新加坡《电子交易法》

ElectronicTransactionsAct2010

TableofContents

LongTitle

Part1PRELIMINARY

1Shorttitle

2Interpretation

3Purposesandconstruction

4Excludedmatters

5Partyautonomy

Part2ELECTRONICRECORDS,SIGNATURESANDCONTRACTS

6Legalrecognitionofelectronicrecords

7Requirementforwriting

8Requirementforsignature

9Retentionofelectronicrecords

10Provisionoforiginals

11Formationandvalidityofcontracts

12Effectivenessbetweenparties

13Timeandplaceofdespatchandreceipt

14Invitationtomakeoffer

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15Useofautomatedmessagesystemsforcontractformation

16Errorinelectroniccommunications

Part2AELECTRONICTRANSFERABLERECORDS

Division1—Generalprovisions

16AInterpretationofthisPart

16BAdoptionofModelLaw

16CAdditionalinformationinelectronictransferablerecords

16DRequirementofconsent

Division2—Provisionsonfunctionalequivalence

16ELegalrecognitionofelectronictransferablerecord

16FRequirementforwriting

16GRequirementforsignature

16HTransferabledocumentsorinstruments

16IRequirementforpossessionortransferofpossession

Division3—Useofelectronictransferablerecord

16JIndicationoftimeandplaceinelectronictransferablerecord

16KIndorsement

16LAmendment

16MChangeofmediumfromtransferabledocumentorinstrumenttoelectronictransferablerecord

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16NChangeofmediumfromelectronictransferablerecordtotransferabledocumentorinstrument

Division4—Generalreliabilitystandard

16OGeneralreliabilitystandard

Division5—Cross-borderrecognitionofelectronictransferablerecord

16PNon-discriminationofforeignelectronictransferablerecords

Division6—Accreditation,etc.,ofproviderofelectronictransferablerecords

managementsystem

16QRegulations

16RControllermaygivedirectionsforcompliance

16SPowertoinvestigate

Part3SECUREELECTRONICRECORDSANDSIGNATURES

17Secureelectronicrecord

18Secureelectronicsignature

19Presumptionsrelatingtosecureelectronicrecordsandsignatures

Part4REGULATIONOFSPECIFIEDSECURITYPROCEDURESAND

SPECIFIEDSECURITYPROCEDUREPROVIDERS

20InterpretationofthisPart

21Specifiedsecurityprocedures

22Regulationofspecifiedsecurityproceduresandspecifiedsecurityprocedureproviders

23Controllermaygivedirectionsforcompliance

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24Powertoinvestigate

Part5USEOFELECTRONICRECORDSANDSIGNATURESBYPUBLIC

AGENCIES

25Acceptanceofelectronicfilingandissueofdocuments

Part6LIABILITYOFNETWORKSERVICEPROVIDERS

26Liabilityofnetworkserviceproviders

Part7GENERAL

27AppointmentofControllerandotherofficers

28Obligationofconfidentiality

29Accesstocomputersanddata

30Productionofdocuments,etc.

31ObstructionofControllerorauthorisedofficer

32Offencesbybodiescorporate,etc.

33Generalpenalties

34ConsentofPublicProsecutor

35Jurisdictionofcourt

36Compositionofoffences

37Powertoexempt

38Regulations

39Transitionalprovisions

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FIRSTSCHEDULEMattersexcludedbysection4

SECONDSCHEDULESpecifiedsecurityprocedures

THIRDSCHEDULEDigitalsignatures

FOURTHSCHEDULEDesignatedpersons

LegislativeHistory

Abbreviations

ComparativeTable

ELECTRONICTRANSACTIONS

ACT2010

2020REVISEDEDITION

Thisrevisededitionincorporatesallamendmentsuptoandincluding1December2021andcomesintooperationon31December2021

AnActtoprovideforthesecurityanduseofelectronictransactions,toimplementtheUnitedNationsConventionontheUseofElectronicCommunicationsinInternationalContractsadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationson23November2005,toadopttheUNCITRALModelLawonElectronicTransferableRecordsadoptedbytheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLawon13July2017andtoprovideformattersconnectedtherewith.

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[1July2010]

PART1

PRELIMINARY

Shorttitle

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1.ThisActistheElectronicTransactionsAct2010.

Interpretation

2.—(1)InthisAct,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires—

“addressee”,inrelationtoanelectroniccommunication,meansapartywhoisintendedbytheoriginatortoreceivetheelectroniccommunication,butdoesnotincludeapartyactingasanintermediarywithrespecttothatelectroniccommunication;

“authorisedofficer”,inrelationtotheexerciseofanypowerorperformanceofanydutyunderthisAct,meansapersontowhomtheexerciseofthatpowerorperformanceofthatdutyhasbeendelegatedundersection27;

“automatedmessagesystem”meansacomputerprogramoranelectronicorotherautomatedmeansusedtoinitiateanactionorrespondtodatamessagesorperformancesinwholeorinpart,withoutrevieworinterventionbyanaturalpersoneachtimeanactionisinitiatedoraresponseisgeneratedbytheprogramorelectronicorothermeans;

“communication”includesanystatement,declaration,demand,notice,request,offerortheacceptanceofanoffer,thatthepartiesarerequiredtomakeorchoosetomakeinconnectionwiththeformationorperformanceofacontract;

“Controller”meanstheControllerappointedundersection27(1)andincludesa

DeputyControlleroranAssistantControllerappointedundersection27(3);

“electronic”meansrelatingtotechnologyhavingelectrical,digital,magnetic,wireless,optical,electromagneticorsimilarcapabilities;

“electroniccommunication”meansanycommunicationthatthepartiesmakebymeansofelectronicrecords;

“electronicrecord”meansarecordgenerated,communicated,receivedorstoredbyelectronicmeansinaninformationsystemorfortransmissionfromoneinformationsystemtoanother;

“electronictransferablerecord”hasthemeaninggivenbysection16A;

“information”includesdata,text,images,sound,codes,computerprograms,softwareanddatabases;

“informationsystem”meansasystemforgenerating,sending,receiving,storingorotherwiseprocessingelectronicrecords;

“originator”,inrelationtoanelectroniccommunication,meansapartybywhom,

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oronwhosebehalf,theelectroniccommunicationhasbeensentorgeneratedpriortostorage(ifany)butdoesnotincludeapartyactingasanintermediarywithrespecttothatelectroniccommunication;

“publicagency”meansadepartmentorministryoftheGovernment,anOrganofStateorapublicauthorityestablishedbyorunderapublicAct;

“record”meansinformationthatisinscribed,storedorotherwisefixedonatangiblemediumorthatisstoredinanelectronicorothermediumandis

retrievableinperceivableform;

“ruleoflaw”includeswrittenlaw;

“secureelectronicrecord”meansanelectronicrecordthatistreatedasasecureelectronicrecordbyvirtueofsection17(1)oranyotherprovisionofthisAct;

“secureelectronicsignature”meansanelectronicsignaturethatistreatedasasecureelectronicsignaturebyvirtueofsection18oranyotherprovisionofthisAct;

“securityprocedure”meansaprocedureforthepurposeof—

(a)verifyingthatanelectronicrecordisthatofaspecificperson;or

(b)detectingerrororalterationinthecommunication,contentorstorageofanelectronicrecordsinceaspecificpointintime,

whichmayrequiretheuseofalgorithmsorcodes,identifyingwordsornumbers,encryption,answerbackoracknowledgmentprocedures,orsimilarsecuritydevices;

“signed”or“signature”meansamethod(electronicorotherwise)usedtoidentifyapersonandtoindicatetheintentionofthatpersoninrespectoftheinformationcontainedinarecord;

“specifiedsecurityprocedure”meansasecurityprocedurewhichisspecifiedintheSecondSchedule;

“specifiedsecurityprocedureprovider”meansapersoninvolvedintheprovisionofaspecifiedsecurityprocedure.

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(2)InthisAct,“placeofbusiness”,inrelationtoaparty,means—

(a)anyplacewherethepartymaintainsanon-transitoryestablishmenttopursueaneconomicactivityotherthanthetemporaryprovisionofgoodsorservicesoutofaspecificlocation;or

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(b)ifthepartyisanaturalpersonandheorshedoesnothaveaplaceofbusiness,theperson’shabitualresidence.

(3)Forthepurposesofsubsection(2)—

(a)ifapartyhasindicatedtheparty’splaceofbusiness,thelocationindicatedbythepartyispresumedtobetheparty’splaceofbusinessunlessanotherpartyprovesthatthepartymakingtheindicationdoesnothaveaplaceofbusinessatthatlocation;

(b)ifapartyhasnotindicatedaplaceofbusinessandhasmorethanoneplaceofbusiness,thentheplaceofbusinessisthatwhichhastheclosestrelationshiptotherelevantcontract,havingregardtothecircumstancesknowntoorcontemplatedbythepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract;

(c)alocationisnotaplaceofbusinessmerelybecausethatlocationis—

(i)whereequipmentandtechnologysupportinganinformationsystemusedbyapartyinconnectionwiththeformationofacontract,orthecreationoruseofelectronictransferablerecords,arelocated;or

(ii)wheretheinformationsystemmaybeaccessedbyotherparties;and

(d)thesolefactthatapartymakesuseofadomainname,anelectronicmailaddressorotherelectronicaddress,orotherelementsofaninformationsystemconnectedtoaspecificcountrydoesnotcreateapresumptionthatitsplaceofbusinessislocatedinthatcountry.

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(4)Whereanelectroniccommunicationdoesnotrelatetoanycontract,referencestoacontractinsubsection(3)refertotherelevanttransaction.

Purposesandconstruction

3.ThisActistobeconstruedconsistentlywithwhatiscommerciallyreasonableunderthecircumstancesandtogiveeffecttothefollowingpurposes:

(a)tofacilitateelectroniccommunicationsbymeansofreliableelectronicrecords;

(b)tofacilitateelectroniccommerce,toeliminatebarrierstoelectroniccommerceresultingfromuncertaintiesoverwritingandsignature

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requirements,andtopromotethedevelopmentofthelegalandbusinessinfrastructurenecessarytoimplementsecureelectroniccommerce;

(c)tofacilitateelectronicfilingofdocumentswithpublicagencies,andtopromoteefficientdeliverybypublicagenciesofservicesbymeansofreliableelectronicrecords;

(d)tominimisetheincidenceofforgedelectronicrecords,intentionalandunintentionalalterationofrecords,andfraudinelectroniccommerceandotherelectronictransactions;

(e)tohelptoestablishuniformityofrules,regulationsandstandardsregardingtheauthenticationandintegrityofelectronicrecords;

(f)topromotepublicconfidenceintheintegrityandreliabilityofelectronicrecordsandelectroniccommerce,andtofosterthedevelopmentofelectroniccommercethroughtheuseofelectronicsignaturestolendauthenticityandintegritytocorrespondenceinanyelectronicmedium;

(g)toimplementtheUnitedNationsConventionontheUseofElectronicCommunicationsinInternationalContractsadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationson23November2005andtomakethelawofSingaporeonelectronictransactions,whetherornotinvolvingpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentStates,consistentwiththeprovisionsofthatConvention;

(h)toadopttheUNCITRALModelLawonElectronicTransferableRecordsadoptedbytheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLawon13July2017initsapplicationtoanelectronictransferablerecord,whethertheelectronictransferablerecordisissuedorusedinSingaporeoroutsideSingapore.

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Excludedmatters

4.—(1)TheprovisionsofthisActspecifiedinthefirstcolumnoftheFirstScheduledonotapplytoanyruleoflawrequiringwritingorsignaturesinanyofthemattersspecifiedinthesecondcolumnofthatSchedule.

(2)TheMinistermay,byorderintheGazette,amendtheFirstSchedule.

Partyautonomy

5.—(1)NothinginPart2affectsanyruleoflaworobligationrequiringtheagreementorconsentofthepartiesastotheformofacommunicationorrecord,and(unless

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otherwiseagreedorprovidedbyaruleoflaw)suchagreementorconsentmaybeinferredfromtheconductoftheparties.

(2)NothinginPart2preventsthepartiestoacontractortransactionfrom—

(a)excludingtheuseofelectronicrecords,electroniccommunicationsorelectronicsignaturesinthecontractortransactionbyagreement;or

(b)imposingadditionalrequirementsastotheformorauthenticationofthecontractortransactionbyagreement.

(3)Subjecttoanyotherrightsorobligationsofthepartiestoacontractortransaction,thepartiesmay,byagreement—

(a)excludesection6,11,12,13,14,15or16fromapplyingtothecontractortransaction;or

(b)derogatefromorvarytheeffectofalloranyofthoseprovisionsinrespectofthecontractortransaction.

PART2

ELECTRONICRECORDS,

SIGNATURESANDCONTRACTS

Legalrecognitionofelectronicrecords

6.Toavoiddoubt,itisdeclaredthatinformationisnottobedeniedlegaleffect,validityorenforceabilitysolelyonthegroundthatitisintheformofanelectronicrecord.

Requirementforwriting

7.Wherearuleoflawrequiresinformationtobewritten,inwriting,tobepresentedinwritingorprovidesforcertainconsequencesifitisnot,anelectronicrecordsatisfiesthatruleoflawiftheinformationcontainedintheelectronicrecordisaccessiblesoastobeusableforsubsequentreference.

Requirementforsignature

8.Wherearuleoflawrequiresasignature,orprovidesforcertainconsequencesifadocumentorarecordisnotsigned,thatrequirementissatisfiedinrelationtoanelectronicrecordif—

(a)amethodisusedtoidentifythepersonandtoindicatethatperson’sintentioninrespectoftheinformationcontainedintheelectronicrecord;

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and

(b)themethodusediseither—

(i)asreliableasappropriateforthepurposeforwhichtheelectronicrecordwasgeneratedorcommunicated,inthelightofallthecircumstances,includinganyrelevantagreement;or

(ii)proveninfacttohavefulfilledthefunctionsdescribedinparagraph(a),byitselfortogetherwithfurtherevidence.

Retentionofelectronicrecords

9.—(1)Wherearuleoflawrequiresanydocument,recordorinformationtoberetained,orprovidesforcertainconsequencesifitisnot,thatrequirementissatisfiedbyretainingthedocument,recordorinformationintheformofanelectronicrecordifthefollowingconditionsaresatisfied:

(a)theinformationcontainedthereinremainsaccessiblesoastobeusableforsubsequentreference;

(b)theelectronicrecordisretainedintheformatinwhichitwasoriginallygenerated,sentorreceived,orinaformatwhichcanbedemonstratedtorepresentaccuratelytheinformationoriginallygenerated,sentorreceived;

(c)suchinformation(ifany)asenablestheidentificationoftheoriginanddestinationofanelectronicrecordandthedateandtimewhenitwassentorreceived,isretained;and

(d)anyadditionalrequirementsrelatingtotheretentionofsuchelectronicrecordsspecifiedbythepublicagencywhichhassupervisionovertherequirementfortheretentionofsuchrecordsarecompliedwith.

(2)Anobligationtoretainanydocument,recordorinformationinaccordancewithsubsection(1)(c)doesnotextendtoanyinformationnecessarilyandautomaticallygeneratedsolelyforthepurposeofenablingarecordtobesentorreceived.

(3)Apersonmaysatisfytherequirementmentionedinsubsection(1)byusingtheservicesofanyotherperson,iftheconditionsinparagraphs(a)to(d)ofthatsubsectionarecompliedwith.

(4)Nothinginthissectionappliesto—

(a)anyruleoflawwhichexpresslyprovidesfortheretentionofdocuments,recordsorinformationintheformofelectronicrecords;or

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(b)anyruleoflawrequiringthatanydocument,recordorinformationberetained(orwhichprovidesforconsequencesifnot)thattheMinister,byorderintheGazette,excludesfromtheapplicationofthissectioninrespectofsuchdocument,recordorinformation.

Provisionoforiginals

10.—(1)Wherearuleoflawrequiresanydocument,recordorinformationtobeprovidedorretainedinitsoriginalform,orprovidesforcertainconsequencesifitisnot,thatrequirementissatisfiedbyprovidingorretainingthedocument,recordorinformationintheformofanelectronicrecordifthefollowingconditionsaresatisfied:

(a)thereexistsareliableassuranceastotheintegrityoftheinformationcontainedintheelectronicrecordfromthetimethedocument,recordorinformationwasfirstmadeinitsfinalform,whetherasawrittendocumentorasanelectronicrecord;

(b)wherethedocument,recordorinformationistobeprovidedtoaperson,theelectronicrecordthatisprovidedtothepersoniscapableofbeingdisplayedtotheperson;and

(c)anyadditionalrequirementsrelatingtotheprovisionorretentionofsuchelectronicrecordsspecifiedbythepublicagencywhichhassupervisionovertherequirementfortheprovisionorretentionofsuchrecordsarecompliedwith.

(2)Forthepurposesofsubsection(1)(a)—

(a)thecriterionforassessingintegrityiswhethertheinformationhasremainedcompleteandunaltered,apartfromtheintroductionofanychangesthatariseinthenormalcourseofcommunication,storageanddisplay;and

(b)thestandardofreliabilityrequiredmustbeassessedinthelightofthepurposeforwhichtheinformationwasgeneratedandinthelightofalltherelevantcircumstances.

(3)Apersonmaysatisfytherequirementmentionedinsubsection(1)byusingtheservicesofanyotherperson,iftheconditionsinparagraphs(a),(b)and(c)ofthatsubsectionarecompliedwith.

(4)Nothinginthissectionappliestoanyruleoflawrequiringthatanydocument,recordorinformationbeprovidedorretainedinitsoriginalform(orwhichprovidesforconsequencesifnot)thattheMinister,byorderintheGazette,excludesfromthe

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applicationofthissectioninrespectofsuchdocument,recordorinformation.

Formationandvalidityofcontracts

11.—(1)Toavoiddoubt,itisdeclaredthatinthecontextoftheformationofcontracts,anofferandtheacceptanceofanoffermaybeexpressedbymeansofelectroniccommunications.

(2)Whereanelectroniccommunicationisusedintheformationofacontract,thatcontractisnottobedeniedvalidityorenforceabilitysolelyonthegroundthatanelectroniccommunicationwasusedforthatpurpose.

Effectivenessbetweenparties

12.Asbetweentheoriginatorandtheaddresseeofanelectroniccommunication,adeclarationofintentorotherstatementisnottobedeniedlegaleffect,validityorenforceabilitysolelyonthegroundthatitisintheformofanelectroniccommunication.

Timeandplaceofdespatchandreceipt

13.—(1)Thetimeofdespatchofanelectroniccommunicationis—

(a)thetimewhenitleavesaninformationsystemunderthecontroloftheoriginatororofthepartywhosentitonbehalfoftheoriginator;or

(b)iftheelectroniccommunicationhasnotleftaninformationsystemunderthecontroloftheoriginatororofthepartywhosentitonbehalfoftheoriginator,thetimewhentheelectroniccommunicationisreceived.

(2)Thetimeofreceiptofanelectroniccommunicationisthetimewhentheelectroniccommunicationbecomescapableofbeingretrievedbytheaddresseeatanelectronicaddressdesignatedbytheaddressee.

(3)Thetimeofreceiptofanelectroniccommunicationatanelectronicaddressthathasnotbeendesignatedbytheaddresseeisthetimewhentheelectroniccommunicationbecomescapableofbeingretrievedbytheaddresseeatthataddressandtheaddresseebecomesawarethattheelectroniccommunicationhasbeensenttothataddress.

(4)Forthepurposesofsubsections(2)and(3),anelectroniccommunicationispresumedtobecapableofbeingretrievedbytheaddresseewhenitreachestheelectronicaddressoftheaddressee.

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(5)Anelectroniccommunicationisdeemedtobedespatchedattheplacewheretheoriginatorhasitsplaceofbusinessandisdeemedtobereceivedattheplacewheretheaddresseehasitsplaceofbusiness.

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(6)Subsections(2),(3)and(4)applyeventhoughtheplacewheretheinformationsystemsupportinganelectronicaddressislocatedmaybedifferentfromtheplacewheretheelectroniccommunicationisdeemedtobereceivedundersubsection(5).

Invitationtomakeoffer

14.Aproposaltoconcludeacontractmadethroughoneormoreelectroniccommunicationswhichisnotaddressedtooneormorespecificparties,butisgenerallyaccessibletopartiesmakinguseofinformationsystems,includingaproposalthatmakesuseofinteractiveapplicationsfortheplacementofordersthroughsuchinformationsystems,istobeconsideredasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessitclearlyindicatestheintentionofthepartymakingtheproposaltobeboundincaseofacceptance.

Useofautomatedmessagesystemsforcontractformation

15.Acontractformedbytheinteractionofanautomatedmessagesystemandanaturalperson,orbytheinteractionofautomatedmessagesystems,isnottobedeniedvalidityorenforceabilitysolelyonthegroundthatnonaturalpersonreviewedorintervenedineachoftheindividualactionscarriedoutbytheautomatedmessagesystemsortheresultingcontract.

Errorinelectroniccommunications

16.—(1)Whereanaturalpersonmakesaninputerrorinanelectroniccommunicationexchangedwiththeautomatedmessagesystemofanotherpartyandtheautomatedmessagesystemdoesnotprovidethepersonwithanopportunitytocorrecttheerror,thatperson,orthepartyonwhosebehalfthatpersonwasacting,hastherighttowithdrawtheportionoftheelectroniccommunicationinwhichtheinputerrorwasmade.

(2)Subsection(1)doesnotapplyunlesstheperson,orthepartyonwhosebehalfthatpersonwasacting—

(a)notifiestheotherpartyoftheerrorassoonaspossibleafterhavinglearnedoftheerrorandindicatesthatheorshemadeanerrorintheelectroniccommunication;and

(b)hasnotusedorreceivedanymaterialbenefitorvaluefromthegoodsorservices(ifany)receivedfromtheotherparty.

(3)Nothinginthissectionaffectstheapplicationofanyruleoflawthatmaygoverntheconsequencesofanyerrorotherthanasprovidedforinsubsections(1)and(2).

PART2A

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ELECTRONICTRANSFERABLERECORDS

Division1—Generalprovisions

InterpretationofthisPart

16A.—(1)InthisPart,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires—

“billofexchange”includesabillofexchangewithinthemeaningoftheBillsofExchangeAct1949,orunderanyotherruleoflaw,orthelawofacountryorterritoryoutsideSingapore;

“billoflading”includesabillofladingwithinthemeaningoftheCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct1972,theBillsofLadingAct1992,orunderanyotherruleoflaw,orthelawofacountryorterritoryoutsideSingapore;

“electronicrecord”meansarecordgenerated,communicated,receivedorstoredbyelectronicmeans,including(whereappropriate)allinformationlogicallyassociatedwithorotherwiselinkedtogethersoastobecomepartoftherecord,whethergeneratedcontemporaneouslyornot;

“electronictransferablerecord”meansanelectronicrecordthatcomplieswithalltherequirementsofsection16H;

“electronictransferablerecordsmanagementsystem”meansaninformationsystemfortheissuance,transfer,control,presentationandstorageofelectronictransferablerecords;

“ModelLaw”meanstheUNCITRALModelLawonElectronicTransferableRecordsadoptedbytheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLawon13July2017;

“promissorynote”includesapromissorynotewithinthemeaningoftheBillsofExchangeAct1949,orunderanyotherruleoflaw,orthelawofacountryorterritoryoutsideSingapore;

“provider”,inrelationtoanelectronictransferablerecordsmanagementsystem,meansapersonthatprovidestoanotherpersontheuseofanelectronictransferablerecordsmanagementsyste