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2-1MeasurementsMeasuringlengthswithmeterrulePrecision:1millimeterMeasuringlengthswithtapePrecision:1millimeterCorrectway
to
readthe
scale
on
a
rulerPositioneye
perpendicularly
atthemark
onthescale
to
avoids
parallax
errors(视差)Another
reason
forerror:
object
not
alignMeasuringlengthswithmetrerule
2-1Measurements
2-1MeasurementsMeasuringlengthsVerniercalipersMicrometerscrewgaugeThestructureThemechanism:howitworks?Themethod:howtouseit?
2-1MeasurementsVerniercalipersThestructureoftheVerniercaliper
2-1Measurements0Howitworks
2-1Measurements
21mm+0.1mm*3=21.3mm
2.1cm+0.01*3cm=2.13cm20mm+3*0.05mm=20.15mm2.0cm+0.01*1.5cm=2.0+0.015cm=2.015cm1mm+33*0.02mm=1.66mm
0.1cm+0.01*6.6cm=0.1cm+0.066cm=0.166cmMainscale9mm19mm49mmVernierscale10divisions20divisions50divisionsPrecision1/10mm=0.1mm1/20mm=0.05mm1/50mm=0.02mm21mm+3*0.1mm=21.3mm=2.13cm2.1cm+0.01*3cm=2.13cm20mm+3*0.05mm=20.15mm2.0cm+0.01*1.5cm=2.0+0.015cm=2.015cm1mm+0.02*33mm=1.66mm0.1cm+0.01*6.6cm=0.166cmCorrectReading:10.6mm−(+0.3mm)=10.3mm1.06cm-0.03cm=1.03cm
Zeroerror(零位误差):+0.3mmnoobject:0.1mm*3=0.3mm0.0cm+0.01*3cm=0.03cmmeasureanobject:10mm+0.1mm*6=10.6mm1.0cm+0.01*6=1.06cmNoobject,Closethecaliperssothatthejawstouchlightlybutfirmlywitheachother.
2-1MeasurementsCorrectReading:0.6mm−(−0.3mm)=0.9mmZeroError
=-0.1mm*(-3)=−0.3mmZeroerrorItisnegative.noobjectmeasureanobject:0mm+0.1mm*6=0.6mmNotice
2-1MeasurementsCheckzeroerror.Closethecaliperssothatthejawstouchlightlybutfirmlywitheachother.
Closethecaliperssothatthejawstouchlightlybutfirmlyonthesidesoftheobjectbeingmeasured.Lookatthezeroonthevernierscale.Readthemainscale,justtotheleftofthezero.Thistellsyouthelengthinmillimetres.Thenlookatthevernierscale.Findthepointwhereoneofitsmarkingsisexactlyalignedwithoneofthemarkingsonthemainscale.Readthevalueonthevernierscale.Thistellsyouthefractionalofamillimetrethatyoumustaddtothemainscalereading.Howtoreadaverniercaliper?
2-1MeasurementsExperiment:VerniercaliperObjective:PracticetheuseofVerniercaliperRequirement:Summarizehowitworksandhowtoreadit(withzeroerror)ExperimentdatarecordingandanalysisApparatusneededMeasuringthethicknessofahollowcylinderMeasuringthevolumeofaglassballDesignyourownexperiment2studentsagroup,10minutesintotalEveryoneshouldusetheVerniercaliperbyhimself/herselfTheexperimentalreportispartofhomeworkNotice:howtoreducethemeasuringerror?
2-1MeasurementsImprovingprecisioninmeasurementsMicrometerscrewgaugeThestructureThemechanism:howitworks?Themethod:howtouseit?
2-1MeasurementsMicrometerscrewgaugeThestructure
2-1MeasurementsMicrometerScrewGaugeTo
measure
diameter
offinewires,
thickness
ofpaper
and
small
lengths,
a
micrometerscrewgaugeis
usedThemicrometer
has
twoscales:Mainscale
on
the
sleeveCircular
scale
on
the
thimbleThereare
50
divisions
onthe
thimbleOnecomplete
turnof
thethimble
moves
thespindle
by0.50
mm0.50mm/50=0.01mm
2-1MeasurementsMainscale:accurateto0.5mmFractionalscale:50divisions,onecompleteturn0.50mm,accurateto0.01mmTrytosummarizebyyourself:howtoreadthemicrometerscrewgauge?
2-1Measurements1.
Readthescaleonthesleeve.Theexampleclearlyshows12mmdivisions.2.
Stillreadingthescaleonthesleeve,afurther
½
mm(0.5)measurementcanbeseenonthebottomhalfofthescale.Themeasurementnowreads12.5mm.3.
Finally,thethimblescaleshows16fulldivisions(thesearehundredthsofamm). Thefinalmeasurementis12.5mm+0.16mm=12.66mmSleevereadsfullmm=12mmSleevereads1/2mm=0.5mmThimblereads=16*0.01mm=0.16mmTotalmeasurement=12.66mm
2-1MeasurementsCheckzeroerrorTurnthebarreluntilthejawsjusttightenontheobject.Usingthefrictionclutchensuresjusttherightpressure.Readthemainscaletothenearest0.5mmReadtheadditionalfractionofamillimeterfromthefractionalscaleHowtoreadamicrometerscrewgauge?Activity
2-1MeasurementsMicrometerscrewgaugeHowtodealwithzeroerror?
2-1MeasurementsPrecautionswhenusingamicrometerNever
tighten
thimble
toomuchClean
theends
of
the
anvil
and
spindle
beforemakinga
measurementAny
dirt
oneither
of
surfaces
could
affect
the
readingCheck
forzeroerror
by
closing
themicrometerwhenthere
is
nothing
between
theanvil
andspindleThe
reading
should
be
zero,
but
itis
common
to
find
asmall
zero
error–Correct
zero
error
by
adjusting
the
final
measurement
2-1Measu
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