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基础英语语法

1/168英语语法框架词法句法名词、代词、数词、量词冠词动词形容词、副词介词简单句并列句主从句特殊句型2/168一、名词1.专有名词2.普通名词名词分类:人名、地名、组织机构名称3/168

之词法基础英语语法4/168普通名词可数名词不可数名词练习:能够区分可数名词以及不可数名词物质名词:食物、液体、自然物质抽象名词:情感、概念、学科5/168可数名词可数名词单数可数名词与冠词可数名词变复数合成名词变复数集合名词6/168不可数名词不可数名词不可数名词与冠词不可数名词与量词、不定代词既是可数又是不可数名词,但意思不一样7/168名词全部格名词全部格1.在词尾加’s

用于有生命名词后,比如myfather'scoat,thefox'stail,people'schina,Joan'sandJane'srooms.

用于时间、距离、价值等或者国家、城市等名词之后,比如today'spapers,tenminutes'rest,3days'holiday,amile'swalk,adollar'sworthofstamps

名词全部格所修饰词省略情况,比如thetailor's(shop)服装店thebutcher's肉店2.of结构用于无生命名词,比如amapoftheworld8/168名词在句子中作用名词在句中作用eg.igotaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Sheisagoodteacher..Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Ihavejustreceivedtheletterfrommybrother,TOM.

宾语

主语

表语

主语

介词宾语

同位语

9/168含有名词性质其它形式Heismybestfriend.Fiveplusoneissix.Fishingismyfavoritesport.Togettothetopismygoal.whathesayssoundsright.10/168区分可数与不可数名词A.bookB.milkC.riceD.bunE.soupF.waterG.teaH.hamburgerI.breadJ.moneyK.paperL.deskM.toyN.babyO.seasonP.eggQ.coffeeR.computerS.treeT.meatU.porkV.toothW.roomX.penY.beefZ.chair区分可数与不可数名词练习11/168可数名词与冠词可数名词单数形式前面必须加冠词,定冠词或者不定冠词Lastweek,Iwenttothetheatre.Igotaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Thisisaprivateconversation.Thereareapen,abookandacomputeronthedesk.12/168名词变复数1.绝大多数可数名词复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。2.凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es组成复数。3.以辅音字母+y结尾名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。4.以-o结尾名词,黑人和英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒果6.以-f或-fe结尾名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves5.以-us结尾名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i组成复数。

13/1687.以-us结尾名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i组成复数。

读音改变:尾音[Es]改读[ai],其中[kEs]要改读为[sai],[gEs]要改读为[dVai]。

例:fungus→fungi;

abacus→abaci;

focus→foci;

cactus→cacti;

cestus→cesti

8、以-is结尾名词,通常将-is改变为-es。

读音改变:尾音[is]改读[i:z]。

例:axis→axes;

basis→bases;

naris→nares;

hypothesis→hypotheses;

restis→restes

9.以-ix结尾名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外。

读音改变:尾音[iks]改读[isi:z]。

例:matrix→matrices;

directrix→directrices;

calix→calices;

appendix→appendices

反例:affix→affixes

14/16810.以-um结尾名词,将-um改变为-a。

读音改变:去掉鼻尾音。

例:forum→fora;

stadium→stadia;

aquarium→aquaria;

datum→data;

vacuum→vacua

11.以-a结尾名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e。

读音改变:尾音[E]改读[i:]。

例:larva→larvae;

formula→formulae;

ala→alae;

media→mediae;

hydra→hydrae15/168合成词变复数合成名词变复数1、合成名词复数形式通常将主题名词变为复数形式,如:daughters-in-law;lookers-on;passers-by;hand-gunsfire-engines,editors-in-chiefrunners-upletter-boxes2.假如没有主体名词,则在最终一个词后面加复数形式,如:grow-upsgo-betweensstand-bys16/168集合名词第一类形单可单复family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)形式为单数,但意义能够用为单数或复数Hisfamilyislarge.他家是个大家庭。Hisfamilyareallwaitingforhim.他一家人都在等他。Thisclassconsistsof45pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。ThisclassarereadingEnglishnow.这个班学生在读英语。使用方法特点:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体组员,表示复数意义。17/168第二类形单意义复cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察),sheep(羊)使用方法特点为:只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与a(n)连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。Peoplewilllaughatyou.人们会笑你。Thepolicearelookingforhim.警察在找他。Manycattlewerekilledforthis.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。注:表示牲畜头数,用单位词head(单复数同形)。如:fiveheadofcattle5头牛,fifty(headof)cattle50头牛18/168第三类形复意义复goods(货物),clothes(衣服)

使用方法特点:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数)

Clothesdryslowlyintherainyseason.衣服在雨季不易干。Suchclothesareveryexpensive.那样衣服很贵Ifgoodsarenotwellmadeyoushouldcomplaintothemanufacturer.假如货物质量不好,则理应向制造商提出控诉。19/168第四类形单意义单baggage/luggage(行李),clothing(衣服),furniture(家俱),machinery(机器),poetry(诗),scenery(风景),jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)使用方法特点:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。Ourclothingprotectsusfrom[against]thecold.我们衣服能够御寒。Haveyoucheckedallyourbaggage?你全部行李都托运了吗?Thethiefstoleallherjewelry.小偷把她全部首饰都偷走了。Thehospitalhasnodecentequipment.这家医院没有像样设备。TheTangDynastyisthoughtofasthehighsummerofChinesepoetry.人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌全盛时期。20/168注:machinery,poetry,jewelry,scenery等对应个体可数名词是machine,poem,jewel,scene等。如:apoem/apieceofpoetry一首诗manymachines/muchmachinery/manypiecesofmachinery许多机器21/168不可数名词量不可数名词和量词以及不定代词1.不可数名词量能够借助于量词来表示2.不定代词能够修饰不可数名词,如some,any,alittle,littleapieceofpaperapieceofnewsapieceofbreadaglass/cup/bottle/tinofabarofchocalate22/168既可又不可且意义不一样名词既可作可数名词,又可做不可数名词,但意义不一样可数名词不可数名词aroom一个房间room空间achicken一只小鸡chicken鸡肉aglass一个玻璃杯glass玻璃atime一次time时间aniron一个熨斗iron铁anair一个气质air空气23/168还有一些词和名词性质相同,属于名词类词,比如代词,数词,动名词,动词不定式和从句。24/168二、代词25/168分类人称代词物主代词指示代词不定代词主格宾格名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词反身代词疑问代词26/168人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词我Imemyminemyself你youyouyouryoursyourself他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself我们weusouroursourselves你们youyouyouryoursyourselves他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves27/168不定代词不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词词some:someone,somebody,something,somewhereany:anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere.no:noone,nobody,nothing,nowhere.evey:everyone,everybody,everthing,everywehere.one:nonemany,much,afew,alittleall,both,either,neither,eachother,another28/168eg.therearethreestudentstalkingintheclassroom.Iknowallofthem.allstudentswerepresentatthemeeting.eg.BothofmysisterandIlikethesongverymuch.helikesbothhissons.all:三者或以上全都,既可做形容词又可做代词both:二者全都,既可做形容词又可做代词。29/168eg.Theylikeneitherofthetwopaintings.neitherstudentgivestheanswer.Thereareshopsoneithersideofthestreet.youmaytakeeitherwithyou.neither:二者中任何一个都不,既可做形容词又可做代词either:二者中任何一个,既可做形容词又可做代词30/168each:每一个,强调个体1.each既可做形容词又可做代词,而every只能做形容词。比如:

eachstudenthasadictionary.eveystudenthasadictionary.

eachofthestudentshasadictionary.√everyofthestudentshasadictionary.×→故each有eachof结构,而every就没有,就是这个原因。every:每一个,强调整体31/168形容词修饰复合不定代词eg.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou..复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面Thereisnothingwrongwiththeradio.这收音机没有毛病。Haveyouseenanyone[anybody]famous?你见过名人吗32/168不定代词与部分否定不定代词与部分否定不定代词all,both,every等与not连用时组成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none,neither,noone等。比较:Allofthestudentslikethenovel.全部这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Notallofthestudentslikethenovel.并不是全部这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Allofthestudentsdon’tlikethenovel.并不是全部这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Noneofthestudentslikethenovel.这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。33/168数词三、数词34/168基数词1.基本数词:1-10,11-20,整十表示2.表示数字词dozen一打,12个;dozensofeggs;sixdozeneggs6打鸡蛋score20个3.表示“几十年代”或者“几十岁”eg.inthethirties在30年代

inhisthirties在他30多岁时候4.在习语中,有时要用基数词复数形式eg.bytwosandthrees三三两两

intwotwos一眨眼35/168序数词1.基本形式2.序数词前普通必须使用定冠词theeg.thefirstclass;thethirdday3.假如序数词前没有加the,而是使用了不定冠词a,an,则表示“又一”eg.wewillhavetodoitathirdtime.4.分数表示法:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,若分子大于1,分母则要用复数eg.1/6onesixth5/6fivesixths36/168加、减、乘、除

2+3=?

How

much

is

two

plus

three?

2+3=5

Two

plus

three

is

five.

Two

and

three

is

equal

to

five

Two

and

three

makes

five.

Two

added

to

three

equals

five.

If

we

add

two

to/and

three,

we

get

five.1.“加”用plus,and或add表示;“等于”用is,make,equal等词表示。

37/168

10-6=?

How

much

is

ten

minus

six?

10-6=4

Ten

minus

six

is

four.

Take

six

from

ten

and

the

remainder

is

four.

Six

(taken)

from

ten

is

four.2.

“减”用

minus或

take

from表示38/168

3*4=?

How

much

is

three

times

four?

3X4=12

Three

times

four

is/are

twelve.

Multiply

three

by

four,we

get

twelve.Three

multiplied

by

four

makes

twelve.3.

“乘”用time(动词)或multiply表示39/16816÷4=?

How

much

is

sixteen

divided

by

four?

16÷4=4

Sixteen

divided

by

four

is

four.

Sixteen

divided

by

four

equals/gives/makes

four.4.

“除”用divide过去分词形式表示

40/168冠词定冠词不定冠词41/168不定冠词①表泛指。如:Thereisabookonthetable.②指人或事物某一个类。如:Hisfatherisadriver.Longjingisawonderfultea.③指某一个人或事物,但不详细说明。如:MysisterwassavedbyaPLAmaninthefire.42/168④用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前,表示“每一”。如:Wehavemealsthreetimesaday.(我们一天吃三餐。)⑤表示一样。如:Theyareofanage.(他们是同岁。)⑥表数量,相当于one,但语意较弱。如:Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.⑦使抽象名词详细化。如:Thelittlegirlisahelptohermother.(ahand译"帮手")43/168不定冠词⑧固定搭配。如:Afew,alittle,alotof,abit,acoupleof,allofasudden(突然),asamatteroffact(实际上),inahurry(慌忙),inaword(简言之),haveagoodtime(玩得愉快),dosb.afavour(帮忙),payavisitto(访问),asarule(通例),asawhole(总之),inadayortwo(一两天),inaway(在某种程度上),ofasize(大小相同),haveawordwithsb.(与…交谈),makealiving(谋生),takeapridein(自豪),takeawalk(break,bath,seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)),agreatdealof(大量),beapity(遗憾),haveacold(headache,fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)),manya(许多),catchacold(感冒)44/168定冠词①表示上文提到过人或事物。如:Ihaveboughtabook.Thebookisveryuseful.②用于说话人与听话人心中都有数人或事物。如:Closethewindow,please.③用于表示世界上独一无二事物前。如:thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld等。④用于表示方位名词之前。如:theeast,theright.⑤用于序数词或形容词最高级之前。如:thefirst,thetallest.⑥用于形容词之前,使其名词化。如:thesick,thewounded.⑦用于由普通名词组成专有名词之前。如:theUnitedStates,theUnitedNation.45/168⑧用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等名词之前。如:theChangjiangRiver,theEastLake.⑨用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:TheSmiths⑩用于乐器名词前。如:playthepiano;playtheviolin.⑾创造物。如:ThecompasswasinventedinChina.⑿年代名词前。如:Helivedinthecountrysideinthe1970s.

⒀固定词组中。如:inthemorning(afternoon,evening),ontheotherhand,atthesametime46/168零冠词①表示总称复数名词之前。如:Childrenlovecartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)②不含普通名词专有名词前。如:WearestudyingEnglish.③名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词全部格修饰时。如:Ilikethispicture;Idonothaveanymoney;Astimewenton,Einstein’stheoryprovedtobecorrect.④季节、月份、星期等名词前,普通不用冠词。如:Shelikesspringmost.⑤呼语前不用冠词。如:WhatshallIdonext,Mother?⑥三餐饭前不用冠词。如:Whatdidyouhaveforlunch?⑦节假日前不用冠词。如:PeoplegivegiftstoeachotheronChristmasDay.⑧球类和棋类运动名称前不用冠词。如:Sheisfondofplayingbasketball.⑨在一些成对出现短语中不用冠词。如:arminarm(手挽手);handinhand(手牵手);sidebyside(肩对肩);dayandday(日日夜夜);youngandold(老老少少);fromdoortodoor(挨门挨户);frombeginningtoend(从头到尾);frommorningtillnight(从早到晚)等。47/168用冠词与不用冠词区分在有些短语中,有冠词与没有冠词意义差异很大,参考附件练习48/168练习他和我都教英语。我是一个学生,我画了很多画。吃了一顿丰盛饭后,他们就围着营火讲起了故事唱起了歌。假如你把汽车停错了地方,交通警察很快就会发觉。我姑姑是个演员。我不能付账单,因为我包不见了。去年我去意大利,我参观了博物馆,还去了公园。49/168

形容词与副词Adjectivesandadverbs50/168形容词adjectives功效Functon修饰名词tomodifynouns使语言表意更准确、更丰富、更生动、更有表现力tomakespeechesmoreaccurate,richer,morevividandmoreexpressive.传达了说话人或者作者情感和态度。

toconveytheemotionandattitudesofspeakersorwriters.51/168Ihaveaseat.Shanghaiisacity.Weliveinacountry.Onaday,theantsbegandryingthegrain.Thegrasshoppersays,"Ikeptmyselfbusybysingingdayandnight."goodexamples:bustlingbeautifulcoldfrostyarrogant52/168这些句子就变得苍白、没有生机,不能完全描绘出事物,不能准确表意,更不能表示作者情感和态度,就想黑白电影一样少了色彩。53/168分类只做定语形容词只做表语形容词既能做定语又能做表语形容词54/168英语中绝大多数形容词既可做定语又可做表语mostadjs.inEnglishcanactbothasattributesandpredicativestheclothesareveryold.theseoldclothesaremine.thenewlibraryiswideandbright.thewideandbrightlibraryisnew.55/168只能作定语有些形容词表示事物属性,只能作定语,放在名词前面修饰名词eg.表材料:golden,wooden

表时间:daily,everyday,monthly,present,last,exsiting表相对关系:former,latter,outer,upper,lower

表方位:indoor,outdoor,inside,outsideeg.:Thisisourdailywork.Theoutdoorcinemaisquitepopularnow.56/168另外带有连字符表示度量复合形容词,只能作定语,假如要作表语,则应去掉连字符:compoundadjectiveswithhyphens,expressingmeasurement,canonlybeattributes;otherwise,hyphensshouldberemoved.eg.:shehasafive-year-oldson.hersonisfiveyearsold.57/168只能作表语表语形容词,只能跟在系动词后面作表语,不能放在名词前作定语最经典就是以a-开头形容词:

afraid害怕asleep睡着alike相同alive活着alone单独ashamed惭愧

awake醒着aware意识到eg.:thebabyisasleep.Iamafraidofdogs.58/168通常还有一些表示健康和情绪词也通常只作表语eg.fine健康ill生病well身体健康glad高兴pleased高兴sorry难过upset沮丧content满足

certain确信sure确信fond喜欢ready准备好59/168在句子中作用定语表语状语或者主语补足语60/168定语单个形容词作定语通常前置eg.Thisisaprivateconversation.Yournephewisanicelittlegirl.Heisanhonestboy.Astrangemancamein.61/168单个形容词修饰something等复合不定代词时候要后置;形容词短语作定语总是后置eg.Isthereanythinginterestinginthenewbook?Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Heissomeonehumorous.Ilikesomethingcheaper.Doyouknowanybodyfamousinthefield?Doyouhavetheinstrumentsnecessaryfortheexperiment?Iknowanactorsuitablefortherole.

62/168多个形容词修饰名词次序多个形容词修饰名词时次序:冠词、指示代词→全部格→序数词→基数词→特征→尺寸→年纪温度新旧→形状→颜色→地域→材料→用途→名词口诀:美小圆旧黄法国木书房eg.thereisabigroundconferencetableinthemeetingroom.63/168表语形容词作表语,放在系动词后面:eg.Shelookselegant.Thestoryisinspiring.HeisinterestedinwatchingTV.Sheappearsquiteold.64/168宾语补足语Theyfindtheproblemdifficult.Aeroplanesareslowlydrivingmemad.Hisharshwordsmadeusangry.在特定结构中做宾语补足语65/168作状语eg.hearrivedhome,hungryandtired.hesatthereinthecorner,silent.hecameover,eagertohelp.这种形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写:Hecameover,eagertohelp./Hecameoverand(he)waseagertohelp.他走过来,急于想帮忙。【注】以上形容词用作状语情形,有些人也称之为主语补足语,因为它们是补充说明主语。66/168the+adjthe+形容词——表示某一类型人Hesetupaschoolforthedeafandthedumb.他创建了一所聋哑学校。Hestolefromtherichtogivetothepoor.他偷富人东西去接济穷人。Thoseofuswhoaresighteddon’tunderstandtheproblemsoftheblind.我们这些有视力人不了解盲人困难。67/168这类结构常见有:therich富人thepoor穷人theblind盲人thesick病人theold老人theyoung年轻人thedumb哑巴thedeaf聋子thedead死者theweak弱者thestrong强者thewealthy富人thejobless失业者68/168the+分词形容词——表示某一类型人Timesarehardfortheunemployed.失业者日子极难熬。Manyofthewoundeddiedontheirwaytohospital.许多伤员死在去医院途中了。69/168这类结构常见有:thewounded伤员theinjured伤员thekilled被杀者theemployed被雇用者theunemployed失业者theaccused被告thelearned有学问人theaged老年人themissing失踪人theliving活着人70/168形容词短语1.be+形容词+aboutbeangryabout为…生气beanxiousabout为…忧虑becarefulabout当心…becertainabout确信…becuriousabout对…好奇bedisappointedabout对…感到失望beexcitedabout对…感到兴奋begladabout对…感到高兴behappyabout为…感到高兴behopefulabout对…抱有希望bemadabout对…入迷benervousabout为…感到不安beparticularabout对…考究besadabout为…而难过beseriousabout对…认真besureabout对…有把握beworriedabout为…担忧71/1682.be+形容词+atbeangryat为…生气bebadat不善于…becleverat擅长于…bedisappointedat对…感到失望beexpertat在…方面是内行begoodat善于…bemadat对…发怒bequickat在…方面灵敏beskilfulat在…方面熟练beslowat在…方面迟钝72/1683.be+形容词+forbeanxiousfor渴望bebadfor对…有害,对…不行beboundfor前往becelebratedfor以…知名beconvenientfor对…方便beeagerfor渴望befamousfor因…闻名befitfor适当,适合begoodfor对…有益(方便)begratefulfor感激behungryfor渴望得到belatefor迟到benecessaryfor对…有必要bereadyfor为…准备好besorryfor因…抱歉besuitablefor对…适当(适宜)bethankfulfor因…而感激bewell-knownfor以…知名73/1684.be+形容词+frombeabsentfrom缺席,不在bedifferentfrom与…不一样befarfrom离…远,远远不befreefrom没有,免受besafefrom没有…危险betiredfrom因…而疲劳74/1685.be+形容词+inbeconcernedin与…相关bedisappointedin对(某人)感到失望beengagedin从事于,忙于beexperiencedin在…方面有经验beexpertin在…方面是行家befortunatein在…方面幸运behonestin在…方面老实beinterestedin对…感兴趣belackingin缺乏berichin富于beskilfulin擅长于besuccessfulin在…方面成功beweakin在…方面不行75/1686.be+形容词+ofbeafraidof害怕beashamedof为…感到惭愧beawareof意识到,知道becapable能够,能够becarefulof小心,留心becertainof确信,对…有把握befondof喜欢befreeof没有,摆脱befullof充满begladof为…而高兴benervousof害怕beproudof为…自豪beshortof缺乏beshyof不好意思besickof对…厌倦besureof必定,有把握betiredof对…厌烦beworthyof值得,配得上76/1687.be+形容词+tobeaccustomedto习惯于beblindto对…视而不见becloseto靠近,靠近becruelto对…残酷,对…无情bedevotedto献身于,专心于beequalto等于,能胜任befamiliarto为(某人)所熟悉beharmfulto对…有危害beimportantto对…主要beopento对…开放,易受到beopposedto反对,不赞成beoppositeto在…对面,和…相反bepoliteto对…有礼貌berelatedto与…相关,与…有亲戚关系berespectfulto尊敬berudeto对…无礼besimilarto与…相同betrueto忠实于,信守beusedto习惯于beusefulto对…有用77/1688.be+形容词+withbeangrywith对(某人)生气beboredwith对…厌烦bebusywith忙于becarefulwith小心beconcernedwith关于,与…相关becontentwith以…为满足bedelightedwith对…感到高兴bedisappointedwith对(某人)失望befamiliarwith熟悉,精通behonestwith对(某人)真诚beillwith患…病bepatientwith对(某人)有耐心bepleasedwith对…满意(高兴)bepopularwith受…欢迎besatisfiedwith对…满意bestrictwith对(某人)严格78/168练习他们睡袋温暖而舒适。我感到很沮丧。我弟弟从没出过国,所以他以为这次旅行非常激感人心。这是一包珍贵钻石。这个装满傻子包裹是我。他对所找到东西感到很震惊。79/168副词功效修饰动作修饰句子修饰形容词、副词、介词短语80/168InotonlyspeakEnglishverycarefully,butveryclearlyaswell.Heansweredme,buthespokeneitherslowlynorclearly.theysleptsoundly.Itwasrainingheavily.81/168分类方式副词程度副词频率副词时间副词地点副词连接副词疑问副词82/168分类方式副词:表示动作行为方式,多以-ly结尾,常放在句末:happilysadlyslowlyquicklybadlybravelynervouslyeg.wehavetoactquickly.Ilookatthemangrily.pleasespeakslowlyandclearly.对方式副词提问通惯用疑问副词howeg.Hereadtheletterslowly.→Howdidhereadtheletter?83/168频率副词频率副词表示动作发生频率,常放在居中动作前面,情态动词及be动词后面,惯用频率副词有:always-frequently-usually-often-sometimes-rarely-seldom-nevereg.EmilyDickensonrarelyleftherroom.Sheisalwaysmakingfunofme.Henevergavemeanyhelp.假如要对频率副词提问,应用疑问副词howoften:eg.Herarelygoeshome.→Howoftendoeshegohome?84/168程度副词程度副词表示程度,主要修饰形容词和副词,惯用于句中,常见程度副词有,:hardly,nearly,almost,enough,fairly,greatly,much,pretty,quite,rather,very,tooeg.Ihardlyknewhim.Hedidnotworkhardenough.Iamratheranxiousabouthim.Weseeeachotheralmosteveryday.对程度副词提问,则要用towhatextent:Irathertrustthem.→towhatextentdoyoutrustthem?85/168时间副词时间副词用来表示动作时间,常见时间副词有:yesterday,recently,already,just,then,agonow,today,tonight,soon,early,later,immediatelyeg.Theexhibitionwillopentomorrow.→whenwilltheexhibitionopen?eg.Ihopetoseeyousoon.wearrivedearly.shewashereamomentago.veryfewpeoplecomeherenow

对时间副词提问,则用疑问副词when:86/168地点副词地点副词表示动作发生地点,惯用于句末,惯用地点副词有:here,there,up,down,away,nearby,home,abroad,ahead,upstairs,downstairs,indoors,outdoorseg.therewasahospitalnearby.thanksforbringingmehere.sheiswaitingforyoudownstairs.对地点副词提问,则要用where:PEclassesareoftenheldoutdoors.→wherearePEclassesheld?87/168疑问副词疑问副词表示对副词提问:when,where,how,howoften,why,howlong88/168连接副词连接副词有两类,一类是连接句子,相当于并列连词,如:therefore,besides,moreover,otherwise,however,thus,meanwhileeg.Idon'tlikeit,besides,itistooexpensive.wetriedourbest,however,welostthegame.一类是连接从句,主要是when,why,where,how,在从句篇详解。89/168关系副词:when,where,thereasonwhy…(引导定语从句)90/168在句子中作用作用状语表语91/168状语theeveningpassedquickly.itisquitewarmhere.hewasdrivingquitefast.92/168表语有些与介词同形,表示地点和位置副词能够用来作表语eg.Imustbeoffnow.Theywillbeawayfor3weeks.Thesunisdown.Themeetingisstillon.Iwillbeoutallmorning.IcallatTim'shouse,butheisnotin.Thegameisover.What'sonatthelocalcinemathisweek.Sheisnotuptothejob.93/168练习这个钟相当准确。我总是只能得一个小奖。他在国外。我假期过得很快。你总是起床很迟吗?94/168比较级和最高级原级比较1.二者相比(甲=乙),用“as+形容词副词原级+as”表示TomisastallasMike.2.二者相比(甲〈乙),用“notas(so)+原级+as”或“lessthan”表示Ididn’tdomyhomeworkso(as)carefullyasyou.Thepictureislessattractivethanthatone.95/1681.二者相比(甲〉乙),用“比较级+than”表示Ourcityismorebeautifulthananyothercityinourcountry.比较级注意:1)为了防止重复,在从句中惯用one,that,those等词来代替前面提过名词。TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.Theradiosmadeinourfactoryarebetterthanthoseinyourfactory.96/1682)比较等级应注意防止和包含自己比。

eg.Tomistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.Tomistallerthanallotherstudentsinhisclass.

(错)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.(对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.比较级+than+anyother+单数名词alltheother+复数名词anyoneelseanyoftheother+复数名词97/1683)假如形容词作定语修饰一个单数可数名词,普通将不定冠词a/an放在形容词之后。eg.Ourneighbourhas_____ours.A.asabighouseasB.asbigahouseasC.thesamebighouseasD.housethesamebigas98/1684)比较级前普通不用冠词,但若表示“二者中较……时”。比较级前要加定冠词。若比较级后有名词,常在比较级前加不定冠词,表示泛指。eg.Heisthetallerofthetwo.Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.99/1685).可用以下词来修饰形容词比较级much,

even,rather,alot,slightly,

almost,far,abit,

alittle,still.eg.Thestoryismuchmoreinterestingthanthatone.Lifeincountrysidesisfarmoreattractivethanlifeincities.ItisslightlycolderinBeijingthaninShanghai.100/1686)“比较级+and+比较级”或“moreandmore+原级”表示“越来越……”

eg.Itbecomeswarmerandwarmerwhenspringcomes.Itisgettingcoolerandcooler.Thewindbecamemoreandmoreheavily.Ourschoolisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.101/1687)“the+比较级……,the+比较级……”,表示“越……越……”。

eg.Themoremoneyyoumake,themoreyouspend.Thesooner,thebetter.

102/168①.Ais…timesthesize/height/length/widthofB.

表示倍数比较级使用方法:eg.Thenewbuildingisthreetimestheheightoftheoldone.这座新楼比那座旧楼高三倍。(新楼是旧楼四倍高)练习:这个本子比那个宽两倍103/168②.Ais…timesasbig/high/long/wide/largeasB.

eg.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)练习:这个手机价格是那个手机三倍。104/168③.Ais…timeslarger/higher/longer/widerthanB.

eg.Ourschoolistwicebiggerthanyours.我们学校比你们学校大两倍。练习:姐姐行李箱比我重好几倍。105/168三者或三者以上相比,表示最高级时,用“the+最高级”结构表示,这种句式普通常有表示比较范围介词短语。最高级ZhangHuaisthetallestofthethree.Heworks(the)hardestinhisclass.ThatwastheleastexcitingfootballgameI’veeverwatched.ThishotelisthemostcomfortableI’veeverstayed.106/168注意:当最高级前面无限定词the或有不定冠词a/an时,仅表示“很……,非常……”Mondayismybusiestday.星期一是我很忙一天。Qingdaoisamost(very)beautifulcoastalcity.青岛是一个非常漂亮海滨城市。107/168

介词preposition108/168英语介词分类:按结构英语介词可分为3类:

1.简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。

2.分词介词(约15个)如:during,following,considering,regarding,speaking,judging,talking等。

3.成语介词(约有500个)如:out

of,apart

from(除

之外:别无、还有),because

of,by

means

of用、依靠等。109/168按意义英语介词可分为3类:

1.

时间介词,如:at,

on,

in,

during,

over,

from,

for,

until等。

2.

地点介词,如:at,

on,

in,

across,

to,

over,

between,

inside,

outside等。

3.

其它介词,如:by,

with,

about,

except,

instead

of,

due

to,

apart

from等110/1681.

时间

1)at表示在某一时间点:

at

3

o’clock

2)in表示在某一时间段内某一或一些点,in用于未来时还能够表示一段时间以后:

in

3)

during表示某一时间段内自始至终:during

the

first

period

4)

on表示在某一day/date或其中某一段:on

Sunday

morning

5)

by表示不迟于某个时间:by

now6)about表示大约多长时间:aboutfivedays.7)behind/after8)since9)untill/till10)within111/1682.

地点

1)at表示小地点,in表示较大场所:at

school

2)across/through表穿过3)along、down表示沿着4)

by表示靠近或靠近:by

the

window5)表示相对位置:in,on,upon,over,below,above,beyond,inside,outside,into,after,behind,among,between,beneath,beside,off,near6)in,to,on,off表示相对位置:A与B接壤用on,不接壤用to,想个一段距离用off;A在B内部用in,112/1683.

原因

1)because

of表示因为或以…为理由:because

of

my

father

2)

for、since表示动作或活动目标、目标或意图:for

sale

3)

out

of表示起源、起源或原因:out

of

duty

113/1684.

方式

表示方式、伎俩、工具介词①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。如Herentahousebytheyear(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但tothepound按磅算,totheton按吨计。

114/168②表泛指方式、伎俩bypost/mail邮寄,bytelephone(radio)byelectricity用电,bymachinery用电器,byhardwork,learnsth.byheart,onthephone/ontheradio/onTV(电讯器材),throughthesatellite,throughpractice,throughhisownefforts,throughexperience,throughthetelescop115/168③交通工具类bybus/train/car/taxi(road)bybike/bicycle,onhorseback/onfootbyplane/jet/spaceship,byairbyship/boat/lifeboat,bysea/bywater116/168另外:bymeansof用……方法,bywayof经由,取道于,用……方法,withthehelp

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