医学微生物学课件绪 论

1.医学微生物学在医学中的地位和重要性；5.培养探索能力；4.培养快速学习能力；3.中英双语教学：关键性专业单词；2.培养自学能力；几点说明和要求：Introduction绪 论Section 1 Microorganisms andpathogenic microorganisms第一节 微生物与病原微生物微生物 （ microorganism）存在于自然界的一大群 体形微小 、 结构简单 、肉眼直接看不见， 必须 借 助光学显微镜 或电子显微镜放大数百倍、数千倍，甚至数万倍才能观察到的 微小生物 。Microorganisms are living organisms that are so small as to be visible only through microscopes. 一、 Major groups and distribution of microorganisms微生物的主要种类与分布1. acellular 非细胞型微生物2. prokaryote 原核细胞型微生物3. eukaryote 真核细胞型微生物3. eukaryote1. acellular2. prokaryote1. acellular 非细胞型微生物They are not cells.Virus病毒 A viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat or capsid衣壳 .2. prokaryote 原核细胞型微生物The nuclear material (DNA) not enclosed within a membrane 核质无膜包裹The cells are said to be prokaryotic原核细胞 .These simple unicellular organisms also have not mitochondria线粒体 , Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum内质网 . This group of microorganisms containsbacteria细菌 , actinomycetes 放线菌, mycoplasmas 支原体 , rickettsiae 立克次体 , chlamydiae 衣原体 , spirochetes 螺旋体 .2. prokaryote 原核细胞型微生物bacteria细菌actinomycetes 放线菌 mycoplasmas 支原体 chlamydiae 衣原体rickettsiae 立克次体 spirochetes 螺旋体3. eukaryote 真核细胞型微生物In this type of cells the nucleus is well defined, being enclosed within a nuclear membrane在这类细胞，核界限分明，被包裹在核膜内 .The cell is said to be eukaryotic真核细胞 . They contain a well-defined nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum.All higher form of life, including ourselves, consists of eukaryotic cells.Fungi真菌 are eukaryotic organisms .3. eukaryote 真核细胞型微生物eukaryote真核细胞型微生物Fungus/Fungi真菌按其细胞结构组成特点，将微生物分为 三大类八大型 ：1. acellular 非细胞型微生物 Viruses病毒2. prokaryote 原核细胞型微生物bacteria细菌 , actinomycetes 放线菌 , mycoplasmas 支原体 , rickettsiae 立克次体 , chlamydiae 衣原体 , spirochetes 螺旋体 .3. eukaryote 真核细胞型微生物 Fungus真菌 Mircroorganisms are the oldest, the most numerous, and the most diversified form of life on earth微生物是地球上最古老，数量最大，种类最多的生命形式 . Distribution of microorganismsAir Soil WaterAnimals， Plants and Human body二、微生物与人类的关系Most microorganisms are useful to us and we can use for the welfare of humanity.They shape影响 our environment, decompose dead animal and plant matter, and keep our soil fertile. Most microorganisms are useful to us and only a very few are true pathogens真正的病原体 . These we have to control; the others we can use for the welfare of humanity.正常菌群（ normal flora）： 通常把在人体各部位经常寄居而对人体无害的细菌称为正常菌群。条件致病菌 /机会致病菌 (conditioned pathogen/opportunistic pathogen)： 正常菌在机体健康或正常情况下不致病，只是在机体抵抗力低下时才导致疾病，此时将这些微生物称为条件致病菌或机会致病菌。病原微生物 (pathogenic microorganism)： 能引起人类和动植物发生疾病的微生物称为病原微生物。Section 2 Microbiology and Medical Microbiology第二节 微生物学和医学微生物学一、 The definition of Microbiology微生物学Microbiology is the study of living organisms that are so small as to be visible only through microscopes. Some of these microorganisms can be obtained only by using the electron microscope. 微生物学是生命科学的一个重要分支，研究微生物的种类、分布、形态、结构、代谢、生长繁殖、遗传、进化及与人、动、植物等相互关系的一门科学。Medical MicrobiologyThe medical microbiology is one of the essential basic sciences. It is the study of Biological characteristics of microorganisms and their relationships with human hosts医学微生物学是 研究与医学有关的病原微生物生物学特性、致病性和免疫机制以及特异性诊、防、治措施，以控制和消灭感染性疾病和与之有关的免疫损伤等疾病，达到保障和提高人类健康水平的目的。Medical Microbiology细菌学 Bacteriology、病毒学 Virology 、真菌学 Mycology.三篇 Section 3 Brief History o