10万头生猪养殖零排放技术研究开发可行性研究报告1.doc

many ties.and a woman cant have too many hats, she answered.ten minutes later we walked out of the shop together. my wife was wearing a hat that looked like a lighthouse !lesson42 not very musical 并非很懂音乐as we had had a long walk through one of the markets of old delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest. after a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him. as soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets. when he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake. it rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe. we were very much surprised when the snake charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs. the snake, however, continued to dance slowly. it obviously could not tell the difference between indian music and jazz!lesson43 over the south pole 飞越南极in 1929, three years after his flight over the north pole, the american explorer, r. e. byrd, successfully flew over the south pole for the first time. though, at first, byrd and his men were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below, they soon ran into serious trouble. at one point, it seemed certain that their plane would crash. it could only get over the mountains if it rose to 10,000 feet. byrd at once ordered his men to throw out two heavy food sacks. the plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. byrd now knew that he would be able to reach the south pole which was 300 miles away, for there were no more mountains in sight. the aircraft was able to fly over the endless white plains without difficulty. lesson44 through the forest 穿过森林mrs anne sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. they had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. in the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees. mrs sterling got so angry that she ran after them. she was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. when she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them. the men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. the strap needs mending, said mrs sterling later, but they did not steal anything.lesson45 a clear conscience 问心无愧the whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost. sam benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post-office. sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. three months passed, and then one morning, sam found his wallet outside his front door. it had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost, together with a note which said: a thief, yes, but only 5o per cent a thief! two months later, some more money was sent to sam with another note: only 25 per cent a thief now! in time, all sams money was paid back in this way. the last note said: i am 100 per cent honest now!lesson46 expensive and uncomfortable 既昂贵又受罪when a plane from london arrived at sydney airport, workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing. no one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. it suddenly occurred to e slept very well for the first two nights, but on the third night, a storm blew up. a gust of wind swept the bed off the roof and sent it crashing into the courtyard below. the young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground. although the bed was smashed to pieces, the man was miraculously unhurt. when he woke up, he was still on the mattress. glancing at the bits of wood and metal that lay around him, the man sadly picked up the mattress and carried it into his house. after he had put it on the floor, he promptly went to sleep again.lesson50 taken for a ride 乘车兜风i love travelling in the country, but i dont like losing my way. i went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than i expected. im going to woodford green, i said to the conductor as i got on the bus, but i dont know where it is. ill tell you where to get off, answered the conductor. i sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside. after some time, the bus stopped. looking round, i realized with a shock that i was the only passenger left on the bus. youll have to get off here, the conductor said. this is as far as we go. is this woodford green ? i asked. oh dear, said the conductor suddenly. i forgot to put you off. it doesnt matter, i said. ill get off here. we are going back now, said the conductor. well, in that case, i prefer to stay on the bus, i answered.lesson51 reward for virtue 对美德的奖赏my friend, herbert, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. he began his diet a week ago. first of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. the list included most of the things herbert loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets. yesterday i paid him a visit. i rang the bell and was not surprised to see that herbert was still as fat as ever. he led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. it was obvious that he was very embarrassed. when i asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. he explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. then he showed me the contents of the parcel. it contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets! lesson52 a pretty carpet 漂亮的地毯we have just moved into a new house and i have been working hard all morning. i have been trying to get my new room in order. this has not been easy because i own over a thousand books. to make matters worse, the room is rather small, so i have temporarily put my books on the floor. at the moment, they cover every inch of floor space and i actually have to walk on them to get in or out of the room. a short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs. she went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. this is the prettiest carpet i have ever seen, she said. she gazed at it for some time then added, you dont need bookcases at all. you can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet! lesson53 hot snake 触电的蛇at last firemen have put out a big forest fire in california. since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. forest fire are often caused by broken glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully, but were not able to find any broken glass. they were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. this morning, however, a fireman accidentally discovered the cause. he noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. in this way, he was able to solve the mystery. the explanation was simple but very unusual. a bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then dropped it on to the wires. the snake then wound itself round the wires. when it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire.lesson54 sticky fingers 粘糊的手指after breakfast, i sent the children to school and then i went to market. it was still early when i returned home. the children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet. so i decided to make some tarts for tea. in a short time i was busy mixing butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry. at exactly that moment, the telephone rang. nothing could have been more annoying. i picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when i recognized the voice of mrs bates. it took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later. at last i hung up the receiver. what a mess! there was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs. i had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the one of the workers to open up the box. he was astonished at what he found. a man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woollen goods. he was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away. after he was arrested, the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left london. he had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours. the man was ordered to pay &345 for the cost of the trip. the normal price of a ticket is &230 !lesson47 a thirsty ghost 嗜酒的鬼魂a public house which was recently bought by mr ian thompson is up for sale. mr thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted. he told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. the next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. though mr thompson had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. he also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost must have drunk the night before. when i suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, mr thompson shook his head. the villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away. lesson48 did you want to tell me something? 你想对我说什么吗？dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer. my dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for a while. i tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton-wool. he knew i collected birds eggs and asked me whether my collection was growing. he then asked me how my brother was and whether i liked my new job in london. in answer to these questions i either nodded or made strange noises. meanwhile, my tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been. i suddenly felt very worried, but could not say anything. when the dentist at last removed the cotton-wool from my mouth, i was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth. lesson49 the end of a dream 美梦告终tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed. for the first time in his life, he became the proud owner of a bed which had springs and a mattress. because the weather was very hot, he carried the bed on to the roof of his house. hdoor-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. this time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign for a registered letter !lesson55 not a gold mine 并非金矿dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. a new machine called the revealer has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. the machine was used in a cave near the seashore where-it is said-pirates used to hide gold. the pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. armed with the new machine, a search party went一 项目的背景与意义1、项目建设的背景 汝城县位于湖南省东南角，与赣、粤两省接壤，属亚热带地区、气候温和、光照充足、雨量充沛、资源丰富、交通便利、地理环境优越，是一个汉、瑶、畲等多民族杂居，以农业为主的贫困山区县。畜牧业做为汝城县农业和农村经济的支柱产业，其产值占农业总产值的45%以上，而养猪业产值又占畜牧业产值的82%以上，养猪收入在贫困山区占到总收入的30%以上，养猪已成为当地农民经济收入的主要来源。目前，当地的养猪业面临着三大困境，即环境、品质与健康、效益提高问题。新型的“零排放”（即微生态发酵床）养殖技术，其经济性、环保性是现在的养猪技术无法比拟的，解决了养猪业给环境带来的压力，变废为宝，即能减少环境污染又不增加投入，还能降低劳动强度并培养出健康无病的猪，且能显著提高经济效益。这项技术的研究与利用也一直是国家、畜牧科研者和广大养殖户共同追求的目标，即符合国家对环保和畜产品质量安全的要求，又能促进全县养殖业持续健康快速发展，增加农民收入，繁荣农村经济，加速贫困山区脱贫致富奔小康的步伐。因此，加快“零排放”养猪技术的研究与利用势在必行。2、项目建设的必要性（1）是减轻环境污染的需要。目前当地的养殖形式逐渐向规模化发展，现代规模化的养猪，提高了生产率，但同时产生的粪便却难以处理，当地每年畜禽粪便产生量已达100万吨，超过了工业固体废弃物排放量，采用零排放养猪技术后，由于有机垫料里含有相当活性的土壤微生物，能够迅速有效地解决、消化猪的排泄物、不再需要对猪粪采用清扫排放，也不会形成大量的冲圈污水，从而没有任何废弃物，排泄物排出养殖场，大大减轻了养殖业对环境的污染。（2）是改善猪肉品质的需要。发酵床结合特殊猪舍，使猪舍通风透气、阳光普照、温湿度均适合猪的生长，再加上运动量的增加，猪能够健康地生长发育、发病减少，特别是呼吸道和消化道疾病的发生，从而大大减轻了因为饲养规模的扩大而使疾病的增多、减少抗生素、抗菌性药物的使用，猪肉品质得到了很大的提高，生产出真正意义上的有机猪肉。二 国内外研究现状与发展趋势生猪“零排放”养殖技术源于日本，是由畜禽排泄物地堆肥化处理技术演变而来，经过30多年的发展，已以形成了稳定的技术体系，以其系统稳定、环保、成本低、增强机体抗病能力等技术优势，受到日本政府和养猪界的好评。该技术于2005年4月份引进中国，首先在福建省莆田市优得利可农牧发展有限公司试养成功，随后在全国迅速发展起来，现已遍及我国25省，存栏数达200万头以上。2007年12月通过国家专家小组验收，其结论为：“该技术所用酵素能使猪粪尿在猪圈内充分降解，实现清洁生产，无污水排出，同时改善了猪体内的微生态平衡，提高饮料吸收率，增强抗病能力。与传统方法相比，投资少、饲养成本低，可适用于大、中、小型猪场。”经过多年的迅速发展，生猪“零排放”养殖技术，逐渐成熟，科研专家对技术原理做出了科学的解释，技术员和猪场管理人员因地制宜，在许多技术环节作了改进，使该技术更加的适用于各类型的猪场，更有效的推广应用促进养猪业规模化产业化的猛速发展。三 项目主要内容、技术关键与优点、预期目标1、主要技术内容生猪“零排放”养殖技术，是一项生物技术运用于生猪生产的技术革新尝试，是一种无污染、无排放、无臭气、降低养猪成本和提高猪肉品质优势的新型环保养猪技术。2、 技术原理生猪“零排放”养殖技术，是通过有益微生物的活动可促进猪对营养的吸收、抑制病原微生物的生长繁殖，发酵床可为生猪创造舒适的生活环境，全面改善猪胃肠和发酵床的微生物生态系统，从而达到猪的健康、快速生长，无害转化粪便、污水和臭气排放的目的。 3、“零排放”养殖技术的优点（1）有效改善养殖环境。养殖场周围及舍内无粪便特有恶臭气味，无蚊蝇滋生，生猪粪便经降解后与垫料混合，垫料表层10-20cm 干燥，温度与常温一致，无异味，深层30-40cm处温度增高4-5度，有轻微发酵味。 （2）有效减少土地占用面积。采用该项技术的养殖栏舍，不再配套建设排污管道、沼气池、化粪池、粪便蓄积坪等排污设施，减少了附属设施土地占用面积。 （3）有效减少养殖场常用劳动力。使用该项技术的养殖场，配套改革饲料投喂系统、饮水供给系统，无需每天 清猪粪，每人可养猪800头，无需冲洗猪舍，节约用水90%以上。 （4）增强抗病能力，提高猪肉品质。经过益生菌垫料对有害微生物抑制或杀灭，加之无有害气味和蚊蝇存在，生猪生长环境大力改善，疫病传播源和媒介减少，发病机率降低。减少抗生素药物的使用，提高了猪肉品质。4、预期目标（1）缩短肉猪出栏周期：生猪在150日龄左右出栏，出栏个体重100公斤左右。（2）生猪的育成率达到98%以上；（3）每头生猪省料达15%以上；（4）单头生猪饲养成本降低60元以上；（5）年出栏生猪10万头以上。四 项目应用或产业化前景1、项目的应用性生猪“零排放”养殖技术，是目前国内外正在通过实践推广和提倡的新型养殖模式，它以全新的养殖概念、采用高新微生物发酵技术、遵循动物生态福利的自然规律、符合国家无污染零排放养殖要求等，受到各地各级政府部门的重视，采用发酵床技术饲养的动物，具有疾病少和抗病力强、成本低、节水省工、肉质好无药物残留、口味好、养殖圈舍无臭味、零排放无污染、等诸多优点。这也是建设此项目的原动力之一，期望以此开启本地生态自然养殖先例，带动生态自然养殖模式技术在本地的发展。同时，发酵床养猪建设适合规模养殖的发展，养殖环境干净无臭味，发病率少，效益稳定解决了养猪长期以来的气味问题。2、项目产业化前景大力发展畜牧业是加速当地产业结构的调整需要，畜牧产业化、在畜牧业中引进高新生物技术、建设无污染零排放的生态畜牧产业、引导数量众多的中小型养殖业者向生物技术型转变是实现粗放经营的自然经济型农业向商品经济和市场经济型的现代农业转变的必要途径，是今后政府工作的主要方向。建立以现代畜牧科技进行生产的畜牧产业化道路建设是我地畜牧业产品适应竞争的必然趋势。五 项目发展的条件与优势和市场需求1、市场前景广阔：虽然我国生猪受市场波动影响较大，但采用发酵床养猪技术，由于发病少，成本低，能在别人亏本时保本，在价格好时多赚，能够更多地采用低成本养殖技术，如发酵糟渣养殖技术，故而能够在养猪行业中不断生存维持下去，由于其零排放无臭味的特点，所以，符合国家政策方向，生存能力强。发酵床所养肉猪质好，色泽好，口味纯，无药物残留，是市场上的优质肉品，非常适应现代人们的对肉食品的需求，因此，市场前景广阔。2、地理优势明显：汝城县毗邻粤、港、赣地区，106国道盘穿其境，至生猪消费大市场的粤、港、赣地区，可朝发午至，利于鲜活生猪的运输，与现在建的2条高速公路厦蓉高速位于猪场东北方向7公里、岳汝高速位于猪场西南方向6公里，南通北贯，交通运输方便。可以随时应变南北纵横的生猪民生问题的调度，降低运输成本，提高养殖综合效益。3发展环境优越：汝城县属亚热带季风湿润气候区，因地带性和非地带性因素的叠加，呈现出一个气候温和，雨量充沛，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒的特定环境。全年平均气温16.6,年降水量1547毫米，7月份是区内气温最高月，平均气温为25.5,1月份是全年最冷的月份，平均气温为6.2，很适宜生猪的生长发育。4、技术保障有力：项目研究由资金雄厚的郴州龙丰生态种养业有限公司与香港昌兴冶炼厂有限公司合资实施。公司拥有一支20人组成的养猪业科技队伍，具有较高的理论基础和丰富的饲养管理实践经验。同时以湖南畜牧研究所、湖南农业大学等相关部门为技术依托单位，为项目的顺利实施提供强而有力的技术保障。六 项目实施方案1、发酵床的制作(1)发酵床的垫料是有益微生物活动和猪粪尿分解的载体。目前制作发酵床的原料主要是稻壳和锯末，二者主要成分这纤维素、木质素；锯末具有较强的保水性能，稻壳是良好的通气材料，将二者按一定比例配制混匀，易于调节有益好氧微生物正常生理活动所需要的水分和氧气。为促进发酵前期菌剂中微生物的快速生长繁殖，通过添加粮糠、麦麸等易分解营养物质来实现。发酵床中各原料的配比如下：发酵床中各原料的组成比例（体积比）季节稻壳锯末米糠(kg/ m3)发酵素（kg/m3）冬季40%50%6.0-7.00.2-0.25夏季60%40%5.0-6.00.20（2）对于发酵床的厚度，由猪的废物排泄量、养殖密度、各地区气候等因素决定，不同类别的猪群对发酵床的厚度要求存在差异，其厚度不得小于60cm，各类别猪的所需要发酵床体积、面积如下表：不同猪群对生物发酵床（垫料）的体积和面积要求猪只类别垫料厚度（cm）垫料体积（ m3 /头） 垫料面积（ m3/头）妊娠母猪90-1201.3以上0.9-1.4哺乳母猪80-901.5以上1.7-1.9种公猪55-601.5-1.62.5-2.9保育舍猪55-600.2-0.30.3-0.5生长猪80-900.7-0.90.78-1.0育肥猪80-901.0-1.21.1-1.5后备种猪80-901.0-1.21.1-1.5（3）为避免发酵床原料问题影响有益微生物的活动，对发酵原料的选择及水质有一定要求。所选用的稻、锯末等原料首先满足新鲜、无霉变、无腐烂、无异味、无毒等要求。锯末应当是原木生产的粉状木屑，凡是木料通过熏蒸杀虫和油漆后的木制木屑或锯末均不能使用，这些有毒物质不利于猪的健康和发酵床微生物的活动；凡是惨杂、惨假的米粮不能使用，制作所用水的ph在6.0-8.0 通常情况下，干燥疏松的稻壳和锯末制成的垫料生物发酵后，体积会下沉10cm左右，因此，在计算实际垫料的用量时，多预算的体积数量进行发酵。发酵床的制作流程如下：搅拌混匀堆积发酵猪出栏发酵床管理进猪饲养生物发酵床摊开铺平水分调节40%-50%垫料谷壳、锯末、米糠+发酵素垫料谷壳、锯末、米糠+发酵素水分调节40%-50%垫料 2、垫料的制作（1）干原料的铺垫摊开第一层铺稻壳，按设定好的稻壳高度铺平；第二层按设定高度铺好锯末。同时，制作“酵素米糠”：将按比例计算好的米粮摊平，将发酵素铺在上面，混合均匀，然后将“酵素米糠”混合物均匀铺散在锯末上面。（2）第一次垫料混合将铺设好的垫料边加水边混合。第一次加水量要少一点，如果锯末的水分较高，则加水量要少些，加水混合后的垫料以不起粉尘为宜。第一次混合要使稻壳、锯末、水分达到基本均匀，如果有结块的稻壳或锯末应打散。（3） 第二次垫料混合将第一次混合好的垫料进行喷洒水，一边洒水一边混合，以便控制水分适度。垫料中的水分在45%左右（即手紧握垫料松开后能散开，手掌上有明显的水迹）为好，本次混合的均匀度和水分含量多少是关系到垫料是否发酵成功的关键。（4） 第一次垫料堆积发酵将第二次混合好的垫料进行梯形堆积。根据垫料数量的大小，尽可能集中堆积。应尽量减少外表面积和触地面积。堆放的高度不得低于1.5m。（5） 发酵垫料的保湿和升温当空气干燥时，考虑在上盖上编织袋或麻袋保湿。堆积的垫料底部和顶部不要盖，以便空气进出。如果气温小于0时，应当考虑在垫料中加热水瓶帮助升温。（6） 检测和记录通常情况下，垫料堆积24小时后，35cm以下的垫料温度升至40,72小时应当升至65以上，当水分过多、米糠质量较差或数量不够和环境温度过低是上述升温时间会稍有延长。温度的检测点：横向间隔1.5m测一个点，纵向上、中、下三点测定。每个点温度基本一致，且在65以上持续48小时以上时，说明本次发酵成功。每次测定温度应当分点做好记录。(7)第二次发酵 第一次发酵成功后，将垫料表面和触地25cm左右未发酵的部分移至垫料中心部位进行第二次发酵，发酵方法同第一次发酵。当料温持续65以上48小时后，垫料的发酵完成。温度下降至50以下，该垫料便可使用。 正常情况下，垫料的整个发酵过程为10-14d左右。3、垫料的维护管理 （1）微生态猪舍需要每日将粪便进行添埋，不可把粪便裸露在表面，这样达不到分解效果。如发现菌床表面干燥可3-7天用喷壶加少许原菌进行表面喷洒，开前后窗通风。 （2）如发现发酵床下沉超过10公分必须及时添加原料补齐即可。如发现板结，3-4天用叉翻动，以防底部微生物缺氧导致发酵床出现问题。 （3）出栏一批猪后，将发酵床深翻一次，然后发酵一周左右再次进猪。4、项目总体建设方案（1）自繁自养的养殖模式 引进良种后备母猪4800头，正常运转后，经产母猪有3840头，后备与空怀母猪960头，种公猪150头,仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪等36150头，共存栏猪40950头左右，整个生长期成活率达98%以上。 需要建设扩繁区、育肥区、保育区、饲料仓库、兽医室、生产管理综合用房、生活区、技术服务站、出猪台、道路等。 所有栏舍均为发酵床建设模式，以实现零排放目标。（2）目标设计 项目建成后，可年产值达12000万元，年创利润达2600万元，年出栏达10万头以上。（3）项目建设内容投资概算基础建设主要是以扩繁区、育肥区、保育区、饲料仓库、兽医室、生产管理综合用房、生活区、技术服务站、出猪台，框架建设为主共计约94612（建筑以400元/计算）共计：3784.48万元。设施建设规模资金预算需要如下：扩繁区：建筑面积22713（54.6m*13m*32栋）为908.52万元育肥区：建筑面积35490（54.6m*13m*50栋）；为1419.60万元保育区：建筑面积30521（54.6m*13m*43栋）为1220.84万元饲料仓库：建筑面积1560为62.4万元兽医室：建筑面积168为6.72万元生产管理综合用房：建筑面积1080为43.2万元技术服务站：建筑面积共360（共5处）为14.4万元生活区：建筑面积2640为105.6万元出猪台：建筑面积80为3.2万元地面平整，水电到场，道路建设及配套设施共计436.53万元。平整地面460亩：153万元水、电到到场：75.23万元道路建设：128.3万元配套设备（包括安装费用在内）：50万元其他资金：30万元发酵床栏舍栋建设现以育肥猪栏为例编列的预算表，以一栋生长育肥栏舍710为例，其中每栏中每栏75，养50头育肥大猪出栏，以木屑为主的垫料，垫料厚度为70cm（南方及中原地带），猪栏的隔栏以镀锌管焊接而成的栅栏组成。每栏预留一米水泥地面，为全地下式发酵床。屋顶采用穹形塑钢瓦形式（跨度为13米，猪栏每栏规格为12.5m*6m一栏）。造价低，简单实用。建一栋共