2018年同等学力英语辅导写作指南

-精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 1 2018 年同等学力英语辅导写作指南 根据在职人员以研究生毕业同等 学力申请硕士学位外国语课程水平统一 考试大纲的规定，要求考生具备一定 的写作能力，在 30 分钟内按要求写出 一篇 100120 词的短文，形式可以是 按所给的提纲写短文，或描述图表，写 内容提要、概述等。本题 15 分。 一、评分标准 写作评分标准主要围绕四个方面 评判：1.内容要切题；2.能正确表达思 想；3.意义连贯；4.无重大语法错误。 批改作文时，主要从内容和语言两个方 面进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统 一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容， 而内容要通过语言来表达。作文是否切 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 2 题，是否充分表达思想，和语言上的错 误是否造成理解上的障碍有密切的关系。 下面就评分标准的四个方面分别加以说 明。 内容切题 在目前常见的作文题目中，内容 切题一般包括两个方面。一是写作内容 要围绕题目规定的话题展开。比如”A Fiveday Week”，文章的内容应围绕五 天工作制进行论述，与其无关的内容， 当以跑题论处，但此种现象并不多见。 其二，在有些作文题中还包括提纲如： Fire Accidents in Big Cities Outline： 1.Present Situation 2.Causes 3.Measures 这种带提纲的作文题目不仅要求 考生根据标题写作，而且要根据提纲规 定的内容和范围展开各个段落，不能按 自己的思路发挥。考生在这方面出的问 题比较多。如 1994 年考研作文题是： -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 3 On Making Friends，其三段的提纲分别 是：1.The need for friends 2.True Friendship 3.My principle in making friends。第三段的提纲要求考生围绕我 交友的原则进行议论，然而有个别考生 在段中这样写道： The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some way.Furthermore,what I want to say is that one good friend is enough.该考生把应放 在第三段中论述的内容写在第二段中， 第三段就没内容可写了。这类命题作文 要求考生按规定和要求写作，不能按自 己的想法随意更改，写上段作文的考生 不仅第三段没有扣题，第二段也没有做 到内容切题。一篇内容切题的作文应能 既围绕题目，又能在各段扣准提纲，才 真正符合内容切题的要求。下面这一段 是另一学生的作文，都是第三段，内容 切题，恰当地扣住我交友的原则”的写 作要求： When I choose friends,I do not care -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 4 what work they do or what social background they are from,but I do notice those little things which reveal ones characters.I would make sure that we really care for each other,so that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each other,I know my friends will always be there,ready to help if I need them,And I know we are true friends indeed. 能正确地表达思想 一篇好短文能使读者一目了然。 文章的思路应清楚，逻辑性强，能准确 表达作者的思想。请对比下面两段： Have you a bike?Taking a bike is a good way,most people think.But in university it seems not as good as other places.Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then.Having a bike isnt always good enough for us to buy one. 上段作者的思路紊乱不清，字里 行间不仅有许多语病，而且也没能把思 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 5 想表达清楚。读后仍不知作者在表达什 么思想、观点，因而这样的段落只能得 0 分。请看下段： It is very convenient to use bikes in China.Bikes donneed fuel,nor a garage or a large parking lot.Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low.So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today. 上段的作者以其简单的词汇、简 洁的语言、清楚的思路正确地表达了思 想，使读者观后能即刻领会作者的思想。 要能正确地表达思想，考生还应 掌握一些写作技巧，如写好段落主题句， 展开段落的方法，写好段尾句等。此外 还应掌握一定的词汇量和习惯表达法。 意义连贯 文章的层次要分明，条理要清楚， 上下文之间、词与词、句与句之间要上 下连贯，前后呼应，才能使文章结构严 谨，思路清晰、有条理。 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 6 下面这个段落是一篇文章的第三 段。文章的标题是：Good Health；提纲 是 1.Importance of good health；2.Ways to keep fit；3.My own practice。根据第 三段的提纲” 我的做法” ，一个考生这样 写： I dont eat meat much.Every morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyball.In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life. 上段基本切题，包括提纲要点， 表达也基本清楚，但是表达不够连贯。 第一句话让人读起来感觉有些突然，分 析第一句，作者没有把意思表达清楚， 作者我吃肉不多” 一定含有这样的意思： 我饮食素淡，吃蔬菜水果多，吃肉少。 如果能把这层意思写出来，文章的连贯 性也就体现出来了。作者的第二句是从 体育锻炼方面来表明自己是如何保持健 康的，这应是本段中的又一层意思，在 这里如能加一个过渡词，会使文章过渡 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 7 自然流畅。请看下面经过修改的段落： As for me,I enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables,fruit and less meat.Moreover,I do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running,playing tennis or volleyball.As a result,I have been a top student all through the four years in the university.So good health is important to everyone. 发挥了承上启下的作用，没有这 样一个介词短语，从第二段过渡到第三 段就会显得生硬一些。也起到了连贯作 用，在上述两方面保持健康的方法介绍 完后，应该进一步写出所产生的结果， 这结果就是对全段的总结概括。对文章 的标题及开头起了首尾呼应的作用。 无重大语法错误 重大语法错误一般指时态不一致、 主语谓语单复数形式不一致、用词不当 等，这些问题的存在说明考生在平时的 英语学习中很少练习写作，有人甚至从 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 8 没写过作文，因而出现各种各样语法错 误是可以理解的。考生应在考前多进行 这方面的训练，一些语法错误在实践中 是可以纠正过来的。下面举几例常见错 误。 病句及其分析： 1.So colleg e provid e the best condition for students. 此句的主谓语不一致。因为句子 的意思是泛指大学为学生提供了最好的 学习环境，这里的主语 college 应变为 复数。这类错误极为常见。 2.Going to college does not followed that Well have a splendid future. 此句的主语是现在分词短语，全句的意 思是：上大学并不表示我们的未来就一 定会光辉灿烂。 does not 后应跟动词原型 follow。 3.Second,have a part time job for poor student is a good way to help reduce his family burden. -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 9 此句中有两处错误。have a part time job 不能直接作主语，可以改为不 定式作主语 to have a part time job,或者 动名词作主语 having a part time job。第 二处错误是 poor student。普通名词前应 有冠词 a 或 the,如前面没有冠词，名词 应是复数形式。在这里可选用不定冠词， a poor student,或者 poor students。在此 句中为了与后半句中的 his 呼应将其改 为 a poor student 为好。 4.In recent years,fake goods have been discovered more and more in the market. 第四句是中文式的英文，这是考 生作文中的常见错误。按照英语的习惯 可改为 More and more fake goods have been discovered in the market in recent years. 5.The first hand I think is that law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced. 第五句中的 The first hand 是错的， -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 10 应改为 On the one hand； I think 是插入 成分，在写作中应尽量不使用这样的插 入成分；law 前应有冠词，此句经修改 后是：On the one hand,a law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced. 二、写作技巧 一篇好的短文应该观点明确，思 路清晰，论述有力、准确，语言正确， 文字简洁、流畅、连贯，结构严谨。短 文是由段落组成，因此写好段落是写好 短文的关键。 段落的组成分为三部分，主题句, 推展句和结论句。下面分别就这三方面 进行详解。 主题句 1.主题句的作用 主题句是全段的核心句，读者通 过主题句能了解段落的中心思想。一个 好的主题句还能限制话题所谈论的范围， 表明段落展开的方向及方法。在英语文 章中，围绕主题句展开的段落很多。下 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 11 面两段摘自 1995 年的阅读试题。 A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First,the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective.It is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company.Second,the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company.Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices,the financial status of the company,plans for expansion,and company philosophy.Information about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals. 上段第一句是段落的主题句，句 子的大意是：申请工作的人在接受面试 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 12 前有责任了解某些方面的信息。主题句 中的关键词是 ascertaining certain types of information。紧接着，文章围绕主题 句从两方面展开，论述了申请人应了解 两类信息。 If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa,they know better now. After four years of belownormal rainfall , vast areas of France,Spain,Portugal,Belgium,Britain and Ireland are dry and barren .Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekends.Oyster growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breeding.In southeastern England,the rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 13 in water from wales.In Portugal,farmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rain-so far,in vain. 上段中第二句是主题句，它点明 了全段的中心思想，即：四年来，法国、 西班牙、葡萄牙、比利时，英国及爱尔 兰的降雨量低于常年，这些国家的广大 地区都严重缺水。下面的各句都是围绕 这一主题展开的。 从上面两段中我们可以看到英语 的段落只能有一个中心思想，如要再论 述其他与该段中心思想无关的内容应另 起一段。 2.主题句的位置 主题句的位置可以在段首： Londons weather is very strange .It can rain several times a day;each time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightly.The air is dampand chillright through July.On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times,there was one -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 14 hailstorm,and the sun shone brilliantly-all this within two hourss time.It is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their arms.No one knows what the next few moments will bring. 主题句的位置可以在段落中间： Just as I settle down to read or watch television,he demands that I play with him.If I get a telephone call,he screams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him, Babysitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snackin peace.Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat.Then,when he finally grows tired,it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. 主题句的位置可以在段尾： Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 15 years,but a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled.There are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years old,and their numbers are increasing each year.DrJames Langley of Chicago claims that,theoretically and under idealconditions,animals,including man,can live six times longer than their normal period of growth.A persons period of growth lasts about 25 years.If Dr.Langleys theory is accurate, future generations can expect a life spanof 150 years . 主题句的位置可在段首段尾同时 出现： Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country .Americans eat with knives and forks； Japanese eat with chopsticks.Americans say”Hi”when they -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 16 meet;Japanese bow.Many American men open doors for women;Japanese men do not.On the surface,it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan,and in a way this is true.But in any country,the only manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person.In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 主题句出现在段落首或尾完全由 写作需要而定。一般地说来，写这样 100 多词的小短文把主题句放在段首更 有利于考生扣准中心思想展开论述。 3.怎样写好主题句 主题句在段落中有着举足轻重的 作用。因此写好主题句是写好段落的关 键。在构思主题句时要注意以下三个方 -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 17 面： 主题句首先应是一个完整的句子， 任何词组或修饰成分都不能作主题句。 如：More burdens,就不是一个完整的句 子。Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text，则是一个比较好的主题句。 主题句不应太笼统概括。如： William Shakespeare is great 这句话很笼 统，对段落如何展开没有指导和限定作 用，因而不能作主题句。如改为： William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays,则下文就能围绕莎氏的历 史剧展开论述了。 主题句不能太具体。如：The dictionary is small，句子如果太琐碎具 体就失去进一步展开的意义了。 各段的主题句应相互照应。在以 No Smoking 为题的作文中，各段的主 题句分别是：Smoking is harmful. Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 18 them.Therefore,smoking is a bad habit. 第二段的主题句用 not only，but also 连接词语沟通了上下两段的内容。 第三段的 Therefore 又起了承上启下的 作用，使全篇融为一体。 段落的展开 展开段落的方法有很多种，在这 里我们仅介绍几种常用方法。 1.依据归纳法或演绎法进行论述 依据归纳法展开段落是指在段落 中先引用具体事实或因由进行阐述或论 说，进而得出结论。演绎法则是由一般 推出特殊情况的结论。 下面这一段落是用归纳法展开的 段落。最后一句是结论，也是主题句。 And that is exactly what reading a book should be：a conversation between you and the auther.Presumably,he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally,you will have the proper humility as you approach him.But dont let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 19 to be solely on the receiving end.Understanding is a twoway operation;learning doesnt consist in being an empty receptacle.The learner has to question himself and the teacher.He even has to argue with the teacher,once he understands what the teacher is saying.And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences,or agreements of opinion,with the author. 2.依据重要性展开段落 依据思想或事实或理由的重要性 的先后次序进行论述，可以从次要至重 要，也可以从重要至次重要。下面段落 是以次重要至重要的方法进行论述的。 作者首先指出对病人撒谎不仅对医生本 人不好，也会伤害同事，进而会有损于 整个医疗事业。 Lies also do harm to those who tell them:harm to their integrity and,in the long run,to their credibility.Lies hurt their -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 20 colleagues as well.The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defen sive medicine”,and thus it injures,in turn,the entire medical profession. 3.依据比较和对比法进行论述 一般地说，比较是指对事物的相 同方面进行比较；对比是指对比事物的 差异或不同方面。下面两段就采用了对 比方法。这两段将口头英语与书面英语 的不同方面作了比较，两段的观点都一 一对应，比如：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal 就是一对观点的对比。另外，两 段之间用 unlike oral Englsh 承接，既让 段落过渡自然，又使对比强烈。 First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor ones language is and how strange and foreign ones pronunciation is,it seems -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 21 insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding. Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively formal.It requires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what writers are getting at.In addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any changes.To avoid -精选财经经济类资料- -最新财经经济资料-感谢阅读- 22 this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly-constructed paragraphs.