经济学原理萨缪尔森

经济学原理萨缪尔森Tag内容描述：<p>1、CH7 Analysis of Costs,A. Economic Analysis of Costs Total Cost Fixed Cost (Sunk Cost) Variable Cost,Marginal Cost: The extra or additional cost of producing 1 extra unit of output.,The average cost,Average Variable Cost,Average Fixed Cost,The Relationship between Total Cost and Marginal Cost,All Cost Curves Can Be Derived from the Total Cost Curve,The relationship of TC, AC and MC,MC0TC MCAC AC at the minimum point of AC, MC=AC,Relation of Slope and Marginal Cost,the link of production and。</p><p>2、CH9. Imperfect Competition and Monopoly,A. Patterns of Imperfect Competition Imperfect Competition: Individual sellers have some measure of control over the price of their output.,Acid Test for Imperfect Competition Is Downward Tilt of Firms Demand Curve,Monopoly(垄断),A single seller with complete control over an industry.,Oligopoly（寡头）,Several sellers Each seller can affect the market price.,Monopolistic Competition （垄断竞争）,A large number of sellers produce differentiated products. Be。</p><p>3、CH.8. Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets,A.Supply Behavior of the Competitive Firm,the Competitive Firm: maximizes profits profits=total revenues-total costs,the Competitive Firm:,price-taker faces a completely horizontal demand curve the extra revenue gained from each extra unit sold is the market price,Demand Curve Is Completely Elastic for a Perfectly Competitive Firm,Supply Decision of Competitive Firm,The maximum profit output comes at that output where marginal cost equals price. M。</p><p>4、CH.10 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition,A. Behavior of Imperfect Competitors,Market Power: The degree of control that a single firm or a small number of firms has over the price and production decisions in an industry.,Four-Firm Concentration Ratio,The most common measure of market power is the four-firm concentration. Four-firm concentration: the percent of total industry output produced by the largest four firms.,the Nature of Imperfect Competition,Costs(成本) barriers（进入壁垒） strateg。</p><p>5、CH. 5 Demand and consumer behavior,Choice and utility theory Fundamental premise: people tend to choose those goods and services they value most highly.,Preference 偏好,Property: complete(完全的) transitive(可传递的) more is better(多比少好),Some concepts,Utility（效用） Utility function（效用函数） Marginal utility（边际效用）,The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility,the law of diminishing marginal utility,Marginal utility declines as a person consumes more and more of a good.,Ordinal utility(序。</p><p>6、CH.11 Uncertainty and Game Theory,A. Economics of Risk and Uncertainty Speculation 投机:making profits from fluctuations in prices. The economic function: shipping goods across space and time.,Arbitrage 套利,purchase a good or asset in one market for immediate resale in another market in order to profit from a price discrepancy. As a result of arbitrage, the price difference between markets will be less than the cost of moving the good from one market to the other.,Speculators Even Out the Price。</p><p>7、CH. 2 Markets and Government in a Modern Economy,Change of Economic System,Medieval: Aristocracy and Town Guilds Two Centuries ago: Less Control 19th Century: Laissez-faire in most of Europe and North America.,End of 19th Century: Welfare State After World War II: Guiding of Government. Around 1980: Reduce Taxes &Deregulate Governments Control,What is a market?,Market ：Price serves as signals to producers and consumers. Market Equilibrium of Supply and Demand,How markets solve the three。</p>