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2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonthe
ANSWERSHEET.(10points)
It*snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Most
work-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.
TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheir
tickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto
4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare_5_.Howabout
jumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.
Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,thenumberof
busesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivers
hitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsand
moresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtraffic
laws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.
Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucan
leaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthe
timea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowballedasatwo-hourflight.
The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterion
andyoumaywell16others.EverythingCanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Setting
targetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.
Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgood
targetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.The
trickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelp
peoplebetter20theobjective.
1.[A]therefore|B]however[C]again[D]moreover
2.[A]Emphasizes[B]Identify[C]Asses[D]Explain
3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly
4.[A]claim(BJprove[CJcheckID]recall
5.[A]threatened[B]ignored[ClmockedfD]blamed
6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation
7」A]Yes[BJSo[CJBesides[DJStill
8.[A]hired[BJtrained[C]rewarded[D]grouped
9.[A]only[B]rather[C]once[D]also
10.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security
11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent
12.[A]purpose[BJproblem[CJprejudice(DJpolicy
13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admittedfD]noticed
14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer
15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form
16.[A]interpret|B|criticize[C]sacrifice|D]tolerate
17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cost
18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfor[C]relatingto[D]accountingfor
19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create
20.[AJmodify[BJreviewIC]present(DJachieve
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyour
answersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
'Reskilling'issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuture
wherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.
Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirements
ofthejobsthatremainResearchbytheWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusinessReview,findsthatonaverage42
percentofthe"coreskills”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonly
imaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.
Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationis
alwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.
Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassive
reskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy.Othercompanieshadalsopledgedtocreatetheir
ownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomy.Though,thefbcususuallyturnstogovernmentto
handle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest.Andhavegivenusasituationwhere
wefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers.Evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.
Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruaryat3.5percentand5.5P.C.respectively,
unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswere
everywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworker
shortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemic
meantthattherewerestillcleanshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.
Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks,no
matterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethegap,maybeyoucancloseothersanddoingsowouldbeto
thebenefitofallconcern.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:whenforcedtofurlough90PC.oftheircabinstaff.
ScandinavianAirlinedecidedtostartupashortretainingprogramthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupport
hospitalstaff.TheeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.
21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests.
[A]anincreaseinfulltimeemployment
[B]anurgentdemandfornewjobsills
[C]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities
[D]acontroversyreaboutthe“coreskills”
22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.
[A]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy
[B]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport
[C]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards
[D]thecharacteristicsofres-killingprograms
23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada.
[A]havedrivenuplabourcosts
[BJhaveprovedtobeinconsistent
[C]havemetwithfierceopposition
[DJhaveappearedtobeinsufficient
24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas.
[A]acallforpolicyadjustment
IBjachangeinhiringpractices
[CJalackofmedicalworkers
[D]asignofeconomicrecovery
25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.
[A]createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed
(BJpreparetheirlaidofworkersforotherjobs
[C]retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices
[D]financetheirstaff'scollegeeducation
Text2
Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagricultural
productioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.
IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.
BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountry
producesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amoveback
toself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation's
health.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasibleisthisvision?
AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry's
totallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soeven
coveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.
Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave,lbbecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUK
wouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmore
intensively-meaningfewergreenfields,andmorefactory-styleproduction.
Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedby
animalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.
Just25percentofthecountry'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarable
fields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandvegetable—whichwouldinvolvetakingout
allthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percent
boostincropproduction.
Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththe
mostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthe
spacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.
26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould.
A.behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth
B.contributetothenation'swell-being
C.becomeapriorityofthegovernment
D.poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry
27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK.
A.farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized
B.factory-styleproductionneedsreforming
C.mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction
D.moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedfbrfarming
28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto.
A.itsfarmingtechnology
B.itsdietarytradition
C.itsnaturalconditions
D.itscommercialinterests
29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople.
A.relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce
B.enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption
C.areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake
D.aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains
30.Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis.
A.defensive
B.doubtful
C.tolerant
D.optimistic
Text3
WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015,itpickedtwo
newcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft'sownOfficedominatesthemarket
for"productivity“software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundup
forthesmartphoneworld.
Bothapps,however,werelaterscrappedafterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.
Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany“acqui-hires“thatthebiggestcompanieshave
usedtofeedtheirgreathungerfortechtalent.
ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechto
chewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath."Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,“
complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthatmight
onedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.
Likeotherstart-upinvestors,MrArnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart:upstolargertech
companies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:"Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmy
selfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon'tknow.”
TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthe
fivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.
Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadinginto
early-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.
Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthroughsuchsmallDeals-manyof
themmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise--mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefive
biggesttechcompanieshavespentanaverageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthe
pastfiveyears-adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130
billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUslastyear.
However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitors
beforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkilltactic^^tosimply
closethemdown.
31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?
A.Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.
B.Theirengineerswereretained
C.Theirtechfeaturesimproved.
D.Theirproductswererepriced.
32.Microsoft'scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto_.
A.exaggeratetheirproductquality
B.treatnewtechtalentunfairly
C.eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors
D.ignorepublicopinions
33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight.
A.weakenbigtechcompanies
B.worsenmarketcompetition
C.discouragestart-upinvestors
D.harmthenationaleconomy
34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto.
A.limitBigTech'sexpansion
B.encourageresearchcollaboration
C.supervisestart-upsoperations
D.examinesmallacquisitions
35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave__.
A.broughtlittlefinancialpressure
B.raisedfewmanagementchallenges
C.setaexampleforfuturedeals
D.generatedconsiderableprofits
Text4
We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfroma
glimpseofaphototoafiveminuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inone
studyoftheabilityshecalled44thinslicing.,,thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent
1O-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelated
strongly,withstudents5end-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000by
ninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,
demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.
Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegiving
therating.Accuracy,droppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbut
misleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignals
formaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsof
peopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.
Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadof
reflection.€tIfsasifyou'redrivingastickshit,^^saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,"andif
youstartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you'
refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat/
Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytofbnnpreferences.Collegestudents'ratingsofstrawberryjams
andcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts5opinionswhenthestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.
Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenasked
tofbcusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex-whentheyhadalotof
informationtoprocess.
Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompleteda
batteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedrelativethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)
andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthe
degreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gut:feelings","hunches","myheart^^).Useoftheirguthurttheir
performanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthan
thehead.
36.NaliniAmbady'sstudydealswith.
[A]thepowerofpeople'smemory
[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions
[C]instructor-studentinteraction
[D]people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers
37.InAmbady'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants.
[A]focusedonspecificdetails
[BJgavetheratinginlimitedtime
[C]watchedshortervideoclips
[D]discussedwithoneanother
38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthatL
[A]reflectioncanbedistracting
IBJmemorymaybeselective
[CJsocialskillsmustbecultivated
[D]deceptionisdifficulttodetect
39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto.
[A]collectenoughdata
LBJlistyourpreferences
[C]seekexpertadvice
[D]followyourfeelings
40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.
[BlIntuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.
[C]Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.
[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.
PartB
Directions:
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganize
theseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumbered
boxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(1()
points)
A.Staycalm
B.Stayhumble
C.Decidewhethertowait
D.Berealisticabouttherisks
E.Don'tmakejudgements
F.Identifyasharedgoal
G.Askpermissiontodisagree
Howtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou
Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimeline
youbelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyouseewhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?
Howdoyoudecidewhetherit'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here*showto
disagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.
41.________________________
Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven'tfinishedthinkingtheproblem
through,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,
too,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking一
allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It'salsoagoodideatodelaythe
conversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerful
personfeellessthreatened.
42.__________________________
Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybethecredibility
oftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You'remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreement
toahigherpurpose.Stateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeable
subordinatebutasacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemore
likeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.
43.________________________
Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafety
andcontrol.Youcanseesomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirstquartercommitmenthere.I
havereasonstothinkthatwon'twork.Tdliketolayoutmyreasoning-WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersona
choice,allowinghimtoverballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentabout
voicingyourdisagreement.
44.__________________________
Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainnaturalinboth
yourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.It
sendsamixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgelstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,acan
speakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthe
paceandtalkinginaneventonehelpstheotherpersoncooldownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyou
seemconfident,evenifyouaren't.
45.___________________________
Emphasizethatyou'reonlyofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybeawell-informed,well-resear
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