2014年职称英语考试 卫生类 新增文章汇总 完整版 字典版 可以直接打印.pdf

职称英语卫生类教材新增职称英语卫生类教材新增 第二部分阅读判断 第九篇what is a dream? for centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. in fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions. before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. the austrian psychologist, sigmund freud1， was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. in his famous book, the interpretation of dreams (1900), freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. the swiss psychiatrist carl jung2 was once a student of freuds. jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. he thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. for example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. on the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. for example, psychologist william domhoff from the university of california, santa cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. a criminal, for example, might dream about crime. domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. his research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. according to domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. he has also found a link between dreams and gender. his studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. for example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. this is not true of womens dreams.3 domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones. can dreams help us understand ourselves? psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. however, one thing they agree on this: if you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. the dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 词汇： psychologist / sakldst / n心理学家 psychiatrist /sai kaitrst/ n精神病学家(医生) austrian /strn / adj奥地利的 gender /dend / n性别 注释： 1sigmund freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939)，犹太人， 奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。 他 认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的， 性的扰乱是精神病的根 本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常 生活的心理病理学 精神分析引论 精神分析引论新编等。 2carl jung：卡尔荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理 学的创始人。 3for example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. this is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打 斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。 练习： 1not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 2according to freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 3jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 4in the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 5according to domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 6men and women dream about different things. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 7scientists agree that dreams predict the future. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 答案与题解 1a这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认 为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以 揭示人的思维和情感。 2 a第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现 实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。 3b第四段的第二句和第三句：jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）he thoughtpeople could learn moreabout themselvesby thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦 能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。 4c文中没有提及。 5a依据第六段，domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多 的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备 成人做梦的能力。 6a本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人 和女人做的梦是不同的。 7b最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不 表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。 第十三篇stage fright1 fall down as you come onstage. thats an odd trick. not recommended. but it saved the pianist vladimir feltsman when he was a teenager back in moscow. the veteran cellist mstislav rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 mr. feltsman said, “ all my fright was gone. i already fell. what else could happen?” today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. there areavariety ofstrategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3 teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,4tomental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. dont deny that youre jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.andplayinpublicoften,simplyforthe experience. psychotherapist diane nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “and not one of these please dont kill me smiles. then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” she doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge. extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says dorothy delay, a well-known violin teacher. she tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. when lynn harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the cleverland orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “there were times when i got so nervous i was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. it was just total panic. i came to a point where i thought, if i have to go through this to play music, i think i m going to look for another job.”5 recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6 it is not only young artists who suffer, of course. the legendary pianist vladimir horowitzs nerves were famous. the great tenor franco corelli is another example. “they had to push him on stage,” soprano renata scotto recalled. actually，success can make things worse. “in the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don t have any expectations,”soprano june anderson said. “theres less to lose. later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. you have a lot to lose.” anderson added，“i never stop being nervous until ive sung my last note.” 词汇： veteran /vetrn / adj经验丰富的 jittery /dtri / adj紧张不安的 mentor /ment: / n指导者 soprano / sprpr:n/ n女高音；女高音歌手 cellist/telst / n大提琴演奏家 abdominal / bdmnl / adj腹部的 fallible/flbl / adj易犯错误的 tenor /ten/ n男高音 注释： 1stage fright：舞台恐惧 2the veteran cellist mstislav rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic资深大提 琴家mstislav rostropovich故意把vladimir feltsman绊倒， 因 而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。cure somebody of something (illness, problem)：医治好病（解决问题） 3 its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和 大脑一片空白。 4teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out ：老师和心理 学家提出了方方面面的建议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂 熟于心 inside out： in great detail详细地，从里到外 地 5 i came to a point where i thought， “ if i have to go through this to play music, i think im going to look for another job. ”我曾经一度认为，如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧 这一关的话，这项工作不能做。 6recovery,hesaid,involveddeveloping humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster. 不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感，即认识到不管你多有才，你也会 出错，一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。 练习： 1falling down onstage was not a good way for vladimir feltsman to deal with his stage fright. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 2there are many signs of stage fright. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 3teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 4to perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 5if you have stage fright, its helpful to have friendly audience. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 6often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 7famous musicians never suffer from stage fright. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 答案与题解： 1b本文第一段讲的是钢琴家vladimir feltsman被mstislav rostropovich绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。 2a第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、 身 体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。 3b本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台 恐惧者提供全方位的建议。 4a依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至 是必要的） 5c第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三 位友好的面孔，与他们用眼光交流。所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己 而不是指望所有的观众都友好。 6 a第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要 求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。 7b第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家 vladimir horowitz和男高音franco corelli亦不能幸免。never 一词不恰当。 第十四篇azeri hills hold secret of long life you can see for kilometers from the mountains where allahverdi ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers. the view from amburdere in southern azerbaijan toward the iranian border is spectacular, but mr. ibadov barely gives it a second glance. why should he? hes been coming here nearly every day for 100 years. according to his carefully preserved passport, mr. ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler, is at least 105 years old. his wife, who died two years ago, was even older. they are among the dozens of people in this beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives. mr. ibadovs eldest son has just turned 70. he lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.1 “im an old man now i look after the sheep, and i prepare the wood for winter. i still have something to do. “ a lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave in this region. scientists admit there appears to be something in the azeri mountains that gives local people a longer, healthier life than most. miri ismailovs family in the tiny village of tatoni are convinced that they know what it is. mr. ismailov is 110, his great-great-grandson is four. they share one proud boast: neither has been to a doctor. “there are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines”; explained mr. ismailovs daughter, elmira. “we know exactly what they can do. we are our own doctors.， there is one herb for high blood pressure，another for kidney stones，and a third for a hacking cough. they are carefullycollectedfromtheslopessurroundingthe village. experts from the azerbaijan academy of science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. they have been studying longevity in this region for years. it began as a rare joint soviet-american project in the 1980s， but these studies are not being funded any more. azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. another plant, made into a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect,” said chingiz gassimov, a scientist at the academy. the theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the caucasus 200 years ago.2 the russians life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mountain folk though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the russian heartland. “over the decades，i believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals” , professor gassimov said. “its been slowly transferred down the generations.” but mr. ismailov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around for too long to get overexcited. “theres no secret,” he shrugged dismissively. “i look after the cattle and i eat well. life goes on.” 词汇： herd / h:d / vt放牧 boast / bust / vt以有而自豪 longevity / lndeviti / n长寿 caucasus /丨k:kss / n高加索 dismissively /dismisivli/ adv轻蔑地 spectacular / spektkjul / adj壮观的 hacking cough干咳 saffron /sfrn / n藏红花 indigenous /nddns / adj本土的 注释： 1he lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has. 他很久以前就数不清他有多少个孙辈孩子。lost count：弄不清 楚，数不清 2the theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the caucasus 200 years ago.当地人已经具备 长寿的遗传素质，一组关于俄罗斯移民的研究证实了这一理论。 他 们的 祖 先 在两 百 年 前被 流 放到 高 加 索地 区 。 genetic predisposition：遗传素质 练习： 1amburdere is a city in southern azerbaijan. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 2allahverdi ibadov does not know exactly how old he is. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 3mr. ibadov cant do any kind of work anymore. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 4miri ismailovhas never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 5people in thisregion enjoy a easy and rich life. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 6elmira ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 7scientists think peoples genes might affect how long they live. arightbwrongcnot mentioned 答案与题解： 1a从第一段的第二句前半句the view from amburdere in southernazerbaijantowardtheiranianborderis spectacular中的amburdere in southern azerbaijan可以看出， amburdere在azerbaijan的南部。 2a通过第三段的第一句中的mr. ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler以及at least 105 years old可以断定，连他自己也不知道他的确切年龄。 3b从第四段的mr. ibadov自己的叙述：“im an old man now i look after the sheep, and i prepare the wood for winter. i still have something to do. ”可以看出，ibadov仍旧在劳 作。 4b第六段讲的是miri ismailov一家人都住在一个小山村里， 他110岁，他的玄孙4岁，他们有同一个引以为豪的事：都没有看 过医生。本句说ismailov没有看过医生，而他的玄孙看过医生。 5c句的意思是：这个地区的人们生活无忧无虑且富足。本文 虽然提到这个地区的人们身体健康且长寿， 但没有提及他们的生 活情况。 6b第六段和第七段虽然讲我们是我们自己的医生，这是一个 比喻，意思是我们不用医生，我们吃的东西（山上的植物）具有 保健作用。所以elmira的职业不是医生。 7 a本句的意思是： 科学家们认为， 基因可能影响人们的寿命。 第九段的第一句所表达的意思与本句相符： 当地人具备了长寿的 遗传素质（genetic predisposition)，他们具有长寿基因。 第五部分补全短文 第四篇the bilingual brain when karl kim immigrated to the united states from korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning english. now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.1 as a graduate student,kimworkedinthelabofjoyhirsch,a neuroscientist in new york. _1_ they found evidence that children and adults dont use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. the researchers used an instrument called an mri2 (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. _2_. the other consisted of people who， like kim，learned their second language later in life. people from both groups were placed inside the mri scanner. this allowed kim and hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. they asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. they couldnt speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. kim and hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - brocas area3, which is believed to control speech production, and wernickes area3, which is thought to process meaning. kim and hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of wernickes area no matter what language they were speaking. _3_ people who learned a second language as children used the same region in brocas area for both their first and second languages. people who learned a second language later in life used a different part of brocas area for their second language. _4_ hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. _5_ 词汇： immigrate /mgret / vt使移居入境 scanner /skn / n扫描仪 bilingual / balgw() l / adj具备双语能力的 neuroscientist /njrsantst / n.神经系统科学 家 unique / ju:ni:k / adj.独特的 disrupt / disrpt /使中断 注释： 1 now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.现在他 说一口流利的英语， 并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如 何适应第二语言的。adapt to：适应 2mri (magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像 3bmcas area：布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区， 它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生。与wernickes area共同 形成语言系统。布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑 (通常位于左侧），这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故。1861 年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗。布罗卡（paul broca，1824 1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域，位 于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区，故以其发现者的名字命名为 布罗卡区。 练习： abut their use of brocas area was different. bone group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. chow does hirsch explain this difference? dwe use special parts of the brain for language learning. eand that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class. ftheir work led to an important discovery. 答案与题解： 1f根据本空的后一句：they found evidence that children and adults dont use the same parts of the brain when they learnasecondlanguage. 其 中 theyfoundevidence 与 disc