城市规划原理课件（周恺）04第八章 英国城市更新政策和实践

1A Brief Review of Urban Regeneration in Manchester曼彻斯特城市更新政策和实践综述周恺PhD Candidate Kai ZhouSchool of Environment and Development The University of ManchesterBachelor/ Master Degree in Urban and Regional PlanningNanjing UniversityA key concept in the perception of inner city problems in the 1960s was the idea of multiple deprivation The Culture of Poverty social pathology This suggested that deprived inner city areas developed their own sub-culture, a deviant sub-culture which rejected dominant values in society, rejecting the idea of striving for success and achievement and leading to apathy and alienation from the rest of society, and also to antisocial behaviour, crime, addiction etc.Policy initiatives Out of these ideas arose the first inner city initiatives, with 4 main elements: 1. Educational Priority Areas: Experimental schemes arising from the Plowden Report (on the race problem and Enoch Powells rivers of blood speech), based on the concept of positive discrimination, giving extra resources to inner city schools to compensate for the poor home background of inner city children, aimed at breaking the cycle of deprivation by creating social mobility by way of educational achievement for inner city children. Very much based on contemporary American thinking and policy. 2. Urban Aid Grants: Small grants to finance innovative schemes, playgroups, community newspapers etc, aimed primarily at challenging the culture of poverty. 3. The Urban programme (1969-77) a stop gap in provision to centrally fund projects run by any local authority who could demonstrate special need. 4. Community Development Projects (C.D.P.s) (1968-78) Action-research projects based in 12 inner city areas around the country, with an action team providing community work services, again aimed at overcoming the culture of poverty. Their task was seen as helping deprived communities to help themselves, overcoming apathy, helping them organise to press for rights and provide themselves with services. Brixton April 1981Towards Thatcherism? Moving away from ideas of inter-service delivery and community empowerment, the incoming Conservative government heralded new logics of urban regeneration Led to change in the physical and institutional fabric or selective pieces of citys over the next 15 years though either top-down market led solutions or regimes of challenge funding But also continual problems with inner city living and urban riots (early 1980s and early 1990s)The shopkeepers daughterKey political ideas of Thatcherism Fears by some of a socialist republic Needed a sea change in the political economy of the UK A belief in freeing up markets Declining public expenditure and increased private sector contribution to encourage enterprise and efficiency Paradox of deregulation (the decentralisation of responsibility) combined with the centralisation of power Changing role of the state Reducing the influence of government Weakening role for local government Reducing the strength of the trade unions Increasing public involvement in business - shareholding for example Increasing public property ownership - through the sales of council housing (right to buy)1980s Thatcherism and private sector involvement Emphasis on involving the private sector The flagship schemes were DEREGULATION - Enterprise Zones - These provided rate relief and relaxed planning for firms in the zone, established in rundown industrial areas. TAKING CONTROL - Urban Development Corporations - These bodies were first established in 1981 to organise the development of the dockland areas of London and Liverpool. In 1987 and 1988 they were extended to nine other locations, including Tyne and Wear and Greater Manchester.EZs The concept of Enterprise Zones was originally announced by Central Government in April 1981, with the first zones becoming effective from August 1981. 28 in total designated since 1981. They varied widely, but all contained land ripe for development in the central areas of main cities. Another set were announced in the mid 1990s some of which are just about coming to an end now For 10 years The first EZ sites were in Corby, Dudley, Hartlepool, The Isle of Dogs (London Docklands), Newcastle/Gateshead, Salford/Trafford, Speke (Liverpool) and Wakefield in England, The Lower Swansea Valley in Wales, Clyde Bank in Scotland and Belfast in Northern Ireland. The main benefits included the following: 1. Exemption from development land tax 2. Exemption from rates on industrial and commercial property 3. 100% allowances for corporation and income tax purposes for capital expenditure on industrial and commercial buildings 4. A greatly simplified planning regime, whereby developments that conform with the published scheme for each zone will not require individual planning permissionSalford Ezs The Salford /Trafford Enterprise Zone, including part of the docks, was designated in August 1981 for 10 years. Prospects for development were enhanced as they were exempt from development land tax and rates; 100% capital allowances were available, and planning controls were simplified. Between 1981 and 1985 over 300 new businesses located in the Enterprise Zone in Salford, with a range of distribution, light engineering and commercial office space docks were closed. 1981Salford/Trafford Park Enterprise Zone set up and was partially responsible for the Salford Quays Project (late 1980s), in which former dock areas were identified as derelict and a development plan was set up. Urban Development Corporations Another way of viewing the regeneration question was through property led renewal The problem of the inner city was seen in these policies primarily as a physical development problem The purpose was to achieve private commercial development in the inner city, and little direct attention was given to the deprived populations of inner city areas. The rhetoric was to include communities but this was often ignored For example, most of the UDCs have boundaries which excluded as far as possible existing inner city residential areas, including only development land. TPDC (1987-1998) Trafford Park, Manchester - the worlds first industrial estate - was transformed by the Trafford Park Development Corporation. The vision was to transform an outdated, semi-derelict industrial estate into a modern and thriving business location where the worlds leading companies would want to invest During eleven years of successful regeneration, TPDC attracted 1,000 companies, 28,299 new jobs and 1.759 billion of private sector investment.CMDC (1989-1996) Focus on retail leisure and housing in a 470 acre site Unlike other UDCs, it contained large numbers of commercial businesses, listed properties and, in absolute terms, relatively little derelict or disused land. IRA bomb 1996 The rise of QUANGOs A second major feature of these policies has been the objective of reducing the role of local government. Importantly UDC boards were appointed by the central state not local authorities Quangos it was hoped, would introduce a greater array of NPM principles, and in particular targets, to control the flow of public subsidy Post-Thatcher Approaches Partial rehabilitation of Local Government General Features Competition Co-ordination Integration Partnership Localism HolismRegeneration under Majorism City Challenge in 1991, and the Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) in 1994. Both initiatives were based upon Competitive bidding between local authorities, which kept the competitive market mechanism alive. The integration of social and economic; A people centred approach; Multi stakeholder partnership approaches Hulme City Challenge was launched in 1992 for an initial five years, although the building work was not completed until the end of 1999. 37.5M from central government together with millions more from private investment, made it one of the leading building projects in Europe. The City Challenge had three main strands housing, economic social. The housing took priority, most of the available money and much of the effort from city council and the City Challenge team. A dramatic visual change to the housing - quality, affordable, low rise housing has replaced the concrete deck access and crescents. ASDA!SRB 6 OldhamArea focused Linking central govt and CommunitiesOften complicated coterminosityRegeneration under the conservatives was about Planning was seen as the bureaucratic interference of wealth creation The market should determine urban change not individual freedoms Fear of municipal socialism meant Central Government looked for ways to control LAs Symbolised by EZs and Urban Development Corporations (Thatcher 1979-1990) City Challenge and SRB (Major 1990-1997)New new new? Tony Giddens is an academic, not a politician. But every political party needs a Bi