毕业设计(论文)_ 从《福尔摩斯侦探集》看维多利亚时期伦敦的形象.doc

编号： 本科毕业设计（论文） 从福尔摩斯侦探集看维多利亚时期伦敦的形象an analysis on victorian london in conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes 下属学院 人文学院 专 业 英 语 班 级 09 学 号 姓 名 kuo mark 指导教师 王钧 职称 讲师 完成日期 2013 年 5 月 4 日宁波大学科学技术学院本科毕业设计（论文）诚 信 承 诺我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文从看维多利亚时期伦敦的形象均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。 承诺人（签名）： 年 月 日摘要【摘要】1886年，柯南道尔完成了福尔摩斯侦探集的第一篇小说血字的研究。随后，福尔摩斯的探案故事红遍全球，作者也因这部作品名利双收。这部创作于英国维多利亚时代时期的作品细致刻画了其故事发生的舞台，即当时的伦敦；要了解这部作品，就要认识故事背景。本文将以柯南道尔在1886年至1927年创作的福尔摩斯侦探集中的前四部为基础，即血字的研究、四签名、冒险经历以及回忆录，以文本分析的方法，通过分析小说中对伦敦各方面的描写，结合相关的历史文献资料，研究维多利亚时期的伦敦，还原其当时的面貌，并挖掘其隐藏的形象，为读者呈现一个福尔摩斯真正“生活”过的伦敦。【关键词】柯南道尔；歇洛克福尔摩斯；维多利亚时代；伦敦abstractabstract in 1886, sir arthur conan doyle finished the first novel of sherlock holmess talesa study in scarlet. afterwards, the tales of sherlock holmes became popular all over the world. and meanwhile, and sir arthur conan doyle gained both fame and wealth for the work. the tales of sherlock holmes which were written in victorian era has a detailed description of its background of storiesthe london in victorian era. the readers may need to know the background of this work, in order to get to know the tales of sherlock holmes better. this thesis is based on sir arthur conan doyles first four novels of sherlock holmes which were written between 1886 and 1927a study in scarlet, the sign of four, adventures of sherlock holmes and memoirs of sherlock holmes. and it conducts a study on the london in victorian era from all the descriptions about the city in the work through an approach of text analysis. the author consults the history literatures and tries to restore the victorian london from the tales of sherlock holmes, digs out the hidden image of the city and show a london which sherlock holmes “really” lived in. keywords conan doyle; sherlock holmes; victorian era; londoncontents1 introduction11.1 introduction to arthur conan doyle11.2 introduction to the tales of sherlock holmes21.3 introduction to this thesis22 literature review52.1 previous studies on the london of victorian era52.2 previous studies on the tales of sherlock holmes62.3 summary of the previous studies93 an analysis on victorian london in conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes103.1 the basic image of victorian london103.1.1 public security113.1.2 economy123.1.3 science133.1.4 summary143.2 a city with hidden problems153.2.1 the high crime rate163.2.2 the ignorance on orphaned children193.2.3 the greed for wealth213.2.4 summary223.3 a city with tradition and prospect233.3.1 the respect to women243.3.2 the advocacy of science283.3.3 summary293.4 the overall image of victorian london304 conclusion31references33acknowledgements34iii1 introduction1.1 introduction to arthur conan doyle the tales of sherlock holmes were written by scottish writer, arthur conan doyle. sir arthur conan doyle was born on 22 may 1859 at 11 picardy place, edinburgh, scotland. his father, charles altamont doyle, was english of irish descent, and his mother, born mary foley, was irish. he was a scottish physician and writer, the world class novel writer and the first person in the field of detective novels. in fact, he is a doctor at firstin 1882 he joined former classmate george turnavine budd as his partner at a medical practice in plymouth, but their relationship proved difficult, and conan doyle soon left to set up an independent practice. arriving in portsmouth in june of that year with less than 10 (700 today) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 bush villas in elm grove, southsea. the practice was initially not very successful. while waiting for patients, conan doyle again began writing stories /wiki/arthur_conan_doyle (accessed february, 1, 2013). for his great work, the tales of sherlock holmes, he was recognized as one of the most important detective novel writers. he successfully created a “consulting detective”sherlock holmes, who was cold and full of talent, and finally became the symbol of detectives. actually, sir arthur conan doyle wrote many other kinds of works, like plays, poetry, romances, fantasy and science fiction stories, non-fiction and historical novels. joshua hammer said in his journal papersherlock holmes london, “according to david stuart davies, conan doyle wanted to prove that he was more than just a mystery writer, a man who made puzzles for a cardboard character to solve. he was desperate to cut the shackles of holmes from him.” (joshua hammer, 2010: 31)1.2 introduction to the tales of sherlock holmes the victorian era of british history was the period of queen victorias reign from 20 june 1837 until her death on 22 january 1901. it was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for britain /wiki/victorian_era (accessed february, 1, 2013). and there were four parts of sherlock holmess tales being written in victorian era. so, they provided a large number of detailed descriptions to the stories background stage, the london in victorian era.the famous british novelist william somerset maugham (25 january 1874 16 december 1965) said, “no detective stories have ever had the popularity of conan doyles and because of the invention of sherlock holmes i think it must be admitted that none have so well deserved it.”(christopher morley, steven rothman, 1990: 209) sir arthur conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes includes 4 novels and 56 short stories. it was a great work in the field of detective novel introduced a fictional private detective sherlock holmes to world. it became an eternal classic and translated into 57 kinds of languages. it was recognized the bible in detective fans. and the first novel, a study in scarlet, was written in 1886 and published on a magazine named beetons christmas annual in 1887. that first novel and the other three parts of sherlock holmess tales, the sign of four (1890), adventures of sherlock holmes (1892) and memoirs of sherlock holmes (1894) were created in victorian era. and it made a detailed description to the london city in victorian era. nowadays, the tales of sherlock holmes are still popular all around the world.1.3 introduction to this thesisin 1886, arthur conan doyle finished his first significant piece, a study in scarlet, the first novel of sherlock holmess tales. now, it has been more than twelve decades. presumably, when mr. doyle wrote this work, he had never thought about that his work would be popular all around the world, and he would gain both fame and wealth for the character in his work, a “consulting detective” sherlock holmes who was accorded as the symbol of detectives. nowadays, the detectives who lived in the london of victorian era has become the idol of the people. at the same time, his stories arent limited in the books, and he leaps from the pages of novels onto the big screen. a large number of films, tv series, comics, cartoons, games and some other works with the tales of sherlock holmes as the theme come as thick as hail. it is a nice way to spread conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes. what a pity, there are some inferior works being wrapped in nice-sounding phrases as the “real work of conan doyle” or “complete sherlock holmess continuation”. and those works change or even completely abandoned the place and era sherlock holmes lived and worked. they cut the london of victorian era from sherlock holmes, from the novel. it will make the people who read or watch those works believe that sir arthur conan doyle created the work in 21st century, and naturally ignore the london of victorian era from sherlock holmess tales. it makes the fans disappointed. it is the sorrow of history. it is irreverence to the writer. and it cannot be accepted by all the researchers.“holmes could never have lived anywhere else but london,” says andrew lycett. (joshua hammer, 2010) therefore, it is necessary to study the london in victorian era which is presented in conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes. with the great honor, the author have the good fortune to read the previous scholars works in this field. the most of foreign scholars studies in this field are monographs. sally mitchell made a detailed study about victorian era life. lee jackson made a good description of victorian london in all directions. according to christopher morley and steven rothmans study, the author got some information about arthur conan doyle. andrew smith, it found the gradual emergence of a self-conscious scrutiny of gender in london from the tales of sherlock holmes as the author did. joshua hammer introduced the stories of arthur conan doyles writing the tales of sherlock holmes to the public. jeffrey meyers and valerie meyers showed the social responsibility of holmes. and the internet web, /wiki, also produces the key points about victorian era and arthur conan doyle. the chinese scholars did many systematic studies, too. chen xiaolan studied deep relationship between the cities and the detective novels in her thesis, detective novels and the control of cities: a study based on conan doyles novels. yu fang found the caring for humanity of sherlock holmes. wang ting chose to understand victorian era with reading conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes in her study, and introduced holmess influences to the britain populace. zhang jiong tried to inquire into the image of holmes by the details. gao jie described the detectives in detective literatures as heroes in the thesis discussion on the detective literatures from the view of culture. the side of colonialism in london is presented by liu xiaohan. chen zhang pointed out that the real cities and the cities in literary works exist side by side and play a part together in his writers and cities: the writing characteristic of the cities in literatures. li zeng and long ruicui discussed the classes in victorian era in their study. there is no doubt that the previous scholars did good jobs in their works, but their studies failed to show the london in victorian era from the tales of sherlock holmes. this thesis will have the aid of the textual analysis, and try to find out the clues from the work, presenting the london where the gentleman in victorian era, holmes lived. and it will make a full understanding to the london of victorian era. it is significant to study the london of victorian era in the tales of sherlock holmes. this thesis will recover and re-understand to the history. the author wants to show respect to the writer and his work. at the same time, it is a salute to mr. sherlock holmes across time and space.and this thesis will be divided into four parts as follows:the first part mainly introduces the writer, conan doyle, the tales of sherlock holmes and shows this thesis background, significance and structure.the second part is literature review. it concludes the previous studies not only on the tales of sherlock holmes, but also on london in victorian era. it will summarize the experiences of chinese and foreign scholars in this field and present their advantages and short points. the next part is the key component of this thesis.the third part is an analysis on victorian london in conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes. and it will be divided into four parts. the first part in it is the basic image of victorian london. it analyzes the basic appearance of the london in victorian era from all the descriptions in the work. in other words, it presents the surface of the london in that time. the second part in it is the defects of victorian london. in this section, it will show the society problems in london of victorian era, presenting their influences to the city, and making a decipherment to the defects in the city. the third part in it is the advantages of victorian london. according to the large numbers of descriptions in conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes, it analyzes the advantages in london, and tries to find out the invisible side of the city in victorian era. the fourth part is an overall image of victorian london. it will summary the image of victorian london according to the analyses of conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes in this thesis.the last part serves as a conclusion of this thesis and presents a concrete victorian london.2 literature review2.1 previous studies on the london of victorian erathis thesis refers to the london of victorian era, and commits to recover the original image of the london in victorian era. so it is necessary to summarize the previous studies on the london of victorian era. the foreign scholars make full studies in the field. sally mitchell focuses on the daily victorian life. her study states small and provides the detailed and perfect data about the victorian era in all directions between 1837 and 1901. as the writer said in her workdaily life in victorian england, “in addition to conveying the concrete and physical texture of daily life, i have tried to answer many of the questions that high school and college students generally ask and to clear up some common misapprehensions about the class system, money, marriage, the laws of inheritance, and the social importance of religion.” (sally mitchell, 1996: 15) so there are enough evidences of the london in victorian era in this book. lee jackson studies the victorian london with an interesting method. his monograph, a dictionary of victorian london: an a-z of the great metropolis, lists the most abundant particulars in victorian london brilliantly and effectively. he expresses in the monograph, “i hope many of the topics covered will be surprising: from plaster-of-paris pornography hawked on the streets, to the worlds first gas-powered traffic light; and i hope modern readers will sympathize with the pedestrians plagued by prams, and infuriated by the postal service, even if our forebears had slightly higher standards.”(lee jackson, 2006: 12) it must make a help to study the london of victorian era. by the way, the website “wikipedia” provides the related information, too.the domestic scholars studies in this field are meritorious. li zeng and his partner long ruicui study the classes system in victorian era in their the shift of dominative moral trend in victorian britain. they point out that “the people essentially establish their moral trends with their real social estate in the class system” (li zeng and long ruicui, 2006: 190) this thesis provides some references to the social class system in victorian era. liu xiaohans study, the colonialism london in holmess eyes which is published in anhuiwenxue, presents the side of colonialism in london of victorian era. “industrialization, urbanization and colonialism change the original structure of london, and the cultures which come from colonies, as same as drugs, are injected into the heart of the developed empire.”(liu xiaohan, 2010: 22) it is worth mentioning, she realizes the side of hero from sherlock holmes in this study. “holmes represents the scientific and rational. he tries his best to dislodge all the colonialism poisons which are invading his mind and recovers the original british cultures and orders.”(liu xiaohan, 2010: 22) wang tings complete sherlock holmes: the panorama gram of victorian era studies various aspects in victorian era with the descriptions in conan doyles tales of sherlock holmes. “the popularity of complete sherlock holmes is not only for its attractive stories, but also for its making readers understand a real london, a real victorian era.”(wang ting, 2010: 104) wang ting analyzes the economy, science, culture, social classes and the minds of the public. what is more, wang ting realizes the change of womens power in this work. “the women widely expend their views and realize the importance to strive the rights for themselves. the feminist consciousness is awakening.”(wang ting, 2010: 106) the points in the thesis are useful in this study, providing the detailed date of victorian era. feng xinhua holds that the word “gentleman” originates in victorian era. yu xiaoqun points the sherlock holmes influences to the society in victorian era in his discussion on the social condition of holmess image and his character charm which is published in writer magazine. it presents the sherlock holmes changes the london of victorian era. “for a long time, holmes, the amazing character who was created by the famous british writer arthur conan doyle, is not the character in the novels again, and he becomes a man who has a great influence to british people.” (yu xiaoqun, 2012: 67) and her study analyses the image of sherlock holmes. the most impressive part is she thought holmes is a “lone hero” in london. “in a sense, although holmes lives in the city, he is just as robinson in the lonely island. his fighting will shows the spirit and value of individual struggle. his creativity and intelligence embodies the charm from human.” (yu xiaoqun, 2012: 68)2.2 previous studies on the tales of sherlock holmes the tales of sherlock holmes is thought as the bible in detective novels. as same as “the study of shakespeare”, there is “the study of holmes”, too. and the foreign and domestic scholars make great contributions to the study. the foreign scholars presented their achievements in their monographs. christopher morley and steven rothman wrote the standard doyle company: christopher morley on sherlock holmes together, and published in 1990. that monograph co