制冷剂外文翻译.doc

refrigerant losssystems lose refrigerant naturally at around 10(r)c15% per annum causing a range of seconda problems including:1.poor cooling (r)c most noticeable in hot weather2.impaired lubrication (r)c often eventually causing compressor failure3.air in system (r)c can cause reduction in cooling and speed up internal system corrosion4.moisture in system (r)c can cause blockage and contribute to corrosion servicing a/c systems regularly will not only improve performance and fuel economy it wil also minimise the risk of damage.general system diagnostics and repairsunfortunately,as preventive maintenance has not always been standard practice,a/c systems have suffered years of neglect.the result is often component or system failure.the position- ing of the condenser at the front of the vehicle also makes it vulnerable to salt corrosion,stone damage etc.technological developmentthe development of new technology requires new methods and procedures as well as possible certification.training agencies can provide educational support to promote working practices and equipment suppliers will have opportunities to provide new machines that work with new based systems prevail (2008) then new practices will need to a/c systems or refrigerant.if co be introduced.this is an opportunity for experts in the field to provide training and resources to help with this learning transition.training opportunitiesthe uk has a number of industrial and educational training providers. most receive accreditation as training centres under the guidance of awarding bodies.the automotive sector uses a number of awarding bodies (r)c city & guilds,and the institute of the motor industry (imi) are among few of them.the criteria set by these bodies are generated through the collaboration between education and industry.currently there is no legislation requiring the motor vehicle sector to attend training courses enabling them to work on vehicles with air-conditioning.the only require-ments under the epa act are the safe handling of refrigerants.this is also required in the us.compulsory training (r)c safe handling of refrigerants (r)c citb (construction indust training board)the environment protection act forbids the deliberate discharge of refrigerants into the atmosphere.where refrigerant has to be removed from a system and cannot be immediately reused, it is recovered and sent for recycling or disposal by suitably regulated companies who employ competent engineers to undertake this task. these engineers need to be up to date with the latest legislation and practice if they work on the installation,commissioning,servicing or repairing of refrigerant equipment.the bes refrigerants scheme covers safe handling of refrigerants.passing the appropriate assessments awards a citb-construction skills certificate and card, which is used to prove competence to work with refrigerants in accordance with the environ-mental protection act.voluntary education (r)c air-condition in city & guilds 6048 motor vehicle air conditioning (service and repair)the city & guilds 6048 motor vehicle air conditioning certificate is a recognised qualification and the course covers the underpinning knowledge of vehicle refrigeration and air-conditioning. this course is accredited by city & guilds and monitored and assessed by air parts europe ltd.the course length is approximately 20 hours.the course is ideal for part-time attendance as a short professional course allowing students to apply their knowledge in their working context.most candidates work in the motor vehicle service industry and require knowledge to expand their business into the a/c service and repair industry.the underpinning knowledge required to complete the course is covered in this book.city & guilds progression award level 3city & guilds offer air-conditioning training at level 3 of their progression award,unit 7 (r) diagnose faults and repair systems and components (r)c air-conditioning and climate control xviautomotive air-conditioning and climate control systems. the unit is currently optional although it is hoped that eventually it will become compulsory. due to the possible future standard fitment of a/c systems.the underpinning knowledge required to complete the unit is covered in this book.this unit is generally delivered with core and other optional units enabling the candidate to gain full certification.institute of the motor industry (imi)the imi is the leading awarding body for the retail motor industry.they offer a range of qual-ifications from level 1 to level 5:level 1(r)c vocational qualifications are pre-apprenticeship programmes for students from 1 years old, in school or further education. these qualifications teach basic knowledge and routine tasks.level 2 (r)c suitable for those who have a level 1 qualification, or are likely to achieve gcs grades d(r)cf in english, mathematics and a science-based subject. these qualifications cove routine tasks and require previous knowledge or work experience.level 3(r)c suitable for those who have achieved a level 2 qualification,or are likely to achiev gcse grades a(r)cc in english, mathematics and a science-based subject.these superviso level qualifications cover non-routine,more complex tasks and require previous knowledge or work experience.level 4 and above(r)c management and master technician level qualifications, for those wh have already achieved a level 3 qualification. these enable progression to higher education, management and level 5 qualifications and give a good grounding in the skills required to run a business.the imi offer qca (qualifications and curriculum authority) courses and qualifications in a/c as well as a/c within other units of study.the imi also offers automative technician accreditation.automotive technician accreditation (ata)ata is a voluntary assessment programme for technicians working in the retail motor indus-ry.it has the backing of major vehicle manufacturers,independent service and repair organ-isations and automotive skills,which is the sector skills council for the retail motor industry.automotive technician accreditation is governed by the institute of the motor industry(imi),and ata registered technicians sign and are bound by a special code of conduct.theyare issued with a photo identity card and their details are included on the ata website.ata brings major benefits for consumers,technicians and employers including:consumer confidence in ata registered technicians and the organisations employing them.proof of current technical competence and professional responsibility.a benchmark for technician recruitment and training.united statescompulsory education (r)c safe handling of refrigerant. all technicians opening the refrigeration circuit in automotive air-conditioning systems must now be certified in refrigerant recovery and recycling procedures and be in compliance with section 609 of the clean air act amendments of 1990. macs (mobile air conditioning society) offer a booklet and test which can be downloaded from the internet or obtained by post.upon completion the candidate is awarded a certificate in the safe handling of refrigerants in line with the requirements set out by the epa.ase certificationaseos mission is improve the quality of automotive repair and service through the voluntary testing and certifi-cation of service professionals.approximately 400000 professionals hold current ase credentials.becoming an accredited automotive hvac training provider can offer opportunities to gen-erate income from educating and develop links with the service industry for skill and knowledge updating.this could also lead to aftermarket supply of tools and consumables.educational train-based a/c systems espe-ing could certainly be an area for growth with the introduction of co .if the technicians are required to be licensed due to the hazards of working with such systems.1.air-conditioning fundamentalsthe aim of this chapter is to:give an overview of the historical development of the heating and ventilation system and introduction of the air-conditioning (a/c) system.provide the reader with a case study on the design and optimisation of an air-conditioning (a/c) system.enable the reader to understand the fundamental principles and operation of the heating, cooling,ventilation and air-conditioning system.introduce the possible replacement refrigerant/system to r134a.1.1history of automotive air-conditioning systemsthe early history of transportation systems starts mainly with the horse drawn carriage.this was eventually surpassed by the invention of the automobile.early automobiles had cabin spaces that were open to the outside environment.this means that the occupants had to adjust there clothing to allow for different weather conditions.closed cabin spaces were eventually introduced which required heating,cooling and ventilating to meet customer expectations.early heating systems included heating clay bricks and placing them inside the vehicle or using simple fuel burners to add heat to the vehicleos interior.ventilation inside the vehicle was achieved through opening o tilting windows or the windscreen;vents were added to doors and bulkhead to improve air circu-lation and louvred panels were the equivalent to our modern air ducts.air flow was difficult tocontrol because it was dependent upon the vehicle speed and sometimes would allow dirty,humid air which contained fumes to enter the interior from the engine compartment.cooling could be as simple as having a block of ice inside the vehicle and allowing it to melt! eventually a number of design problems were overcome,these included air vents at the base of the windscreen for nat-ural flow ventilation and electric motors to increase the flow at low speeds.eventually heat exchangers were introduced which used either the heat from the exhaust system or water from the cooling system as a source,to heat the inside of the vehicle cabin.early cabin cooling systems were aftermarket sourced and worked on evaporative cooling.they consisted of a box or cylinder fitted to the window of the vehicle.the intake of the unit would allow air to enter from outside and travel through a water soaked wire mesh grille and excelsior cone inside the unit.the water would evaporate due to absorbing the heat in the air and travel through the outlet of the unit which acted as a feed to the inside of the vehicle.the water was held in a reservoir inside the unit and had to be topped up to keep the cone wet otherwise the unit would not operate.the air enter-ing the vehicle would be cool if the relative humidity of the air entering the unit was low.if the rel-ative humidity of the air was high then the water could not evaporate.when the unit was working effectively it would deliver cool saturated water vapour to the inside of the vehicle which raised the humidity levels.these units were only really effective in countries with very low humidity.译文：制冷剂损失系统制冷剂失去大约10%-15%(r)c造成的一系列二次污染问题包括:1.少量的冷却液(r)c在炎热的天气里是值得注意的。2.润滑(r)受损造成压缩机经常失效。3.空气在系统(r)c中将导致减缓冷却、加快系统内部的腐蚀。4.水分在系统(r)c中将引起堵塞和加快腐蚀。服务系统能够提高性能和燃油经济性，而且它很快就会恢复，使损害的风险最小化。一般系统诊断和维修预防性维修一直做的都不正规，a / c系统在几年来一直是受忽视，结果往往是部件损坏或系统故障。把冷凝器放在车辆的前面也使它容易盐腐蚀，损坏等。新技术的发展新技术的发展需要新的方法和很的好认证工序。培训机构能提供教育，支持并促进工作实践，将有机会与设备供应商提供的新机器合作，在流行(2008)的新系统实践a / c系统或冷冻需要的新系统基础上运用。如果公司被认可，这就是一个学习的机会让该领域的专家提供培训和资源帮助。培训机会英国拥有一批工业和教育培训机构，大多数在培训中心指导下得到认可。这只是在汽车行业中，颁发机构(r)c和某市公会,汽车工业协会(位imi)之中其中的一些。这些团体所设定的标准是通过教育和文化生成之间的协作。目前没有立法要求机动车部门参加培训课程，使他们工作在汽车行业。唯一的要求是在epa条例闪光的安全处理制冷剂。这也是我们所要求的。强制性培训(r)c安全运转(r)c citb制冷剂(施工生产的训练委员会)环境保护法案禁止故意排放制冷剂进入空气中。在冷却中必须移除一个系统,而无法立刻循环再用,它是被回收公司雇用合格的工程师去适当调整恢复和发送或处置完成这一任务。如果工程师工作在安装,调试,维修或修理制冷设备，他们需要了解最新的立法和实践中所出现的问题,。 东德 (bes) 制冷剂的安全处理的方案包括制冷 剂。 是通过适当的评估 citb-construction技能证书和奖金,卡片,这是按照环境- 心理保护法用于证明工作能力与制冷剂。义务教育(r)c-在城市和公会6048汽车空调(服务和维修)这个城市和公会6048汽车空调证书是一个公认的资格，本课程涵盖了了解车辆制冷和空调的知识。本课程由市和认证协会共同监测和评估空气部分欧洲空气有限公司。大约是行驶里程20小时。本课程是一个简短的专业课程，适合在他们工作的闲暇时间让学生能应用所学的知识 。大多数候选人的工作在汽车服务业，需要在a / c服务和维修行业，用知识来拓展业务。所用的基础知识，可以用这本书完成此课程。城市发展和工会奖三级城市和公会提供空调训练他们课程的三级进展奖,第7单元(r)的故障诊断和维修系统和元件(r)c，空调和气候控制，空调和气候控制系统xviautomotive。该单位尽管是目前是可选择的，虽然它希望最终会成为强制性的。由于未来可能的标准装修的a / c系统。在这本书中基础的知识,必须完成的单位。这个单位是一般由交付与核心和其他可选的单位使候选人拥有了认证。汽车工业协会imi在零售的汽车产业是全球首屈一指的培训机构。他们提供了一系列的品质培训从一级到五级水平:一级(r)c职业资格学徒期课程是为学生从1岁开始在学校或继续教育，这是教授基本的知识和常规任务。二级(r)c适合那些有一级资质,或者有可能达到gcs分数维(r)cf在英语、数学和科学学科中。这些任职资格,讲授基本的知识和工作经验。三级(r)c适用于那些已经取得了二级资质,或者有可能gcse成绩突出在英语、数学和科学学科中。这些等级证书包括非常规的，更复杂的任务，需要基础知识或工