血液循环PPT演示课件

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,房室瓣心房向心室方向动脉瓣心室向动脉方向,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,心肌细胞的分类普通心肌细胞（非自律细胞）兴奋性、传导性和收缩性 （心房肌细胞和心室肌细胞）特殊分化的心肌细胞（自律细胞）兴奋性、传导性和自律性 （P细胞和浦肯野细胞）,P细胞分布于窦房结、房室交界处浦肯野细胞分布于房室束、左右束支和浦肯野纤维,.,Click to edit Master title 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style,.,.,血管瘤的生成与特点,血管瘤是先天性良性肿瘤或血管畸形，多见于婴儿出生时或出生后不久，它起源于残余的胚胎成血管细胞，活跃的内皮样胚芽向邻近组织侵入，形成内皮样条索，经管化后与遗留下的血管相连而形成血管瘤，瘤内血管自成系统，不与周围血管相连。发生于口腔颌面部的血管瘤占全身血管瘤的60%，其中大多数发生于颜面皮肤、皮下组织及口腔黏膜、如舌、唇、口底等组织，少数发生于颌骨内或深部组织,海绵状血管瘤,毛细血管状血管瘤,草莓状血管瘤,混合型血管瘤,.,胎儿血液循环与先天性心脏病,胎儿在母体内靠胎盘进行气体和营养物质的交换。来自母体氧合血经脐静脉进入胎儿体内，到肝脏下缘分成二支：一支入肝与门静脉吻合；另一支经静脉导管入下腔静脉，与来自下半身的静脉混合，其同流入右心房。这部份混合血（以动脉血为主）大部份经卵园孔入左心房，再经左心室流入升主动脉，主要供应心脏、脑及上肢。来自上半身的上腔静脉还原血，入右心房后绝大部份流入右心室，再转向肺动脉。由于胎儿肺脏尚未膨胀，故肺动脉的血只有少量流入肺脏，经肺静脉回到左心房，大部份血则经动脉导管与来自升主动脉的血汇合，进入降主动脉（以静脉血为主），供应腹腔脏器及下肢，同时经过脐动脉回至胎盘，换取营养物质及氧气，可见胎儿期供应脑、心、肝及上肢的血，血氧含量远较下半身为高。,胎儿血液循,.,婴幼儿先天性心脏病,婴幼儿先天性心脏病是由于在胎儿期心脏血管发育异常而致的心脏血管畸形，是小儿时期最常见的心脏病。病因： 遗传是主要的内因。在胎儿期任何影响心脏胚胎发育的因素均可能造成心脏畸形，如孕母患风疹、流行性 感冒、婴幼儿先天性心脏病腮腺炎、柯萨奇病毒感染、糖尿病、高钙血症等，孕母接触放射线；孕母服用抗癌药物或甲糖宁等药。类型： 非青紫型先天心脏病包括动脉导管未闭、室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损等几种，其患儿平时无青紫表现，故称为“非青紫型先天性心脏病”；但患儿在剧烈哭闹或患肺炎、心力衰竭及心脏病晚期时，则可有青紫出现，所以又称“潜伏青紫型先天性心脏病”。 青紫型先天性心脏病以法洛氏四联症多见。患儿的突出表现是早期出现全身青紫，以口唇、指、趾、耳垂、口腔粘膜为明显。青紫持续6个月以上者，可出现手指端及脚趾端变厚变宽(称为杵状指趾)、呼吸急促且困难。重者可有缺氧发作，表现为突然呼吸加快、加深，青紫加重，若持续时间长，可神志不清、抽风，甚至死亡。年长患儿行走或活动时即出气急促，常有蹲踞片刻起立再走的现象。但检查胸前不隆起，心脏不扩大，可有头痛、烦躁不安、厌食等症状，也可有血管栓塞现象，如咯血、脑中风等，如出现这些表现多表明疾病已是晚期。,.,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,高血压,1、正常承认的收缩压应小于或等于140mmHg（18.6kPa），舒张压应小于或90mmHg（12kPa）。收缩压在141159mmHg（18.921.2kPa），舒张压在9194mmHg（12.112.5kPa）之间为临界高血压。 2、诊断高血压时，必须多次测量高血压至少有连续两次舒张压的平均值在90mmHg（12.0kPa）或以上才能确诊为高血压。,.,（1）头疼：部位多在后脑，并伴有恶心、呕吐等症状。若经常感到头痛，而且很剧烈，同时又恶心作呕，就可能是向恶性高血压转化的信号。（2）眩晕：女性患者出现较多，可能会在突然蹲下或起立时有所感觉。（3）耳鸣：双耳耳鸣，持续时间较长。（4）心悸气短：高血压会导致心肌肥厚、心脏扩大、心肌梗死、心功能不全等。（5）失眠：多为入睡困难、早醒、睡眠不踏实、易做噩梦、易惊醒。（6）肢体麻木：常见手指、脚趾麻木或皮肤如蚁行感，手指不灵活，身体其他部位也可能出现麻木，还可能感觉异常，甚至半身不遂。,.,1、一般认为成年人肢动脉收缩压低于90mmHg(12kPa),舒张压低于60mmHg（8kPa）即为低血压（低血压的诊断尚无统一标准）。2、低血压的相关症状：（1）轻微症状：头晕、头痛、食欲不振、疲劳、色苍白、消化不良、晕车船等；（2）严重症状：直立性眩晕、四肢冷、心悸、呼吸困难、共济失调、发音含糊、甚至昏厥、需长期卧床（这些症状主要因血压下降，导致血液循环缓慢，远端毛细血管缺血，以致影响组织细胞氧气和营养的供应，二氧化碳及代谢废物的排泄，尤其影响了大脑和心脏的血液供应）；（3）长期如此使机体功能大大下降，主要危害包括：视力、听力下降、诱发或加重老年性痴呆，头晕、昏厥、跌倒、骨折的发生率大大增加、乏力、精神疲惫、心情压抑、忧郁等情况经常发生，影响了病人生活质量，低血压可能导致脑梗塞和心脏梗塞。直立性低血压病情严重后，患者可能出现每当变换体位时血压迅速下降，发生晕厥，以致被迫卧床不起，另外诱发脑梗塞、心肌缺血。,低血压,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,孕期水肿,症状：孕妇水肿可分为显性水肿与隐性水肿。显性水肿表现皮肤紧而亮，弹性降低，手指按压呈凹陷，由踝部开始，身上发展到小腿、大腿甚至腹部。隐性水浮躁表现为体表无明显水肿，水分潴留在器官间隙和深部结缔组织中，体重增长很快，每周超过0.5Kg。原因：下肢血液回流受阻，引起下肢浮肿。内分泌变化原因：怀孕后，内分泌功能发生变化，雌激素、醛固酮分泌增多，体内水、钠潴留较多，可引起水肿。血液稀释：乳期血容量增加。但红细胞增加的幅度不如血浆增加幅度大，血浆蛋白则没什么增加，血液相对变稀，血浆胶体渗透压降低，水分移向组织间隙而水肿。治疗：小动作去肿-平躺，把脚抬高；坐着的时候，把脚稍稍垫高；卧床，尽量左侧位运动去肿-适当散步；游泳；台阶运动；按摩饮食去肿-冬瓜（富钾）、鸭肉（利水消肿）、荸荠（维生素和利尿）,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle style,.,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master subtitle 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