声光控开关电路设计—学士学位毕业论文.doc

沈阳理工大学学士学位论文摘 要众所周知，中国的用电紧张已经到了十分迫切的程度，据专家估计：如果从2000年开始的缺电计算，10年来“电荒”给国民经济的直接和间接损失已将近2万亿人民币。人们的生产劳动和生活都离不开电，特别是在中国用电需求量一直在激增的这样一个发展中国家，因此推广节能技术势在必行。照明开关与人民日常生活息息相关，特别在户外的电灯，常常由于没人负责，整晚都开在那里，极大的浪费了电能。随着建设和谐社会步伐的不断推进，节能技术越来越受到电子技术领域的重视。公共场所和居民居住区的公共楼道普遍使用机械手动开关，由于各种原因往往出现许多灯泡点亮长明的现象，故使灯泡寿命短,浪费电量，为国家、单位、个人造成经济损失。另外，由于频繁开关或其他人为因素，墙壁开关的损坏率很高，既增大了维修量、浪费了资金，又容易造成事故隐患。因此，设计研制一种电路新颖、安全节电、结构简单、安装方便的声光双控白炽灯节能自动开关显得相当有必要。使公共场所和居民居住区的公共楼道灯在白天时不亮，晚上闻声自亮，待人走后，几十秒后自动关闭，既方便，又省电。以往的声控开关大多都是应用模拟电子技术进行设计，分立元件多，不可靠，如今单片机技术已经相当成熟，运用单片机可以设计出智能型的声控开关，电路设计好后，运用软件编程来实现其功能，灵活方便，修改简单。本文所设计的声光控开关电路就能充分满足节能的要求。关键词：单片机；声光控电路；节能abstractas we all know, power of china shortage has reached a level very urgent, according to experts predict: if calculating losses of the power shortage since 2000,approximately 10 years, electricity shortage to the national economy of the direct and indirect losses have been nearly 2 trillion yuan.peoples productive labor and life are inseparable from power, especially in china,a developing country,which has been in surge demand in electricity,so it is imperative to promote energy-saving technologies.light switches is associated with the people daily lives,especially in outdoor lighting,often because of nobodys responsibility,they are always open all night there,which result in a huge waste of energy.with the pace of building a harmonious society progresses,more and more attention is paid to energy-saving technology of electronic technology in the field of attention the mechanical hand switches are used widely in the public places and the residential areas. bulbs for a variety of reasons to be many long-radio phenomenons.to the state,units and individuals.the short life of light bulbs and wasting of electricity,result in the wall switches is high.it not only increases maintenance load but also wastes money.it is easy to cause accident.therefore,it is necessary to design a new automatic switch,a circuit design of new development,safe revenue and simple structure.convenient installation of double-charged incandescent lamp-optical switching is a fairly automatic need.so the lamps of public places and the residential areas are not bright during the daytime.they are on when the sound appearing.when people go away,the lamp closes up within seconds.it is not only convenient but also economic.in the past time,electrical technique was applied in the analog-electronic-technology switches designing.the separate components are more and unreliable.now,the technology develops quite well.we can design the intelligent switches depend on signal-chip computer.we can achieve the function through the software programming.it is convenient and easy to modify.key words：signal-chip computer；sound and llight control circuit；energy conservation目录摘 要iabstractii1 绪论11.1 声光控开关的概述11.2 声光控开关的现状及其发展11.3 课题研究的内容及设计方案11.3.1 课题研究的内容11.3.2 设计方案思路的论证与原理方框图22 系统硬件电路的设计52.1 单片机atmega16的介绍52.1.1 atmega16产品特性62.1.2 atmega16引脚功能72.1.3 atmega16内核介绍92.2 电源电路的设计与分析112.3 声光采集及控制电路的设计与分析122.3.1 传感器的概述122.3.2 声敏传感器的定义，分类及工作原理122.3.3 光敏传感器的定义，分类及工作原理132.3.4 集成运放的频率响应和频率补偿152.3.5 光采集及控制电路的设计与分析172.3.6 声音采集及控制电路的设计与分析182.3.7 声光控开关系统的总电路图与总体实现193 系统软件的设计203.1 程序设计语言203.1.1 c语言的诞生与发展203.1.2 c语言的特点203.2 系统流程图203.3 系统主程序213.4 编程软件253.4.1 编程软件简介253.4.2 avr studio简单的使用介绍253.5 下载软件304 产品的制作、安装与调试314.1 电路图的绘制314.2 元件的认识与检测314.3 元件的安装焊接与系统调试324.3.1 元件安装的基本要求与原则324.3.2 元器件的焊接324.3.3 系统调试与分析33结 论34致 谢35参考文献36附录a 英文原文37附录b 汉语翻译41附录c 系统硬件原理图44121 绪论1.1 声光控开关的概述声光控节电开关是根据光电控制原理设计而成的新型高精度开关，它通过光电信号转换，以自然光控制信号的选通与封锁，既可及时照明，又可节省电能，是控制户外照明的理想产品。1.2 声光控开关的现状及其发展声光控节电开关以其噪音小、插入损耗低、驱动电压小、驱动功率低、可以根据需要设计开关速率等优点，成为极具竞争力的声光控照明节电开关。作为重要的开关器件， 1.3 课题研究的内容及设计方案1.3.1 课题研究的内容 据报道，全世界的资源都无力支撑我国按目前的方式发展实现现代化的目标。因此，我们必须依靠科学的方式，以发达国家今天的技术和发展模式作为未来前进的蓝本，通过科学的使用能源，科学的配置能源和科学的管理能源来解决我国现代化的能源不足的问题。 现代电子产品正在以前所未有的革新速度，向着功能多样化，体积最小化，功耗最低化的方向迅速发展，它与传统电子产品在设计上的显著区别一是大量使用大规模可编写芯片，以提高产品性能，缩小产品体积，降低产品功耗，二是广泛运用现代计算机技术，以提高电子设计自动化程序，缩短开发周期，提高产品的竞争力。单片机的单芯片2 系统硬件电路的设计2.1 单片机atmega16的介绍2.1.1 atmega16产品特性 1、高性能、低功耗的8位avr微处理器 2、先进的risc 结构 （1）131条指令 2.1.2 atmega16引脚功能atmega16引脚如图2.1所示图2.1 atmega16引脚图1、vcc：电源正。2、gnd：电源地。表2.1声敏传感器的分类分类原理传感器构成电磁变换动电型动圈式麦克风，扁型麦克风，动圈式拾音器线圈和磁铁电磁型电磁型麦克风（助听器）电磁型拾音器磁记录再生磁头磁铁和线圈高导磁率合金或铁氧体和线圈磁致伸缩型水中受波器特殊麦克风镍和线圈铁氧体和线圈静电变换静电型电容式麦克风驻极体麦克风静电型拾音器电容器和电源驻极体压电型麦克风石英水声换能器罗吸烟，石英，压电高分子（）电致伸缩型麦克风水声换能器压电双晶片型拾音器钛酸钡（）锆钛酸铅()电阻变换接触阻抗型电话用碳粒送话器阻抗变换器电阻丝应变型麦克风半导体应变变换器电阻丝应变计和电源半导体应变计和电源光电变换相位变化型干涉型声传感器再生用传感器光源，光纤和光检测器激光光源和光检测器光量变化型光量变化型声传感器光源，光纤和光检测器3 系统软件的设计3.2 系统流程图初始化采集光信号采集声音信号开灯时间到？有声？晚上？选择时间关灯结束是是是否否否开始系统流程图如图3.1所示图3.1 系统流程图结 论本设计是一个典型的利用单片机与声光处理系统来进行对声光控开关的研究，并有效的进行控制，它具有全集成化，智能化，高精度，高性能，高可靠性和低价格等优点，是值得推广的一种方法。在设计本作品时，我通过查阅网络与图书馆搜集到的资料，再加上指导老师的指导与资料提供，与生活中对于单片机以及一些集成电路的工作原理的观察研究相结合，设计出了这一套声光控开关主要硬件系统结构，基本完成了课题的要求，但是由于设计的理论基础尚浅，对课题的研究经验还不成熟，使得在技术的解决与运用上显得粗糙了一些，在某些技术关键上的叙述不能达到详细、精辟。但是这个系统的设计却不缺乏自己的特点和创新点，归纳为以下几点：1、该产品的互换性好，响应速度快，抗干扰能力强，外围电路简单易懂，因此体积小。2、该系统能用软件的方式设计硬件，所以用软件方式设计的系统向硬件系统的转换是由有关开发软件自动完成的，易操作。3、设计过程中可以对有关软件进行各种仿真，且系统可现场编程。4、可以从以前的组合设计转向真正的自由设计，所以设计的移植性好，效率高，可适合大规模的现场控制。5、因为整个系统可集成在一个芯片上，因此体积小，功耗低，可靠边性更高。由于考虑到了成本使用的问题，在硬件上使用了运放lm324，考虑到系统的电源稳定性，所以我们采用了三端稳压块lm7805，与时同时结合了单片机的运用；在软件上，充分利用了atmega16的强大功能，实现了信息的快速处理和控制、显示功能，能精确检测。硬件结构简单，软件采用c语言实现，程序简单可读写性强，效率高。与传统的电路系统相比，其有处理速度快、稳定性高、性价比高的优点。由于本人的水平有限，在设计当中，难免会有不少的缺点和不足之处，恳请各位老师批评并改正。致 谢参考文献1 武庆生，仇梅.单片机原理与应用.成都：电子科技大学出版社，1998.2 马潮.avr单片机嵌入式系统原理与应用实践.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2007.3 耿德根，宋建国，叶勇建.avr高速嵌入式单片机原理与应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001.附录a 英文原文date acquisitiondate acquisition systems are used to acquire process operating data and store it on secondary storage devices for later analysis. many of the data acquisition systems acquire this data at very high speeds and very little computer time is left to carry out any necessary, or desirable, data manipulations or reduction. all the data are stored on secondary storage devices and manipulated subsequently to derive the variables of interest. it is very often necessary to design special purpose data acquisition systems and interfaces to acquire the high speed process data. this special purpose design can be an expensive proposition.powerful mini- and mainframe computers are used to combine the data acquisition with other functions such as comparisons between the actual output and the desirable output values, and to then decide on the control action which must be taken to ensure that the output variables lie within pre-set limits. the computing power required will depend upon the type of process control system implemented .software requirements for carrying out proportional, ratio or three term control of process variables are relatively trivial , and microcomputers can be used to implement such process control systems . it would not be possible to use many of the currently available microcomputers for the implementation of high speed adaptive control systems which require the use of suitable process models and considerable on-line manipulation of data.microcomputer based data loggers are used to carry out intermediate functions such as data acquisition at comparatively low speeds, simple mathematical manipulations of raw data and some forms of data reduction. the first generation of data loggers, without any programmable computing facilities, were used simply for slow speed data acquisition from up to one hundred channels. all the acquired data could be punched out on paper tape or printed for subsequent analysis. such hardwired data loggers are being replaced by the new generation of data loggers which incorporate microcomputers and can be programmed by the user. they offer an extremely good method of collecting the process data, using standardized interfaces, and subsequently performing the necessary manipulations to provide the information of interest to the process operator. the data acquired can be analyzed to establish correlations, if any, between process variables and to develop mathematical models necessary for adaptive and optimal process control.the data acquisition function carried out by data loggers varies from one logging system to another. simple data logging systems acquire data from a few channels while complex systems can receive data from hundreds, or even thousands, of input channels distributed around one or more processes. the rudimentary data loggers scan select number of channels, connected to sensors or transducers , in a sequential manner and the data are recorded in digital format. a data logger can be dedicated in the sense that it can only collect data from particular types of sensors and transducers. it is best to use a non-dedicated data logger since any transducer or sensor can be connected to the use of appropriate signal conditioning modules.microcomputer controlled data acquisition facilitates the scanning of a large number of sensors. the scanning rate depends upon the signal dynamics which means that some channels must be scanned at very high speeds in order to avoid aliasing errors while here is very little loss of information by scanning other cannels at slower speeds. in some data logging applications the faster channels require sampling at speeds of up to 100 times per second while slow channels can be sampled once every five minutes. the conventional hardwired, non-programmable data loggers sample all the channels in a sequential manner and the sampling frequency of all the channels must be the same. this procedure results in the accumulation of very large amounts of data, some of which is unnecessary, and also slows down the overall effective sampling frequency. microcomputer based data loggers can be used to scan some fast channels at a higher frequency than other slow speed channels.the vast majority of the user programmable data loggers can be used to scan up to 1000 analog and 1000 digital input channels. a small number of data loggers, with a higher degree of sophistication, are suitable for acquiring data from up to 15,000 analog and digital channels. the data from digital channels can be in the form of transistor-transistor logic or contact closure signals. analog data must be converted into digital format before it is recorded and requires the use of suitable analog to digital converters (adc). the characteristics of the adc will define the resolution that can be achieved and the rate at which the various channels can be sampled. an increase in the number of bits used in the adc improves the resolution capability. successive approximation adcs are faster than integrating adcs. many microcomputer controlled data loggers include a facility to program the channel scanning rates. typical scanning rates vary from 2channels per second to 10,000 channels per second.most data loggers have a resolution capability of 0.001% or better. it is also possible to achieve a resolution of 1 micro-volt. the resolution capability, in absolute terms, also depends upon the range of input signals, standard input signal ranges are 0-1- volt, 0-50 volt and 0-100 volt. the lowest measurable signal varies form 1 uvolt to 50 uvolt .a higher degree of recording accuracy can be achieved by using modules which accept data in small, selectable rages. an alternative is the auto ranging facility available on some data loggers.the accuracy with which the data are acquired and logged on the appropriate storage device is extremely important. it is therefore necessary that the data acquisition module should be able to reject common mode noise and common mode voltage. typical common mode noise rejection capabilities lie in the range 110 db to 150db. a decibel (db) is a term which defines the ratio of the power levels of two signals. thus if the reference and actual signals have power levels of nr and na respectively, they will have a ratio of n decibels, where n=10 log 10 (na /nr) protection against maximum common mode voltages of 200 to 500 volt is available on typical microcomputer based data loggers.the voltage input to an individual data logger channel is measured, scaled and linearised before any further data manipulations or comparisons are carried out.in many situations, it becomes necessary to alter the frequency at which particular channels are sampled depending upon the values of data signals received from a particular input sensor. thus a channel might normal be sampled once every 10 minutes. if, however, the sensor signals approach the alarm limit, then it is obviously desirable to sample that channel once every minute or even faster so that the operators can be informed, thereby avoiding any catastrophes. microcomputer controlled intelligent data loggers may be programmed to alter the sampling frequencies depending upon the