英美文化简介ppt课件

西方古典文化 Classical Western Culture 主讲：张伯香 Lecture 6 Greek Epic Poems （希腊史诗） I. What is an Epic? A long narrative poem on a great subject Written in a dignified style Tells about the adventures of a traditional hero with super-human courage and strength, who fights a war or takes a long and difficult journey. Embodies the value of the cultures they are written for. Iliad is a primary model for epic of war. Odyssey is a primary model for epic of the long journey. Epic poems draw on: Myth Religion History II. Homer (荷马) (c. 850 BC-c. 800 BC) A Greek poet. The earliest example of ancient Greek culture Set the ideas of the Good and the Beautiful (善和美) Said to be a blind man Wrote two epic poems: The Iliad The Odyssey Composed his works orally Recited or sang them aloud. Homer and his guide III. The Iliad (伊利亚特) 1. The Historical Troy The Trojan area Troy discovered Troy ruins Things discovered in Troy Reconstruction of Troy - 13th century Troy from the North City of Troy Story of the Trojan War Troy was said to be built by Apollo and Poseidon for Laomedon, the king. Priam, son of Laomedon, became King of Troy His wife Hecuba gave birth to a son named Paris after a dream of a flaming torch. Cassandra, the prophetic daughter of Priam, said that Paris should be killed or else he would destroy the city. But Paris was rescued by shepherds and grew up away from the city on a farm. As a young man, Paris returned home and was received by the royal family. PriamPriam and Paris and Paris Paris Causes of the War Apple of Discord Zeus, father of the gods, desired the nymph Thetis. However, a prophecy said she would have a son who was greater than his father. Zeus decided to marry her to Peleus, king of the Myrmidons. Wedding of Peleus & Thetis All gods invited to the celebration, except Eris, the goddess of discord. Eris, goddess of discord Eris came anyway and brought a golden apple, upon which was written “For the fairest.“ Golden Apple The Beauty contest: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite Judgment of Paris The bribes Hera: Power, to rule Europe & Asia Athena: Honor, to get victory in all battles Aphrodite: Love, to marry the fairest woman on earth Paris gives the apple to Aphrodite Helen Helen Helen, daughter of Leda and Zeus, was stunningly beautiful. Many Greek princes courted her for marriage. To avoid trouble, her step father made all the suitors swear to protect Helen and her chosen groom. Helen chose Menelaus, who later became king of Sparta. Helen and Menelaus Helen from the Trojan War movie Helen of Troy Paris came to visit Sparta and greeted with hospitality Paris fell in love with Helen. While Menelaus sails to Crete, Helen ran away with Paris, taking away a vast amount of the treasure from Sparta. Helen and Paris The abduction of Helen The abduction of Helen Paris introduces Helen to Priam Helen in Troy Paris and Helen Paris and Helen Preparations for War All the Greek princes were bound by the oath to recover Helen. Many of them did not want to come, including Odysseus and Achilles. Agamemnon Agamemnon, brother to Menelaus, became the Commander of the Greek army. The sacrifice of Iphigenia To get west wind for the fleet, Agamemnon had to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia. Agamemnon and Menelaus Sailing towards Troy Greek fleet reached Troy Gods take sides Apollo, Aphrodite, Ares, and Artemis stand on the Trojan side. Hera, Athena, Poseidon, Hermes, and Hephaestus stand on the Greek side. Zeus, Hades, Demeter and Hestia stayed relatively neutral Trojan War Beginning of the war Top Greek Warriors Agamemnon Menelaus Achilles Patroclus Ajax Diomedes Odysseus Nestor Top Trojan WarriorsTop Trojan Warriors Hector Hector Paris Paris PriamPriam SarpedonSarpedon AndromacheAndromache CycnusCycnus TroilusTroilus Aeneas Aeneas Agamemnon leads the Greek troops Trojans are ready for the battle Attacking Defending A long lasting war Nine years of siege Greeks attacking the surrounding cities to cut off Trojan supply Achilles, the greatest of the Greek warriors, slew Cycnus, Troilus, and many other Trojans. Quarrel between Achilles & Agamemnon Apollo made the Greeks sick. The Oracle said it was because Agamemnon refused to release a captive girl who was the daughter of a priest of Apollo. Agamemnon had to give up his captive, but he took Achilles favorite captive girl instead, thus insulting Achilles. In a rage, Achilles refused to fight for Troy. Achilles confronts with Agamemnon Achilles refuses to fight Single combat of Paris & Menelaus Paris challenged Menelaus in single combat for Helen. They fought, and Menelaus was winning, but Aphrodite saved Paris when he was about to be killed. The Greeks suffered In the absence of Achilles and following Zeuss promise to Thetis, Hector enjoyed great success against the Greeks, breaking through their defensive line on the beach and setting the ships on fire. Agamemnon sent Odysseus to request Achilles, to return to battle and offered many rewards in compensation for his initial insult. Ajax defends the ships Patroclus death in Achilles armor Achilles still refused to fight. When Hector reached the Greek ships, Achilless friend Patroclus was allowed to return to the fight. Patroclus enjoyed some dazzling success, but was finally killed by Hector, with the help of Apollo. Hector and Andromache The mighty Hector rallied the Trojans and they fought off the Greeks. His wife Andromache asked him if he could stay, but he told her he was fated to be killed, and she was fated to end her days as a slave. So he returned to the battle. Hector prepares for the battlefield Hector says good-bye to his wife Achilles Retaliation & Hectors Death In his grief over the death of his friend Patroclus, Achilles rejoined the battle. After killing many Trojans, Achilles finally cornered Hector alone outside the walls of Troy. Achilles fights with Hector Hector chose to stand and fight rather than to retreat into the city, and he was killed by Achilles. Achilles kills Hector Then Achilles dragged Hectors body behind his chariot, and decided to give Patroclus a great funeral. Achilles triumphant Priam traveled to the Greek camp to plead for the return of Hectors body, and Achilles agreed. Hectors dead body Andromache mourns Hector Achilles Death During the twelve-day truce (休战) for Hectors funeral, Achilles saw Polyxena with her brother Troilus. Achilles ambushed the pair, killing Troilus, but he was attracted by the princess. Priam thought of plan of killing Achilles by tricking him into a marriage negotiation in the temple of Apollo. Paris, hidden from view, waited with his bow and poisoned arrow. As Achilles knelt at the altar, Paris shot him at the ankle with the help of Apollo, thus killing Achilles. Polyxena invites Achilles Paris shoots Achilles Achilles death After the death of Achilles, Odysseus and Ajax fought over Achilles armour. Ajax lost the contest, went mad and committed suicide. His death dealt a terrible blow to the Greeks. The Amazon warriors joined the Trojan side and the war was not going well for the Greeks at this point. The Wooden Horse According to Odysseus plan, the Greeks built a wooden horse. They hid their warriors inside the horse and waited for the Trojans. Then the Greek army sailed away and hid. The Trojans came out and argued whether to take it inside the city. The Greek spy Sinon told them the horse was an offering to Athena or for good luck. So they should take the horse into their city to get Athenas protection. The Trojan Horse Laocoon, the priest of Poseidon, warned them not to take it in, but Poseidon sent serpents to kill his sons and himself. The Trojans took the horse into the city. The Trojan Horse The fall of Troy That night after the Trojans had fallen to sleep, the Greeks got out of the horse and opened the city gates letting the rest of the Greek army in. The Greeks sacked the city to the extent of angering even the gods who were on their side. They raped and killed people near several of the gods altars and burned the city. After ten years, the war was finally over. The Burning of Troy The city was totally destroyed. King Priam was slaughtered at the altar by Achilless son Neoptolemos. Hectors infant son, Astyanax, was thrown off the battlements. The women were taken prisoner: Hecuba (wife of Pr