分析高层建筑火灾因素与防火措施 毕业论文外文翻译.doc

英文文献一factor analysis of high-rise building fires reasons and fire protection measuresabstract high-rise building fires have many characteristics, such as the diversity of blazing, factors, various ways of fires spreading, the difficulty of evacuation and saving activities etc. thus in order to attain a partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss, the comprehensive analysis of the factors that can cause high-rise building fires is needed. establishing high-rise building fire safety system and countermeasure begins from man-machine-environment , that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software) which highlight the effect of guiding and coordination of management to technology, with management as outlines and technology as method: establishing and improving the save system, strengthening three simultaneous”, enhancing safety management of the related personnel and cultivating the sense of safety, sounding the fire precautionary emergency program. the study aims at solving fire protection of highrisebuilding and providing some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.1. introductionwith the development of urban economy, high-rise buildings and super high-rise buildings become more and more because of high population density and land price.nowadays in our country high-rise buildings develop into the direction of modernization, maximization and multi-functions, so it becomes more difficult to put out fires from outside and evacuate than one that takes place in ordinary constructions considering the high floors, complex functions and diversified devices. ofcourse it tends to cause great economical loss and personnel casualty accidents easily.the statistics from ministry of public security suggests that fires in our urbancommunity rise obviously year by year,especially fires in high-rise buildings whichtake up a great proportion 1. fire disasters in high-rise buildings were relativelysevere during 1980s to 1990s, then slightly mitigate in 1990s, but in recent years, it has presented upturn tendency since the rapid development of economic construction, such as one which took place in office building of wuhan government hubei province, april 17th, 2009, two days later, one occurring at international square building of nanjing,jiangsu province and the recent report about a fire that happened at a high residence building of jingan area in shanghai,november 15th, 2010. the main reasons were about hardware which has no sounding fire fighting system, that is to say the fighting equipments dont match the floors and softwarein another word, management of related personnel and safety sense cultivation arelacked.the fireproof of high-rise building is still a worldwide difficult problem. the author analyses the partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss according to the characteristics of high-rise buildings and fires. establish high-risebuilding fire safety system framework and emphasize four directions of fire safety countermeasure from man-machineenvironmentthat is to say technology (hardware) and management (software). the author aimed at providing some practical value to solve the difficulty.2. the characteristics of high-rise buildings and fires high-rise buildings have three characteristics: construction structure is complicated (its high height, many floors and podium); functions are complicated and the population density is high (wide functions including residential building,hotel, office building, store and so on); combustibles is multiple and fire load is large (much combustible decorativematerial, such as ceiling from combustible material, wall cloth of plastic, wallpaper, curtain and so on 2). characteristics drawing from above are as following 3-4:(1) fire spreads quickly. high-rise building has many staircases, elevator shafts, pipe shafts, air passages, cable shafts and many other vertical shafts. if fire separation is not arranged reasonably, they will become lofty chimneys, in other words,they will become the passages to spread fire, especially in superior hotels, comprehensive buildings, libraries, office buildings and other high-rise buildings. because of much existing combustible material, once it catches fire, combustion will spread quickly and be of high intensity. according to determination, owing to air convection, the horizontal velocity ofsmoke diffusion is 0.3 m/s in the initial stage of fire, when in the violent stage of fire, and it may reach at 3-4m /s (fig 1).once a high-rise building with the height of 100m catches fire, smoke will diffuse to the top floor through the vertical shafts in 30 seconds and its velocity is more than 10 times of that in the horizontal direction.(2) it is difficult to evacuate. the features of high-rise buildings are as followings: firstly, there are many floors and thevertical dimension is long, whats more, it will cost too much time to evacuate. secondly, population density is concentrated.thirdly, once it catches fire, air flow is unblocked and fires and smoke spread quickly. all of those increase the difficulty ofevacuation. some developed cities purchase a few of lift-up fire engines, while the majority cities with high-rise buildingshave no one, besides the height of them cant meet the requirement of safety evacuation and fighting. generally speaking,ordinary elevators dont work because they cant protect from smoke and fires or power fails. therefore, it depends on stairsto evacuate in majority high-rise buildings. of course it is difficult to evacuate, because the staircases are filled of smoke.all above are the main disadvantages to evacuate in high-rise buildings.(3) it is hard to put out the fire. it is fairly difficult to put out fires from outside because the height of high-rise buildingsranges from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. therefore we have to depend on self-save that are to say we have to putout fires by indoor fire apparatuses. due to the limitation of economy and technology, the indoor fire apparatuses of highrisebuildings are not perfect, especially for the second class of high-rise buildings. it is more difficult to put out fireshappening in high-rise buildings because of its strong thermal radiation, the speed of fire spreading, and the lack offirewater and so on.3. the analysis to the factors that may cause high-rise building firesit is an important part of the establishment of fire safety system and fire safety countermeasure to analyze the factors thatmay cause fires. thus the comprehensive analysis of the factors is an essential prerequisite to establish fire safety systemand to put forward fire safety countermeasure.the occurrence and development of fires do not happen in twinkling but a series of developing processes. it is a necessary condition for fires to have combustibles, comburent and ignition source together, while enough disaster-deducingfactors (such as building structure strength and material, fire load characteristic and distribute, the formation and strengthof ignition source, fire alarm system, fire equipment, emergency countermeasure, the group and so on) are the sufficientcondition. when the necessary condition mixes with the outside environmental condition, the fire will occur, develop andspread, then results in casualties and property loss. a partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss is madeby analyzing fire accident cases and it is shown just as fig 2.evidence from fig 2: the trend of building fire safety is not only related to the life-cycle of building, the sense of firesafety and the carrying out measures but also the related to personnel and the interfaces between systems that are consistedof personnel and buildings. these need to establish perfect fire protection system and strengthen three simultaneous.that is to say fire-fighting facilities must be designed, constructed and put in the production at the same time. it is notdifficult to recognize that the existence of defect events includes elements of safety management. that is to strengthen thesafety management and cultivate related personnel the safety sense of building fire protection after the hardware of building environment is determined.high-rise building fires are a kind of risk events which are threaten to life and property of people. there are aboutthousands of these events every year in our whole country, which have terrible impact on our whole society and takeenormous damages. in order to know and protect fire accidents, the danger level of bursting fire events should be decreasedand the danger should be controlled to lowest extent, besides it needs a perfect precautionary emergency program and awell-trained organization 5-7. analysis of the causes of high-rise building fires can not only help the emergency rescue butalso contribute to finding the defaults of precautionary system. if both of them can combine together and supply mutually,then fire safety system of high-rise buildings will be better.4. fire safety countermeasures of high-rise buildings safety is a best situation, where systems of man-machine-environment can realize mutual coordination. in order toachieve the goal, it needs to guarantee the safety of personnel and machine-environment. on one hand, some measures should be taken in technology to make the system of machine-environment with ability to ensure safety, on the other hand,the relationship between the personnel and the system of machine-environment in management should be coordinated. thatis to say we should realize the harmony of system from measures in both technology and management. fig 3 presentsbuilding fire safety system. the system emphases the timing relevance and the dynamic characteristics of building firesafety trend, which carries out the management based on preliminary hazard analysis. it achieves the change frompassiveness to initiative and the development from steady to trends.high-rise building fire safety activity is consisted of the fire prevention and the control of fire loss. in the view ofcontaining fires, the most important method is to prevent the meeting of the three elements of fire. if the meeting cant avoid,the environment should be controlled well to prevent their interaction or mechanism of action. in the terms of avoiding anddecreasing the loss of building fires, the exposure of life and property in time and space should be controlled firstly, then thedisaster inducement factors in the fire process should be limited. from fig 3, we can know that if innate fire safety trend ofbuildings is confirmed, which is consisted of buildings, inner equipments, apparatus and other hardware, then the majorityreasons causing fires is the defaults of management 8-9. so the building fire safety countermeasure should have theprocess property and be made of technology and management. whats more, because of the special properties of personnel,it is a key point to strengthen safety management. only if after correct plan, organization, supervision, coordination andother activities, technology equipments and other jobs will make some sense and give service to the building fire safety. interm of the analysis of building fire loss, the majority of basic events that the author puts forward in the existing technologyconditions can guarantee the building fire safety by improving and perfecting the safety management in order to control andeliminate hazards.in terms of fire safety, building, owners of building, the inner fire safety equipments, the rules of building andmanagement system is an organic integrity that is correlative and has mutual restriction. in order to achieve building firesafety, fire prevention of many factors, including personnel, building (including the inner equipments, facilities and so on),the related environmental factors, and their interaction should be controlled and coordinated. from the sequence of time(fig 3), building has different time phases such as design, construction, acceptance inspection, application and so on.whether fire safety measures are practicable in different phases has a profound influence on the next step. that is to say thejob in different phases is interrelated have mutual restriction. at the same time, in a time of stage in the building and the cross-section of the relevant personnel, job, all kinds of facilities and safety management system is also a connected andchecked each other organic integrity 10-11. according to the guiding ideology, in the process of implementation of fireprevention safety countermeasures, first step is to put the fire safety of buildings work as an integral subsystem and definiteorganizational mechanism and target; then, along the timing investigation buildings in design, construction and acceptance,various stages of fire prevention safety characteristics and working communication and determine the specific safetymanagement of the content and the technical countermeasures are applied to achieve the whole process of fire preventionmanagement; in the specific time sequence of stage cross section (some phase), the technical countermeasures and technicalcountermeasures coordination and management should be implemented, of which the most important is to emphasize theprocess of operation management, especially to emphasize the homework in danger analysis and the dynamic safetymanagement while management measures is regarded as the core. due to the overlapping of longitudinal and lateraldirection, the vertical should be emphasized as the main line in order to strengthen the manoeuvrability of the workrequirements, while the horizontal is the keypoint.5. conclusionsthe paper put the safety and prevention first as the principle and analyses the features of high-rise buildings fire to gainthe course of accident by understanding high-rise buildings and its fire and attain a partial event tree whose top event is thedirect fire hazard loss, while it combined with the current state of the economy. in view of the high-rise buildings fireproblem, this is a global problem, and several points are put forward as followings:(1) putting forward a new idea that is from man-machine (content, equipment, etc.) -environment, that is, the twoaspects of the technology (hardware) and management (software) should be take into consideration comprehensively tosolve problems in high-rise buildings fire prevention.(2) technology cant solve the problem that fire control facilities cant keep up with the increasing of the floor heighteffectively in a short term. in terms of the present economic situation in our country, a high-rise buildings fire preventionsafety system which takes the management as outline should be put forward while technology is a method and outstand theguiding and coordination that that management presents on technology.(3) our high-rise buildings should emphasize the four high-rise buildings fire safety countermeasures with the realizationof fire prevention safety system at the same time, and achieve technology and the management synchronous development assoon as possible. besides, high-rise building fire prevention safety system should be perfected.in order to solve the high-rise building fire prevention safety problem, this study hopes to provide some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.英文译文分析高层建筑火灾因素与防火措施摘要高层建筑火灾有很多特点,比如不同的起火方式、因素,火灾的各种蔓延形式,疏散的难度大和扑救困难等。因此为了达到最小火灾经济损失,综合因素分析高层建筑防火是必要的。建立高层建筑消防安全系统和对策开始从人-机-环境,也就是说技术和管理,突出的影响和协调指导管理到技术,管理和技术方法概述:建立和完善自救系统,加强“三个同步”,增强安全管理的相关人员，培养安全意识,探测火灾预防应急程序。这项研究旨在解决高层建筑的消防和提供一些实用价值的高层建筑设计、消防安全评估和建立预防应急程序。 1.介绍随着城市经济的发展,高层建筑和超级高楼大厦越来越因为高人口密度和土地价格增高而增多。如今在我国高层建筑向现代化,最大化和多功能方向发展。所以就变得很难从外面扑灭大火且疏散困难，比发生在普通建筑，考虑建筑较高、复杂的功能和多样化的设备。当然这往往很容易造成巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡事故。从公安部统计表明火灾在我们的城市明显逐年上升,特别是在高层建筑火灾占据很大的比例。在高层建筑火灾从1980年代到1990年代,然后稍微减轻在1990年代,但近年来,它已呈现上升趋势因为经济的高速发展。例如在2009年4月17日一次发生在湖北省武汉市政府办公大楼,两天后,一次发生在江苏省南京国际广场建筑,最近的2010年11月15日报告关于火灾发生在上海的一个较高的住宅建筑面积。主要原因是对建筑没有自动消防系统,也就是说灭火能力不能达到灭火要求,管理相关的人员和安全意识的缺乏。高层建筑的防火仍然是一个世界性的难题。作者根据高层建筑的特点和火灾减少火灾损失。建立高层建筑消防安全系统框架和强调消防安全对策从人-机-环境，就是说技术和管理。作者旨在提供一些实用价值来解决这个困难。2.高层建筑的火灾特点 高层建筑有三个特征:建筑结构是复杂;功能很复杂,人口密度高(复杂的功能,包括住宅、酒店、办公楼、商店等等);可燃物多,火灾荷载大(多可燃装饰材料,如天花板、壁布、可燃材料的塑料,壁纸,窗帘等)。(1) 火灾蔓延速度很快。高层建筑有许多楼梯、电梯井、管道井、气管、电缆竖井和许多其他垂直井。如果不安排合理的防火分隔,他们将成为高大烟囱,换句话说,他们将成为火灾传播通道。尤其是在高级酒店火灾,综合建筑、图书馆、办公楼和其他高层建筑，因为有大部分的可燃材料,一旦着火,火灾迅速传播和具有较高强度。据测定,由于空气对流,初期火灾水平速度烟雾扩散是0.3 m/s,当在中期的阶段,它可能达到火在3-4m/s，一个高层建筑有100米的高度,一旦起火，烟在30秒内通过竖井扩散到顶层,速度是水平方向的10倍。 （2）疏散困难。高层建筑的特点是,有下列情形之一的:首先,建筑物距离地面较高,更重要的是,它将花费太多的时间撤离。其次,人口密度集中。第三,一旦着火,空气流动畅通，大火和浓烟迅速蔓延。所有原因将增大疏散难度。一些发达城市购买的消防车,不能满足大多数城市的高层建筑的高度，不能满足安全疏散的要求和灭火能力。一般来说,在火灾发生时，普通电梯不工作,因为他们不能保证从烟雾和火灾中电源发生故障。因此,这完全依靠于多数高层建筑楼梯撤离。当楼梯充满烟雾，人员很难撤离。以上是主要的缺点在高层建筑疏散。 (3)扑灭难度大。它是相当难以扑灭大火从外面，因为高层建筑的高度从几十米到几百米。因此我们必须依靠自救,就是说我们必须依靠室内消防器材。由于经济和技术的限制,室内消防设备的费用高并不合理,尤其是对第二类高层建筑。在高层建筑火灾中，由于其强大的热辐射使得火灾更难以扑灭,火灾蔓延的速度,而缺乏有效消防水等等。3.分析可能会导致高层建筑火灾的因素 它的一个重要组成部分,建立消防安全制度和消防安全对策,分析引起火灾的因素。因此全面分析的因素是一个重要的先决条件,建立消防安全体系，提出消防安全对策。火灾的发生、发展不发生在瞬间,而是一系列的发展过程。火灾发生的必要条件是要有可燃物、燃料和点火来源在一起，有足够外在条件(如建筑结构强度和材料、消防负荷特性和分布,形成和点火来源、火灾报警系统、消防设备、应急对策等等)是火灾发生的条件。当混合的必要条件与外部环境条件,火会发生、发展蔓延,最终导致人员伤亡和财产损失。一个局部的火灾是造成直接的火灾损失的原因。 建筑消防安全的趋势不仅与建筑的生命周期相关,防火安全的意义和实施措施也是相关人员和系统之间配合。这些需要建立完善的消防系统和加强“三个同时”。也就是说消防设施必须设计、建造和投入生产在同一时间。它并不困难,认识到存在的缺陷事件包括元素的安全管理。这是加强管理和培养相关人员的安全意识。高层建筑火灾是一个非常危险事件，威胁到人们的生命和财产。这些事件每年在我们国家发生,严重影响我们整个社会和人身安全。为了了解和保护火灾事故、危险程度的爆炸火灾事件应该减少，应控制到最低程度,除了需要一个完善的预防应急程序和有效的消防组织。分析高层建筑火灾不仅可以帮助紧急救援，还有助于发现有效的预防系统。如果他们两个可以相互结合和供应,那么高层建筑消防安全系统会更好。4.高层建筑的消防安全对策 安全是一种最好的情况,系统的“人-机-环境”可以实现相互协调。为了发挥目标,它需要保证安全的人员和机械环境。一方面,应该采取措施在技术上，使系统的机器环境与能力结合,确保安全,另一方面,人员之间的关系和系统的机器环境管理应该协调。那说我们应该意识到有效的系统从技术和管理措施。 预防建筑消防安全系统，系统重点是时间相关性和动态特性的建筑物防火安全趋势,落实管理基于初步危害分析。它达到了改变,从