现代西方哲学01

现代西方哲学思潮Lecturer:LiXiaojin

Ph.DfromSunYat-senuniversity-SchoolofChineseofBeijingNormalUniversityatZhuhaiThemordernwesternphilosophy参考书目四种人类解释世界的方式神话的方式：想象宗教的方式：信仰哲学的方式：理性科学的方式：实验罗素：哲学是某种介于科学与宗教之间的东西。哲人名言我不愿有一个装满东西的头脑，而宁愿有一个思想开阔的头脑。(蒙田)人是生而自由的，但却无往而不在枷锁之中。自以为是其他一切的主人，反而比其他一切更是奴隶。（卢梭）导言：理性与非理性

——人类历史上的永恒矛盾辩论：理智与情感正方：理智是情感的奴隶。反方：情感是理智的奴隶。SenseandSensibilityReasonReasonisatermthatreferstothecapacityhumanbeingshavetomakesenseofthings,toestablishandverifyfacts,andtochangeorjustifypractices,institutionsandbeliefs.ItiscloselyassociatedwithsuchcharacteristicallyhumanactivitiesasPhilosophy,Science,language,mathematicsandart,andisnormallyconsideredtobeadefinitivecharacteristicofhumannature.Reasonor"reasoning"isassociatedwiththinking,cognition,andintellect.Reason,likehabitorintuition,isoneofthewaysbywhichthinkingcomesfromoneideatoarelatedidea.Forexample,itisthemeansbywhichrationalbeingsunderstandthemselvestothinkaboutcauseandeffect,truthandfalsehood,andwhatisgoodorbad.Incontrasttoreasonasanabstractnoun,areasonisaconsiderationwhichexplainsorjustifiessomeevent,phenomenonorbehaviour.Thewaysinwhichhumanbeingsreasonthroughargumentarethesubjectofinquiriesinthefieldoflogic.冷静sober/calm自律性高,凡事三思而后行判断事物时,有固定立场,理智及坚定能作批判性思考,利用不同角度分析事物冷静意指面对任何事物能处变不惊，并且能在短时间内分析事物，作出有效的判断或作深入的理解。它是人类的一种行为模式，在行为智能方面属理性范畴。冷静的三种表现特征：Howtocalmdown?ThesleepofreasonproducesmonstersIrrationalityIrrationalityiscognition,thinking,talkingoractingwithoutinclusionofrationality.Itismorespecificallydescribedasanactionoropiniongiventhroughinadequatereasoning,emotionaldistress,orcognitivedeficiency.Thetermisused,usuallypejoratively,todescribethinkingandactionsthatare,orappeartobe,lessusefulormoreillogicalthanothermorerationalalternatives.Irrationalbehaviorsofindividualsincludetakingoffenseorbecomingangryaboutasituationthathasnotyetoccurred,expressingemotionsexaggeratedly(suchascryinghysterically),maintainingunrealisticexpectations,engaginginirresponsibleconductsuchasproblemintoxication,disorganization,orextravagance,andfallingvictimtoconfidencetricks.Peoplewithamentalillnesslikeschizophreniamayexhibitirrationalparanoia.WomenunderHysteria

Superstition迷信inspiration

AsceticismAsceticismdescribesalifestylecharacterizedbyabstinencefromvarioussortsofworldlypleasuresoftenwiththeaimofpursuingreligiousandspiritualgoals.SomeformsofChristianity(seeespeciallyMonasticlife)andtheIndianreligions(includingyoga)teachsalvationandliberationandinvolveaprocessofmind-bodytransformationeffectedbyexercisingrestraintwithrespecttoactionsofbody,speech,andmind.Thefoundersandearliestpractitionersofthesereligions(e.g.Buddhism,Jainism,theChristiandesertfathers)livedextremelyausterelifestyles,refrainingfromsensualpleasuresandtheaccumulationofmaterialwealth.Thisistobeunderstoodnotasaneschewaloftheenjoymentoflife,butarecognitionthatspiritualandreligiousgoalsareimpededbysuchindulgence.佛教徒的“五戒”：不杀生、不偷盗、不邪淫、不妄语、不饮酒。伊斯兰教的禁欲：不能接触有关猪的产品，不可以赌博、酗酒、嫖妓淫荡。基督教的禁欲：以奥古斯丁的学说最为出名，他尊崇理性，贬低情欲；又认为性欲会使人的理性失去自主权；更认为性冲动反应代表着人类犯罪，所以当有欲望时会感到羞愧。所以有性欲是可耻的，是犯罪的。第一章唯意志论（叔本华）thereasonandnon-reason

RationalismandirrationalismSocrates、Plato、Aristotle、Descartes

、Spinoza、Leibniz

、Kant、HegelSchopenhauer

、Nietzsche

、Bergson

、Sartre

、Freud

、Foucault

神明般的Plato奇迹般的KantLeoTolstoy

威尔·杜兰特(WillDurant)ThebooksofSchopenhauerDieWeltalsWilleundVorstellung

Will意欲Things-in-themselvesandrepresentation“世界是我的表象”ReasonandWillalamepersonablindpersonfutilitarianFutilitarianandBuddhism

人生的本质就是痛苦。人虽然能够做他所想做的，但不能要他所想要的。人生就是一团欲望。当欲望得不到满足便痛苦，当欲望得到满足便无聊，人生就像钟摆一样在痛苦与无聊之间摇摆。幸福不过是一场梦，不幸才是真实的。生命是向死亡讨来的借贷，而睡眠，不过是缴付利息。

ThreetraditionsofphilosophyWesternphilosophy：prelifeConfucianphilosophy:thislifeBuddhismphilosophy:afterlifeHowtopullmeaway?