakbetweeneight
andtenp.m.66Amongmenthepeakseemstobe
whenachangeoverinbrain'programmes'
occurs,asforinstancebetweengoingtoand
fromwork/9Womenonaveragereported
slightlymorelapses-12.5comparedwith10.9
formen-probablybecausetheyweremore
reliablereporters.
Astartlingfindingoftheresearchisthat
theabsent-mindedactivityisahazardofdoing
thingsinwhichweareskilled.Normally,you
wouldexpectthatskillreducesthenumberof
errorswemake.Buttryingtoavoidsillyslipsby
concentratingmorecouldmakethingsalot
worse-evendangerous.
31.InhisstudyProfessorSmithaskedthe
subjects,
A)tokeeptrackofpeoplewhotendto
forgetthings
B)toreporttheirembarrassinglapsesat
random
C)toanalysetheirawkwardexperiences
资料仅供参考
scientifically
D)tokeeparecordofwhattheydid
unintentionally
32.ProfessorSmithdiscoveredthat.
A)certainpatternscanbeidentifiedinthe
recordedincidents
B)manypeopleweretooembarrassedto
admittheirabsent-mindedness
C)mentendtobemoreabsent-minded
thanwomen
D)absent-mindednessisanexcusable
humanweakness
33.“Programmeassemblyfailures"(Line6,
Para.2)referstothephenomenonthatpeople
A)oftenfailtoprogrammetheirroutines
beforehand
B)tendtomakemistakeswhentheyarein
ahurry
C)unconsciouslychangethesequenceof
doingthings
D)arelikelytomessthingsupiftheyare
资料仅供参考
tootired
34.Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat
A)absent-mindednesstendstooccur
duringcertainhoursoftheday
B)womenareverycarefultoperform
actionsduringpeakperiods
C)womenexperiencemorepeakperiodsof
absent-mindedness
D)men'sabsent-mindednessoftenresults
infunnysituations
35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat
A)peopleshouldavoiddoingimportant
thingsduringpeakperiodsoflapses
B)hazardscanbeavoidedwhenpeopledo
thingstheyaregoodat
C)peopleshouldbecarefulwhen
programmingtheiractions
D)lapsescannotalwaysbeattributedto
lackofconcentration
资料仅供参考
PassageFour
Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowing
passage:
Ifsnosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbe
healthierandhappierwithadoptiveparents
thanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.
Thafsespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremainin
abusivehomesbemusethelawblindlyfavors
biologicalparents.It'salsotrueofchildrenwho
sufferforyearsinfosterhomes(收养孩子的家
庭)becauseofparentswhocan9torwon'tcare
forthembutrefusetogiveupcustody(监护)
rights.
Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfits
neitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictory
couldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.
Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangry
custodybattlebetweenthemanwhoraisedher
andherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehas
neverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthatthe
teenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe's
资料仅供参考
everknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave
“nolegalclaim^^onher.
Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,
setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyisthe
primarydeterminantofparentage.Thafsan
importantdevelopment,onethat'slongoverdue.
ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,
KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantwere
mistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththe
wrongparents.Kimberly'sbiologicalparents,
ErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwho
diedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltests
showedthatthechildwasn'ttheTwiggs'own
daughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkinga
custodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,the
twofamiliesagreedthatMr.Mayswould
maintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgetting
visitingrights.Thoserightswereendedwhen
Mr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeing
harmed.
ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.
Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.Butthejudge
资料仅供参考
madeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingto
sue(起诉)onherownbehalf.Thushemade
clearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobe
handledasadultssawfit.
Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetween
parentandchildisfundamental.Butbiological
parentsaren'talwayspreferabletoadoptive
ones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconvey
anabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherights
ofchildren.
36.Whatwastheprimaryconsiderationinthe
Floridajudge'sruling?
A)Thebiologicallink.
B)Thechild'sbenefits.
C)Thetraditionalpractice.
D)Theparents9feelings.
37.WecanlearnfromtheKimberlycasethat
A)childrenaremorethanjustpersonal
possessionsoftheirparents
B)thebiologicallinkbetweenparentsand
资料仅供参考
childshouldbeemphasized
C)fosterhomesbringchildrenmorepain
andsufferingthancare
D)biologicalparentsshouldn'tclaim
custodyrightsaftertheirchildisadopted
38.TheTwiggsclaimedcustodyrightsto
Kimberlybecause.
A)theyfoundherunhappyinMr.Mays'
custody
B)theyregardedherastheirproperty
C)theywereherbiologicalparents
D)theyfeltguiltyabouttheirpastmistake
39.KimberlyhadbeengiventoMr.Mays
A)bysheeraccident
B)outofcharity
C)athisrequest
D)forbettercare
40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejudge's
rulingcouldbedescribedas.
A)doubtfulB)criticalC)
cautiousD)supportive
资料仅供参考
PartIIIVocabularyandStructure
(20minutes)
Directions:Thereare3.0.incompletesentences
inthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefour
choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Choosethe
ONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Then
markthecorrespondingletterontheAnswer
Sheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
41.ShehertriptoNewYorkbecauseshe
wasill.
A)calledoffB)closeddownC)
putupD)wentoff
42.thestorm,theshipwouldhave
reacheditsdestinationontime.
A)ButforB)IncaseofC)
InspiteofD)Becauseof
43.Weshouldconcentrateonsharplyreducing
interestratestopulltheeconomyoutof.
A)rejectionB)restrictionC)
资料仅供参考
retreatD)recession
44.TheoffindinggoldinCalifornia
attractedalotofpeopletosettledownthere.
A)prospectsB)speculationsC)
stakesD)provisions
451sufferedfrommentalbecauseof
stressfrommyjob.
A)damageB)releaseC)
reliefD)fatigue
46.Therestofthedaywasentirelyathis
forreadingorrecreation.
A)dismissalB)survivalC)
disposalD)arrival
47.Youwillnotbeaboutyourfoodin
timeofgreathunger.
A)specialB)particularC)
peculiarD)specific
48.Crimeisincreasingworldwide,andthereis
everyreasontobelievethewillcontinue
intothenextdecade.
A)emergencyB)trendC)
paceD)schedule
资料仅供参考
49.Youshouldn'thavewritteninthe
sincethebookbelongstothelibrary.
A)intervalB)borderC)margin
D)edge
50.Theofairplaneenginesannounceda
comingairraid.
A)roarB)exclamationC)
whistleD)scream
51.Thisticketyoutoafreeboattouron
thelake.
A)entitlesB)appointsC)
grantsD)credits
52.ThisisthenursewhotomewhenI
wasillinhospital.
A)accompaniedB)attendedC)
entertainedD)shielded
53.1wasabouttoamatchwhenI
rememberedTom'swarning.
A)rubB)hitC)scrape
D)strike
54.Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesn't
inthewash,butithas.
资料仅供参考
A)contractB)shrinkC)slim
D)dissolve
55.Hewasproudofbeingchosentoparticipate
inthegameandheusthathewouldtry
ashardaspossible.
A)insuredB)guaranteedC)
assumedD)assured
56.Notonlytheprofessionalsbutalsothe
amateurswillfromthenewtraining
facilities.
A)deriveB)acquireC)benefit
D)reward
57.Theworkwasalmostcompletewhenwe
receivedorderstonofurtherwithit.
A)progressB)proceedC)march
D)promote
58.1waitedforhimhalfanhour,buthenever
A)turnedinB)turneddownC)
turnedoffD)turnedup
59.Ahousewithadangerousgascanbe
brokenintoimmediately.
资料仅供参考
A)leakB)splitC)mess
D)crack
60.Adarksuitistoalightonefor
eveningwear.
A)favourableB)suitableC)
preferableD)proper
61.ItwasintheUnitedStatesthatImadethe
ofprofessorJones.
A)acknowledgementB)acquaintanceC)
recognitionD)association
62.Couldyoutakeasheetofpaperand
writeyournameatthetop?
A)bareB)vacantC)hollow
D)blank
63.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilar
religiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelytohave
lawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeople
thanisaculturewherecitizenscomefrom
backgrounds.
A)extensiveB)influentialC)
diverseD)identical
64.Areaswherestudentshaveparticular
资料仅供参考
difficultyhavebeentreatedparticular
care.
A)byB)inC)underD)
with
65.Hegaveatohandletheaffairsina
friendlymanner.
A)pledgeB)missionC)plunge
D)motion
66.Don'tletthechildplaywithscissors
hecutshimself.
A)incaseB)sothatC)now
thatD)onlyif
67.thedangerfromenemyaction,
peoplehadtocopewithasevereshortageof
food,clothing,fuel,andalmosteverything.
A)AsfarasB)AslongasC)As
wellasD)Assoonas
68.Manypeoplelosttheirjobsduringthe
business.
A)desperationB)decreaseC)
despairD)depression
69.Wheneverabigcompanyasmallone,
资料仅供参考
theproductalmostalwaysgetsworse.
A)getsonwithB)cutsdownC)
takesoverD)putsupwith
70.Mr.Smithwastheonlywitnesswhosaidthat
thefirewas.
A)matureB)deliberateC)
meaningfulD)innocent
PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)
Directions:Inthispartthereisashort
passagewith8questionsorincomplete
statements.Readthepassagecarefully.Then
answerthequestionsorcompletethestatements
inthefewestpossiblewords.Writeyouranswers
inthespacesprovidedontherightofthepage.
Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableina
teacher?Ithinkthefollowingwouldbe
generallyaccepted.
First,theteacher'spersonalityshouldbe
livelyandattractive.Thisdoesnotruleout
peoplewhoareplain-looking,orevenugly,
becausemanysuchpeoplehavegreatpersonal
资料仅供参考
charm.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe
over-excitable,sad,cold,andfrustrated.
Secondly,itisnotmerelydesirablebut
essentialforateachertohaveagenuinecapacity
forsympathy,acapacitytounderstandthe
mindsandfeelingsofotherpeople,especially,
sincemostteachersareschoolteachers,the
mindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelated
withthisisthecapacitytobetolerant-not,
indeed,ofwhatiswrong,butoftheweaknesses
andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinduce
(诱导)people,andagainespeciallychildren,to
makemistakes.
Thirdly,Iholditessentialforateacherto
bebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.This
meansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectual
strengthsandlimitations,andwillhavethought
aboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesby
whichhislifeshallbeguided.Thereisno
contradictioninmygoingontosaythata
teachershouldbeabitofanactor.Thatispart
ofthetechniqueofteaching,whichdemands
资料仅供参考
thateverynowandthenateachershouldbe
abletoputonanact-toenliven(使生动)a
lesson,correctafault,orawardpraise.Children,
especiallyyoungchildren,liveinaworldthatis
ratherlargerthanlife.
Ateachermustbecapableofinfinite
patience.This,Imaysay,islargelyamatterof
self-disciplineandself-training,forwearenone
ofusbornlikethat.
Finally,Ithinkateachershouldhavethe
kindofmindwhichalwayswantstogoon
learning.Teachingisajobatwhichonewill
neverbeperfect;thereisalwayssomething
moretolearnaboutit.Therearethreeprincipal
objectsofstudy:thesubjectswhichtheteacher
isteaching;themethodsbywhichthesubjects
canbestbetaughttotheparticularpupilsinthe
classesheisteaching;andgbyfarthemost
important-thechildren,youngpeople,or
adultstowhomthesubjectsaretobetaught.
ThetwofundamentalprinciplesofBritish
educationtodayarethateducationiseducation
资料仅供参考
ofthewholeperson,andthatitisbestacquired
throughfullandactiveco-operationbetween
twopersons,theteacherandthelearner.
SI.Plain-lookingteacherscanalsobeadmired
bytheirstudentsiftheyhave.
S2.Theauthorsaysitisthatteachers
besympatheticwiththeirstudents.
S3.Ateachershouldbetolerantbecausehumans
tendtohaveS3(1)andtobeS3(2)
___________•
(1)_________________________________
(2)_________________________________
S4.Ateacherwhoiswillbeableto
makehislessonsmorelively.
资料仅供参考
S5.Howcanateacheracquireinfinitepatience?
S6.Sinceteachingisajobnoonecanbeperfect
at,itisnecessaryforteacherstokeepimproving
theirknowledgeofthesubjectstheyteachand
their.
S7.Teachers9mostimportantobjectofstudyis
S8.Educationcannotbebestacquiredwithout
betweentheteacherandthelearner.
资料仅供参考
PartVWriting(30
minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirty
minutestowriteaneye-witnessaccountofa
trafficaccident.Youshouldwriteatleast120
wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowin
Chinese.
假设你在某日某时目击一起车祸,就此写
一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点:
1.车祸发生的时间及地点
2.你所见到的车祸情况
3.你对车祸原因的分析
AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTraffic
Acciden
6月四级试题详解
(10)6月四级试题译文
资料仅供参考
PassageOne
译文
美国3~12岁的孩子平均每星期的在校时间为
29小时,比1981年多了8小时。同时,她们做
家务活多了,而且参加更多的像足球、芭蕾舞等
有组织的活动。特别是参与体育活动的时间,从
1981年到1997年增长了50%:现在男孩子平均
每周花4小时运动,女孩的运动时间是男孩的一
半。可是,总的说来,孩子们的空闲时间从1981
年的40%降到25%o
“影响父母的时间危机同样也影响着孩子
们,”最近对儿童作息时间表做调研的项目负责
人SandraHofferth如是说。她说一个最主要的
原因是更多的母亲外出工作。当然,生活在双收
家庭或“父亲挣钱养家型”的家庭的孩子有较多
的时间与她们的父母沟通。分别是每周19或22
个小时。相反,生活在单身母亲家庭的孩子每周
与母亲在一起的时间只有9小时。
如果一味地学习,而没有玩耍会使孩子们的生
活变得一团糟。哈佛学院的教授T-Berry
Brazeltoii说:“玩耍是孩子们探索世界和认识自
我的最有效的途径”。自由的玩耍促使孩子们独
资料仅供参考
立地思考,并使她们与同伴协调地相处,然而,
3~12岁的孩子花在玩耍的时间每周只有12个小
时。
抽样的调查显示,孩子们把已经快速减少的
“自由时间”的四分之一用于看电视。可是,不
论你相信不相信,家用长们对这样的结果还是庆
幸的。即使孩子们不花更多的时间看电视,她们
也不会把时间用在读书上。尽管家长们费尽心思
让孩子们对书本感兴趣,可是,她们每周花在阅
读上的时间也只有一个多小时。让我们面对现实
吧,谁有时间呢?
PassageTwo
译文
美国最著名的创造家和汽车制造商亨利•福特
曾经说:“美国的一切都是商业”。此话的意思是
说,美国人的生活方式建立在商品社会的价值观
上。
很少有人对福特的说法提出疑义。只在一张日
报上瞥一眼,就不难发现有多少美国在关心商
业。比如,几乎每家报纸都有商业版,对各种工
程项目、资金和管理、股票价格和公司的劳动问
资料仅供参考
题都是每日一报。另外,商业信息还在其它版面
中出现。大多数国内新闻都反映重要的金融信
息。福利、援外、联邦财政预算以及联邦储备银
行的政策都极大地受到商业的影响。而且,商业
信息还会在一些最不可能的地主出现。艺术和娱
乐界经常被称为“娱乐业”或“演艺业”。
福特说法积极的一面能够从商业给美国生活
带来的繁荣中看到。之因此有如此众多的人从世
界各地蜂拥而至美国,其最重要的原因之一就是
实现找到一份更好的工作梦想。工作的机会很
多,因为美国的经济制度是由竞争驱动的。人们
相信这样的制度能创造更多的财富,提供更好的
工作和更好的物质生活。
可是,福特的说法中消极的一面也显而易见,
即当商业这个词用来指代大财团的时候。'大财
团’这个词一一指代是与工人相正确最大的商业
集团或公司。在美国的历史上,工人们曾经为争
取更高的工资、更好的工作环境以及组织工会的
权利而艰苦地斗争。今天,许多旧的劳资纠纷已
经消失,可是,雇员们依然存在着忧虑。裁员一
一解雇成千上万的工人以保证成本和高效益一
一使很多人产生不安全感。
资料仅供参考
PassageThree
译文
史密斯教授最近说服了35个人,其中有23位
妇女,坚持记两周日记,把她们所有心不在焉的
行为都记下来。当她在一份科研报告中分析这些
令人尴尬的差错时,她惊奇地发现几乎所有的差
错都能够归入几类。这些差错并不是毫无规律
的。例如,其中的一位妇女,早晨离家上班的时
候,把她的耳环扔给了她的狗,却试图把宠物饼
干戴在耳朵上。“对这种行为的解释是,大脑就
像是计算机”,教授说。“人们为自己设定好了程
序去做一些经常性的事务。对这位妇女来说,扔
给她的狗两块饼干,然后戴上耳环是每天早晨的
习惯。可是,有时候程序中的步骤颠倒了。”报
告中受试者的差错约有二十分之一属于“此类程
序排列错误”。
受试者共记录了433件她们自己认为是无意
识的而做的事情一一平均每人十二件。研究发现
人们在一天中的高峰时段经常会做出荒谬可笑
的事情。一天中共有两个小时这样的时间,分别
出现在早晨8点到中午,下午4点到6点之间,
资料仅供参考
晚上8点到10点之间有个小高峰。“对男人来说,
高峰时段出现在大脑‘程序'需要切
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