农田水利引水项目可行性研究报告.doc

in california. since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. forest fire are often caused by broken glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully, but were not able to find any broken glass. they were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. this morning, however, a fireman accidentally discovered the cause. he noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. in this way, he was able to solve the mystery. the explanation was simple but very unusual. a bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then dropped it on to the wires. the snake then wound itself round the wires. when it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire.lesson54 sticky fingers 粘糊的手指after breakfast, i sent the children to school and then i went to market. it was still early when i returned home. the children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet. so i decided to make some tarts for tea. in a short time i was busy mixing butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry. at exactly that moment, the telephone rang. nothing could have been more annoying. i picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when i recognized the voice of mrs bates. it took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later. at last i hung up the receiver. what a mess! there was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs. i had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. this time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign for a registered letter !lesson55 not a gold mine 并非金矿dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. a new machine called the revealer has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. the machine was used in a cave near the seashore where-it is said-pirates used to hide gold. the pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. armed with the new machine, a search party went he did not like it. she enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.lesson58 a blessing in disguise? 是因祸得福吗？the tiny village of frinley is said to possess a cursed tree. because the tree was mentioned in a newspaper, the number of visitors to frinley has now increased. the tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation. it is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die. many villagers believe that the tree has already claimed a number of victims. the vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused. he has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it. in spite of all that has been said, the tourists-have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk. so far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death!lesson59 in or out ？ 进来还是出去？our dog, rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark. every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. as the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. rex soon became an expert at opening the gate. however, when i was going out shopping last week, i noticed him in the garden near the gate. this time he was barking so that someone would let him out ! since then, he has developed another bad habit. as soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. then he sits and barks until someone lets him out. after this he immediately lets himself in and begins barking again. yesterday my husband removed the gate and rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since. lesson60 the future 卜算未来at a village fair, i decided to visit a fortune-teller called madam bellinsky. i went into her tent and she told me to sit down. after i had given her some money, she looked into a crystal ball and said: a relation of yours is coming to see you. she will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days. the moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. a woman you know well will rush towards you. she will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place. that is all. as soon as i went outside, i forgot all about madam bellinsky because my wife hurried towards me. where have you been hiding ? she asked impatiently. your sister will be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her. we are late already. as she walked away, i followed her out of the fair. lesson61 trouble with the hubble 哈勃望远镜的困境in future, astronauts will be required to descend from a spaceship while it is still in space and to return to it. the ability to do this will be necessary in future flights to distant planets. scientists are now trying to discover if this is possible. the spaceship astra which left the earth a short time ago, will be travelling three hundred miles into space. at a certain point, the astra will stop for a short time and an astronaut will attempt to leave the stationary spaceship and then return to it. we shall not know whether the experiment has been successful until we have received a radio message. the first message is expected to arrive at 7 oclock this evening. by that time, the astra will have been flying through space for seventeen hours and will have circled the earth a great many times. when the first radio messages have been received, the results of the trip will be announced immediately.lesson62 after the fire 大火之后firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. a short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. when the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. the planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. by then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. in place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil. lesson63 she was not amused 她并不觉得好笑geoffrey hampden has a large circle of friends and is very popular at parties. everybody admires him for his fine sense of humor-everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, jenny. recently, one of geoffreys closest friends asked him to make a speech at a wedding reception. this is the sort of thing that geoffrey loves. he prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with jenny. he had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. as soon as he had finished, jenny told him she wanted to go home. geoffrey was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. on the way home, he asked jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. to his surprise, she said she hadnt. geoffrey asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!lesson64 the channel tunnel 海峡隧道in l858, a french engineer, aime thome de gamond, arrived in england with a plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across the english channel. he said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the channel. this platform would serve as a port and a railway station. the tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level. in 1860, a better plan was put forward by an englishman, william low. he suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. this would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. if, at the time, the british had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. recently, there has again been great interest in the idea of a channel tunnel. if it is built, it will connect britain to europe for the first time in history.lesson65 jumbo versus the police 小象对警察last christmas, the circus owner, jimmy gates, decided to take some presents to a childrens hospital. dressed up as father christmas and accompanied by a guard of honour of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called jumbo. he, should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. a policeman approached jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side-street as jumbo was holding up the traffic. though jimmy agreed to go at once, jumbo refused to move. fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. the police had a difficult time, but they were most amused. jumbo must weigh a few tons, said a policeman afterwards, so it was fortunate that we didnt have to carry him. of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.lesson66 sweet as honey! 像蜜一样甜！the hatheld puffin is a modern aero-plane, but its designer, mr john wimpenny, is finding it difficult to get it off the ground. the reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle. its pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air. after mr wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly. in 1961, it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile. while being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed on an airfield. since then, mr wimpenny has had it rebuilt. he has had the length of the wings increased so that they now measure 93 feet-almost as long as those of a dakota. many people have shown interest in this new and unusual sport. but though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the english channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the atlantic.lesson67 volcanoes 火山haroun tazieff the polish scientist, has spent his life-time studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world. in 1948, he went to lake kivu in the congo to observe a new volcano which he later named kituro. tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. he noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him. it threatened to surround him completely, but tazieff managed to escape just in time. he waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later. this time, he managed to climb into the mouth of kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. tazieff has often risked his life in this way. he has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. lesson68 persistent 纠缠不休i crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. it was no use pretending that i had not seen him, so i waved to him. i never enjoy meeting bert dykes. he never has anything to do. no matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. i had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.hullo, bert, i said. fancy meeting you here !hullo, elizabeth, bert answered. i was just wondering how to spend the morning-until i saw you. youre not busy doing anything, are you ? no, not at all, i answered. im going to. .would you mind my coming with you ? he asked, before i had finished speaking. not at all, i lied, but im going to the dentist. then ill come with you, he answered. theres always plenty to read in the waiting room !lesson69 but not murder! 并非谋杀！i was being tested for a driving licence for the third time. i had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully. after having been instructed to drive out of town, i began to acquire confidence. sure that i had passed, i was almost beginning to enjoy my test. the examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, just one more thing, mr eames. let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. as soon as i tap on the window, i want the car to be stopped immediately. i continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly. though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react. i suddenly pressed the brake pedal hard and we were both thrown forward. the examiner looked at me sadly. mr eames, he said, in a mournful voice, you have just killed that child ! lesson70 red for danger 危险的红色during a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. the crowd began to shout, but the drunk was【宁蒗县以工代赈项目】西川乡石门坎村委会农田水利工程可行性研究报告宁蒗县发展改革局2006年7月9日 1、项目概论1.1项目名称：本项目名称为：宁蒗县以工代赈项目西川乡石门坎村委会农田水利工程。1.2项目区基本概况西川乡位于宁蒗县西部，乡政府驻地距县城57公里，南与永胜县的光华、松坪两乡接壤，西边与丽江隔江相望，地理坐标为东经10054，北纬2652276之间。全乡幅员面积401平方公里，境内最高海拔3800米，最低海拔2400米，属高寒冷凉山区，年均温度12，年平均降水量800950mm，雨量主要集中在79月，全年无霜期8个月，霜期4个月，初霜期始于11月上旬。全乡耕地面积为29000亩，森林覆盖率为66%，境内居住着彝族、普米族、汉族、傈僳等4种民族，其中彝族占总人口的93%，辖7个村委会、127个村民小组、3566户，总人口14460人。二00五年度全乡粮食总产量4024吨，人均有粮215公斤；经济总收入1549万元，人均纯收入634元；大小牲畜存栏42622头（只），人均牲畜存栏3头（只）。石门坎村委会位于西川乡的南面，南与永胜县松坪乡接壤，西边与丽江隔江相望，全村下辖13个村民小组，最高海拔3100米，最低海拔2700米，人均纯收入630元，全村人口2150人，大小牲畜5400头只，主要粮食作物有洋芋、玉米、荞麦及豆类杂粮，可种植小麦、碗豆和油菜籽等小春作用。由于山区地势较陡，不能有效地利用当地的水资源进行农业生产，如果能帮助建成一些人畜饮水工程，有效利用水资源，将对当地的农业生产起着巨大的推动作用。1.3 宁蒗县基本概况（1）地理位置及地形特征宁蒗彝族自治县地处滇西北的川滇交界处，位于东经10022101 16，北纬26 362756。东北两面与四川省凉山州的盐边、盐源、木里三县接壤。西面与丽江市古城区和玉龙纳西族自治县隔江相望，南部与本市永胜、华坪两县毗邻，全县土地面积6025km2。县域地处滇西北横断山脉中断，属金沙江水系，地势以西北部较高，东部和东北部较低，分为高原盆地、高原条状山地、高原河谷、金沙江峡谷、河流冲积阶地等五个地貌单元，海拔最高4510.3米，最低1350米，相对高差3160.3米，境内山高坡陡，山区面积占98.4%，区域内有古生代、中生代、新生代地质分布，县域地层属巴颜咯拉地槽区，金沙江褶皱系，地质结构较为复杂。（2）气候及生态特征县域地处西南季风气候区域滇川交界处的小凉山，属低纬度原季风气候区，具有暖温带山地季风气候特点，干湿季分明，立体气候明显，年平均气温12.7，全年无0的季节，1月平均气温4.1，7月平均气候19.3，10的活动年积温为3782，全年日照时数2321小时，日照百分率为53.8%，年平均降雨量为925mm，年蒸发量为1270mm，雨量主要集中在79月，占全年降雨量的80%以上，56月常出现干旱。平均年无霜期为192天。境内有宁蒗河、永宁河、碧源河等七条河流，河道总长319km，年平均径流量23.82亿立方米，其中地表径流量15.27亿立方米，地下径流量8.55亿立方米。金沙江过境水420亿立方米。由于山高坡陡，水资源难以利用。全县水利化程度为32%。本县土地面积9045418.7亩，其中园地面积49723.1亩，林地面积6244730.3亩，牧草地面积80382.5亩，森林覆盖率达53%，随着天然林保护工程的实施和生态环境建设、农田基本建设、水利工程建设等工程的实施，一个良好的生态环境正在形成。本县自然灾害频繁，主要自然灾害有干旱、洪涝、风灾、冰雹、低温冷害、地震等，干旱、洪涝灾害每年都发生，成灾面积逐年增多，滑坡、泥石流发生频繁，危害程度不断增大，使人民群众生产生活受到较大影响。（3）经济社会发展状况全县辖15个乡（镇），91个村民委员会（含社区、办事处），1119个村民小组，52880户，24.44万人，其中农业人口22.60万人，有劳动力11.5万人。县域国土面积6025万亩，其中耕地106.75万亩，园地面积4.42万亩，林地624.42万亩，牧草地8.04万亩，宅基地4.56万亩，交通用地3.86万亩，水域10.34万亩，未利用土地145.41万亩。宁蒗县是一个山区农业县，农业是经济发展的基础，十一届三中全会以来，本县农业发展较快。据2005年统计，粮食总产量6590万公斤，平均亩产130公斤，农民人均生产粮食292公斤，主要粮食品种是洋芋、玉米、荞子、水稻。经济农作物主要是油菜和白芸豆、烤烟。农业生产总值28815万元，占国民经济总产值的42.5%，其中种植业产值14007万元，林业产值3728万元，畜牧业1095万元，渔业产值425万元，农村物资服务业560万元。宁蒗县在抓粮食生产的同时，积极培植了旅游、矿产、水电、畜牧、生物等五大支柱产业，促进了经济社会的全面发展。2005年，全县国民生产总值67733万元，其中第一产业23894万元，第二产业17312万元，第三产业26527万元，三项产业结构比例由2000年的53.45:25.07:21.48调整到2005年的35.37:25.63:39，地方财政一般预算收入1819万元，财政支出25216万元。全县粮食总产量6590万公斤，人均有粮292公斤。农民人均纯收入782元。通过“十五”期间的努力，基本实现了乡级全部通路、通电、通广播电视，教育实现“两基”，人口自然增长率控制在6以内，乡镇都设置了卫生院和计生站，科技贡献率达到35%，社会秩序不断好转，人民生活水平不断提高，社会安全和谐。（4）全县总体贫困情况分析2005年底全县有村民小组1148个，总户数62353户，总人口244359人，其中少数民族人口19.55万人，残疾人口1.4万人，农民人均纯收入782元，人均有粮292公斤，人均基本农田地0.3亩，户均经济林果3.5亩，户均经济作物0.3亩，已通公路89个村，未通公路3个村委会，农村公路总里程125公里，有学校327所，人均受教育年限5.3年，有卫生室33个，还需卫生室58个，已通电87个村，未通电4个村，已通电话86个村，未通5个村，未解决饮水人数7.6万人，未解决饮水的大牲畜24万头，简易住房9100户。从整体上来看，全县贫困人口基本分布在高寒山区和深山区，以及金沙江河谷区，坝区和半山区较少，2005年底全县农民人均纯收入667元以下的绝对贫困人口为17.87万人，其中高寒山区（海拔在3000米左右）就有8200户、41000人。据统计全县农业人口22.6万人中，农民人均纯收入在924元以上人口1.66万人，纯收入667924元的人口为2.29万人，人均纯收入667元以下的人口17.87万人。人均纯收入500元以下的人口8.5万人。（5）基础设施概况农业基础设施：经过长期的水利工程建设，已建成小（一）型水库5座，小（二）型水库6座，水塘1300件，大小水沟680条，人畜饮水工程460件，有效灌溉面积13.27万亩，水利化程度32%。在国家、省、市的帮助支持下，经过全县人民长期努力，农田基础设施有了明显改善。截止2005年，全县累计建成高稳产农田6.5万亩，田间排灌设施和田间道路有了改善，促进了农业生产的发展。交通运输、电力供应：交通落后是阻碍经济发展的主要制约因素，经过长期的建设，特别是“十五”期间的建设，交通基础设施有了明显的改善。全县县乡公路里程达1258公里，其中二级公路5.3公里，四级以上公路225公里。县乡公路447公里，乡村公路810公里。公路网络局基本形成。已建成水电站9座，总装机容量2.25万千瓦，110kv输电线路82km，110kv变电站2座，35kv输电线路191公里，10kv输电线路750公里，0.4kv线路850公里，有35kv变电站4座，年发电量1.24亿度。电力供应基本能够满足全县工农业生产和生活需要。社会事业设施概况：全县15个乡（镇）都设有卫生院、计划生育指导站、中学、农技站、水保站、畜牧站、派出所等机构，人员充实、技术力量较强。全县有学校327所，卫生室33个，村民委员会91个，教育、科技、卫生、行政服务体系基本健全，乡（镇）通广播电视，村村通电工作逐步开展。1.4 可行性研究报告编制的目的和依据（1）可行性研究报告编制的目的宁蒗县由于有效灌溉面积集中在少量坝区，而大部分土地又集中在二半山区和山区，耕地分散，农田基本建设滞后，水利设施投入极少，农作物常常因无水而不能在最好节令内播种下去，大大限制了粮食产量的增长。随着人口的自然增长，宁蒗县粮食缺口将越来越大，应充分利用山区充足的水资源，加大小型水利工程和农田基本建设的建设力度，尽快实现全县粮食自求平衡。编制本可行性研究报告是按照上述思路及宁蒗县委、县人民政府有关农田基本建设和五小水利发展的规划，本着技术先进、经济合理、利于环境保护、工程便于操作，同时符合现阶段国家政策，因地制宜地利用当地资源，较好地为当地群众改善生产生活条件的原则，为建设好西川乡石门坎以工代赈项目农田水利建设工程提供一个科学合理的建设依据。（2）本可行性研究报告编制的依据近期以来省、市有关以工代赈项目投资的文件精神及会议安排；宁蒗县委、县人民政府经济社会发展规划的有关思路及2006年初期的会议部署；宁蒗县发改局和水务局在2002年共同编制的宁蒗县五小水利工程实施可行性研究报告；宁蒗县发改局年初编制上报的2006年宁蒗县以工代赈项目建设计划表。1.5 项目建设内容及规模坡改梯建设350亩，修筑三面光沟渠9.5km，安装输水管道35km，输水管道采用40pvc管；修筑调节水池（5m3）30个150m3。1.6 项目投资总额本项目投资总额为110万元。其中申请补助100万元，县财政配套10万元。1.7 项目效益简单评价项目工程完成后，新增坡改梯农田350亩，改善灌溉面积1200亩，新增灌溉面积850亩，覆盖13个村民小组，解决2150人、5400头（只）家畜的饮水问题，有效解决当地群众生产生活中的部分困难。 项目区群众运用灌溉技术后，亩均增产41.54kg粮食（按玉米产量套算），2050亩年均增产85157公斤，按当地市场价玉米价每公斤1.60元计，年均增收136251.20元。项目建成后，项目区粮食大幅增产，提高粮食自给能力。有效控制群众毁山开荒，破坏生态资源，并利于种植经济林木，项目利于局部生态平衡。2、项目建设的必要性（1）宁蒗县地处康滇高原南端，横断山脉中部三江褶皱带北东侧，康藏高原与云贵高原之间的地貌过渡带。全县山脉呈网状联结，由于金沙江、宁蒗河、木底箐河等众多河流的切割，形成了复杂多样的山间盆地、高原条状山地、高原谷地等