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初二英语知识点归纳:动词不定式1.不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由 to 加上动词原形所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下 to 可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体,也有被动态,所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。助动词除 be 和 have 外,没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2.不定式的用法)不定式结构作主语.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语,而将不定式放到后面。如:.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以通过 forsb.todosth.结构表达:1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容词作表语时,不定式后可以加 of 来引导出其逻辑主语:1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带 to 的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带 to 的不定式。及物动词+带 to 的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish 等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.2.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.3.mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.动词+疑问代词+不定式:这类动词常见的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder 等。常见的疑问代词有:what,when,where,which,how,whether 等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.2.youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有时,不定式可由 it 代替,而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达:动词+it+形容词+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9oclock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式;表语也是不定式:.Toseeistobelieve.2.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish 等名词为中心的短语,或以what 引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用;例如:1.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture.2.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice.3.whatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4)不定式作定语不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:1.Therewasreallynothingtofear.2.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。例如:1.maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.2.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.3.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento.4.Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如:1.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?2.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect.3.Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.第三种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is 算、能力、意向等意义的名词:ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish 等。例如:1.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.3.Neitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithmary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语:1.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.2.Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.3.Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark.4.Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.作目的状语:1.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter.2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter.3.wewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam.4.wewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.作结果状语:1.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians.2.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians.3.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.4.Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.不带 to 的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带 to,在另一些搭配中可带 to 可不带 to。归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带to 不定式:)在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare 等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带 to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词,如 see 初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe 等后,或是表示“致使”意义的动词,如have,let,make 等后,动词不定式不带 to。例如:1.Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.但是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带 to 不定式一般转换为带 to 不定式。例如:1.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions.3)在动词 help 之后可用不带 to 的不定式,也可用带 to 的不定式。例如:1.Helptheoldladycarrytheheavybox.4)在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut 等搭配之后初中英语语法总结,动词不定式也不带 to。例如:1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,1etfall,1etfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof 等固定搭配中,用不带 to 的动词不定式。例如:1.Theyletgooftherope.他们松开了绳子。2.johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.Iveheardtellofhim.我听说过他。6)在介词 but 初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结,except 之后,如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带 to,反之则必须带 to,表示“不得不初中英语语法总结,只能” 。例如:.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm.2.Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender.3.Thespywasbothhungryandcold;therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.下面一些短语是固定搭配,不带to:cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如:Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to 省略:IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一个固定搭配,就带to:Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7)紧跟在 why 或 whynot 之后的动词不定式总是不带 to。但是,紧跟在who,what,which,whether 等连接词后的不定式带 to。例如:whystandupifyoucansitdown?whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudontunderstandthemeaning?youneedntdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.4.不定式的完成式和进行式 1)构成完成式:to+havedone进行式:to+bedoing1.不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由 to 加上动词原形所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下 to 可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体,也有被动态,所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。助动词除 be 和 have 外,没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2.不定式的用法)不定式结构作主语.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语,而将不定式放到后面。如:.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以通过 forsb.todosth.结构表达:1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容词作表语时,不定式后可以加 of 来引导出其逻辑主语:1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带 to 的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带 to 的不定式。及物动词+带 to 的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish 等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.2.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.3.mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.动词+疑问代词+不定式:这类动词常见的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder 等。常见的疑问代词有:what,when,where,which,how,whether 等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.2.youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有时,不定式可由 it 代替,而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达:动词+it+形容词+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9oclock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式;表语也是不定式:.Toseeistobelieve.2.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish 等名词为中心的短语,或以what 引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用;例如:1.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture.2.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice.3.whatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4)不定式作定语不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:1.Therewasreallynothingtofear.2.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。例如:1.maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.2.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.3.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento.4.Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如:1.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?2.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect.3.Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.第三种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is 算、能力、意向等意义的名词:ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish 等。例如:1.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.3.Neitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithmary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语:1.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.2.Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.3.Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark.4.Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.作目的状语:1.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter.2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter.3.wewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam.4.wewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.作结果状语:1.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians.2.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians.3.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.4.Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.不带 to 的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带 to,在另一些搭配中可带 to 可不带 to。归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带to 不定式:)在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare 等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带 to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词,如 see 初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe 等后,或是表示“致使”意义的动词,如have,let,make 等后,动词不定式不带 to。例如:1.Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.但是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带 to 不定式一般转换为带 to 不定式。例如:1.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions.3)在动词 help 之后可用不带 to 的不定式,也可用带 to 的不定式。例如:1.Helptheoldladycarrytheheavybox.4)在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut 等搭配之后初中英语语法总结,动词不定式也不带 to。例如:1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,1etfall,1etfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof 等固定搭配中,用不带 to 的动词不定式。例如:1.Theyletgooftherope.他们松开了绳子。2.johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.Iveheardtellofhim.我听说过他。6)在介词 but 初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结,except 之后,如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带 to,反之则必须带 to,表示“不得不初中英语语法总结,只能” 。例如:.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm.2.Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender.3.Thespywasbothhungryandcold;therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.下面一些短语是固定搭配,不带to:cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如:Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to 省略:IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一个固定搭配,就带to:Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7)紧跟在 why 或 whynot 之后的动词不定式总是不带 to。但是,紧跟在who,what,which,whether 等连接词后的不定式带 to。例如:whystandupifyoucansitdown?whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudontunderstandthemeaning?youneedntdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.4.不定式的完成式和进行式 1)构成完成式:to+havedone进行式:to+bedoing1.不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由 to 加上动词原形所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下 to 可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体,也有被动态,所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。助动词除 be 和 have 外,没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2.不定式的用法)不定式结构作主语.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语,而将不定式放到后面。如:.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以通过 forsb.todosth.结构表达:1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容词作表语时,不定式后可以加 of 来引导出其逻辑主语:1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带 to 的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带 to 的不定式。及物动词+带 to 的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish 等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.2.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.3.mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.动词+疑问代词+不定式:这类动词常见的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder 等。常见的疑问代词有:what,when,where,which,how,whether 等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.2.youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有时,不定式可由 it 代替,而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达:动词+it+形容词+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9oclock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式;表语也是不定式:.Toseeistobelieve.2.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish 等名词为中心的短语,或以what 引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用;例如:1.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture.2.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice.3.whatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4)不定式作定语不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:1.Therewasreallynothingtofear.2.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。例如:1.maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.2.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.3.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento.4.Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如:1.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?2.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect.3.Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.第三种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is 算、能力、意向等意义的名词:ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish 等。例如:1.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.3.Neitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithmary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语:1.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.2.Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.3.Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark.4.Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.作目的状语:1.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter.2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter.3.wewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam.4.wewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.作结果状语:1.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians.2.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians.3.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.4.Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.不带 to 的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带 to,在另一些搭配中可带 to 可不带 to。归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带to 不定式:)在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare 等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带 to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词,如 see 初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe

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